Microwave treatment

2022-04-04T13:24:47Z

Catherine McIntyre: First pass

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Food and kitchen waste]] (lignocellulosic materials), [[Garden and park waste]] (lignocellulosic materials)
| Product =Fermentable sugar
|Name=Microwave pre-treatment|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>For '''microwave''' (MW) treatment electromagnetic radiation is used to induce thermal and non-thermal effects that drive physical, chemical or biological reactions<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Ethaib, S., Omar, R., Kamal, S. M. M., Biak, D. R. A.|year=2015|title=MICROWAVE-ASSISTED PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSICBIOMASS: A REVIEW|journal=Journal of Engineering Science and Technology|volume=January (2015)|page=97-109}}</ref>. As a rapid and effective heating source with both thermal and non-thermal effects, MW can directly interact with the material, thereby accelerating chemical, physical, and biologic reactions.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jian Xu|year=2014|section_title=Microwave Pretreatment|editor=Ashok Pandey, Sangeeta Negi, Parmeswaran Binod, Christian Larroche|book_title=Pretreatment of Biomass: Processes and Technologies|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam}}</ref> Microwave treatment causes a rise in the temperature within a penetrated medium as a result of rapid changes of the electromagnetic field at high frequency.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Anthony R. Bird, Amparo Lopez-Rubio, Ashok K. Shrestha, Michael J. Gidley|year=2009|section_title=Resistant Starch in Vitro and in Vivo: Factors Determining Yield, Structure, and Physiological Relevance|editor=Stefan Kasapis, Ian T. Norton, Johan B. Ubbink|book_title=Modern Biopolymer Science|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-374195-0}}</ref> The technology is usually applied in food drying or to break down the structure of lignocellulosic biowaste leading to the release of different substances, such as fermentable sugars. </onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
===Origin and composition===
Microwave irradiation has been successfully used in the pretreatment of several biowaste streams, including agricultural residues, woody biomass, grass, energy plants, and industrial residuals.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ashok Pandey, Sangeeta Negi, Parameswaran Binod, Christian Larroche|year=2014|section_title=Chapter 9 - Microwave Pretreatment|book_title=Pretreatment of biomass : processes and technologies|publisher=Elsevier BV|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-800396-1}}</ref>
=== Pre-treatment ===

*[[Sizing]]
**[[Sizing#Chipping|Chipping]]
**[[Sizing#Grinding|Grinding]]

==Process and technologies==
The breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass into its monomers and oligomers is induced via molecular collision due to dielectric polarisation<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Microwave heating processing as alternative of pretreatment in second-generation biorefinery: An overview|year=2017-03|author=Alejandra Aguilar-Reynosa, Aloia Romaní, Rosa Ma. Rodríguez-Jasso, Cristóbal N. Aguilar, Gil Garrote, Héctor A. Ruiz|journal=Energy Conversion and Management|volume=136|page=50–65|doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.004}}</ref>. Compared to other thermal treatments, the technology brings several advantages, such as reduced plant footprint, higher throughput, higher reaction rates, as well as higher yield and purity<ref name=":0" />. However, a disadvantage is the unequal distribution of the applied microwave power through non-homogeneous material (such as differences in composition, geometry, or size) as well as local overheating through resonance (electromagnetic wave reflection and formation of standing waves) and low penetration for bulk materials <ref name=":1" />.

The process can also be combined with chemicals such as [[Hydrolysis#Alkali|alkaline]] (to remove lignin), [[Hydrolysis#Acid Acid|acid]] (to remove hemicellulose), ammonia, and [[Hydrolysis#Metal_salts|metal salts]]<ref name=":0" />.

==Product==
*Fermentable sugar (e.g. for bio-alcohol production)

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Industrial fermentation]]
* [[Solid state fermentation]]

==Technology providers==
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! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Frequency [GHz]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Power [W]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Penetration depth [cm]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
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=== Company 1 ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment}}

=== Anton paar ===

=== Biotage ===

=== Biowave Technologies ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=Biowave Technologies|Country=Ireland|Contact=info@biowave-tech.com|Webpage=www.biowave-tech.com|Technology name=Microwave pre-treatment|Frequency=0.915|Capacity=500-8000|Power=30,000-300,000|Feedstock=Dairy processing waste, FOG waste, waste activated sludge, agricultural residues, food waste|Product=Digestible feedstock for AD|Image=navygreenlogo.png|TRL=7|Processable volume=500-8000}}
Biowave Technologies transform organic waste streams into renewable energy resources.

=== Cem GmbH ===

=== Milestone Srl ===

=== Sairem ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

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2022-04-04T12:47:24Z

Catherine McIntyre:

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Tech4Biowaste - User contributions [en]

Microwave treatment

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