Tech4Biowaste - User contributions [en]

Industrial fermentation

2022-05-10T20:02:39Z

Stijn Boeren: /* Technology providers */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Industrial fermentation|Feedstock=[[Garden and park waste]], [[food waste]]|Product=Biomass, bioproducts (e.g., enzymes, biopolymers, organic acids, alcohols)|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of a wide range of renewable feedstocks into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics, etc. It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Composition and origin ===
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a various range of feedstocks can be used. The most commonly used feedstocks are listed below:

==== Lignocellulose and cellulose ====
Lignocellulose is present in [[garden and park waste]]. Cellulose is present in [[food waste]] such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via [[hydrolysis]], which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.

==== Starch ====
Starch is present in [[food waste]] such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic [[hydrolysis]].

==== Oils and Fat ====
Oils and fats are present in [[food waste]] such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. They can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.

==== Dairy waste ====
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, is used as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.

==== Sugars ====
Sugar-rich waste streams can be derived from food industry waste, e.g., from the candy industry.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Depending on the type of feedstock and its purity, specific pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms. Generally, this involves a [[Sizing|size reduction]] step, after which the milled biomass can be processed to separate the desired substrate by e.g., [[centrifugation]], filtration, evaporation or [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]].

In addition, it should be taken into account that some of the above mentioned feedstocks only provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), in that case also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium need to be added.

==Process and technologies==

=== Microorganisms ===
Microorganisms used in industrial fermentations include: bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae. In practice, these are well-known, productive and harmless (GRAS - Generally Regarded As Safe) production organisms, equipped with the new genetic information, that are used to produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. A major advantage is that these often genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.
[[File:Bioreactor principle.svg|thumb|257x257px|Schematic representation of an industrial fermentation bioreactor]]

=== Equipment ===
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:

* an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
* a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
* a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
* sampling ports
* addition ports
* a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganism
=== Operating conditions ===
As it involves living organisms, a fermentation process is typically conducted under mild conditions (pH and temperature). As a result, the energy consumption is relatively low as well as the capital and operating costs. However, fermentation technologies are complex and sensitive requiring careful control of quality and safety of the raw materials, process parameters, contamination, etc.

Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>.

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
==Products==
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a range of products can be synthesized. The most common products are listed and divided over two categories: (1) biomass, (2) bioproducts. In case of the latter, some products require complex genetic modifications.

=== Biomass ===

* Single Cell Protein
*Single Cell Oil
* Baker's yeast
* Lactic acid bacteria

=== Bioproducts ===

==== Enzymes ====

* Proteases
* Lipases
* Amylases
* Cellulases
* Peroxidases

==== Biopolymers ====

* Poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
* Polysaccharides: xanthan gum, dextran

==== Organic acids ====

* Acetic acid
*Lactic acid

* Citric acid
*Tartaric acid
*Fumaric acid

==== Alcohols ====

* Ethanol
*Butanol
*Glycerol
*Butanediol

==== Solvents ====

* Acetone

==== Pharmaceuticals ====

* Vitamins: vitamin C, B2, B12 ...
*Antibiotics: aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines ...
*Hormones

==== Biocolorants ====

* cartenoids
*astaxanthins

==== Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers ====

* glycolipids
*rhamnolipids

==== Amino-acids ====

* monosodium glutamate (MSG)
* Lysine
* Tryptophan
* Phenylalanine

== Post-treatment ==
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broth cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', is to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc. The choice of purification technology is depending on the characteristics of the desired products.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
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| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
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| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
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=== Amphi-Star ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=AmphiStar|Webpage=www.amphi-star.be|Country=Belgium|Contact=info@amphistar.be|Technology name=BioSurf Biosurfactant Technology Platform|Technology category=Microbial production of biosurfactants|TRL=1-7|Aeration=Yes|Agiator=Rushton|Biosafety lavel=1|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Stirring speed, feed rates, etc.|Microorganism=Starmerella bombicola, Candida kuoi, Rhodotorula bogoriensis, etc. Open for collaboration on any BSL-1 biosurfactant producing strain|Reactor material=Glass or stainless steel|Feedstock=Vegetable oils and sugars from biomass|Product=Biosurfactants e.g. glycolipids such as sophorolipids}}

AmphiStar has developed a proprietary technology platform for the cost-efficient and ecological production of biosurfactants. We are a founders-led spin-off company established in July 2021 that is the result of 15 years joint development between Ghent University (Inbio.be) and the Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant. We derisk the early development stage for biosurfactant production, guide and support technology transfer to industrial manufacturers and collaborate intensely for further development and improvement of the licensed technology.

Our technology platform is initially based on the fermentative production with the yeast ''Starmerella bombicola'', producing many different biosurfactants at a high volumetric productivity. Our biosurfactants are made from sustainable, renewable feedstocks and waste streams. Microbial fermentation is a clean production technology that is safe for people and the environment. Our biosurfactants are environmentally friendly, palm oil-free, sulfate-free, mild, non-toxic and non-irritant.

=== Avecom ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Avecom|Image=avecomlogo.png|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=https://www.avecom.be|Technology name=PROMIC|TRL=4-7|Product=Single Cell Protein, PHB-rich biomass|Feedstock=Residual side streams and co-products from the food industry}}
Avecom has developed its PROMIC biomass fermentation platform for the efficient conversion of industrial and agricultural residual side streams and co-products towards high-value single cell proteins.

=== Dranco ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Dranco}}

=== '''NovelYeast bv''' ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=NovelYeast bv|Agiator=Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Other=Construction of cell factories with recombinant DNA technology|Reactor material=Glass|Microorganism=Saccharomyces cerevisiae, other yeast species, Trichoderma|Controlled parameters=Standard parameters|Biosafety lavel=BSL-1|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic|Webpage=https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/|Capacity=Lab-scale|TRL=3-5|Technology category=Industrial fermentation|Technology name=Yeast fermentation to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Protein production|Contact=johan.thevelein@novelyeast.com|Country=Belgium|Product=Biofuels and bio-based chemicals, proteins, specialty sugars, specialty chemicals}}
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B87%5D=87&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Gas fermentation

2022-05-10T19:47:51Z

Stijn Boeren: /* Avecom */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = Gaseous carbon source (CO, CO2, methane)
| Product = Hydrocarbons, alcohols, bio-based polymers
|Name=Gas fermentation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>A '''gas fermentation''' is an [[industrial fermentation]] process that uses a gaseous feedstock, containing a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and hydrogen (H2) , to produce a specific product, like fuels or chemicals, by microbial conversion. </onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
For a gas fermentation, gaseous carbon sources (CO, CO2 or CH4) are used as a feedstock. H2 can be added as additional energy source, and is required when CO2 is the only carbon source present. The gases can have various origins: (1) from the atmosphere via direct air capture technology, (2) from fossil industrial point sources, such as syngas from steel and cement emissions, (3) from biogenic industrial point sources, such as reformed biogas and fermentation off gas, or (4) from the gasification of various organic materials, like woody biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW).

=== Pre-treatment ===
The input gas stream, containing the main constituents CO, CO2, CH4, and H2, can also contain impurities such as particulates, tars, BTEX (aromatics grouped as benzene, toluene, ethylene, xylenes), sulphur compounds (e.g., H2S and COS), halogens, and other inhibiting gases. These are generated e.g., during [[gasification]] or [[pyrolysis]] and can be present in fluctuating quantities. Gas-fermenting microorganisms are able to grow in the presence of low levels of impurities, however, some impurities necessitate near complete removal. Particulates can be removed by cyclone separators and filters. Tars can be condensed and removed by quenching hot syngas, or can be reformed by heating at 800-900°C in accompaniment with [[heterogeneous catalysis]] using nickel or dolomite, generating additional syngas.

== Process and technologies==
=== Production organisms ===
[[File:Reduktiver Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png|thumb|402x402px|The reductive acetyl–CoA pathway]]
A gas fermentation process depends on microorganisms that are able to digest gaseous carbon sources. Best known for this ability are acetogenic bacteria using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway or acetyl-CoA pathway to fix and convert CO/CO2 and H2 to biomass and products. They are able to synthesize useful products such as ethanol, butanol and 2,3-butanediol within an anaerobic, oxygen-free atmosphere, fermentation setting. For commercial applications, mainly strains from ''Clostridium ljungdahlii'' and ''C. autoethanogenum'' are used.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biotechnology for Chemical Production: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2016-03|author=Mark J. Burk, Stephen Van Dien|journal=Trends in Biotechnology|volume=34|issue=3|page=187–190|doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.007}}</ref> Other acetogenic bacteria are in development as production organisms and there is a lot of activity in synthetic biology and genetic/metabolism engineering to modify these organisms. Additionally there are developments to integrate the metabolic pathways into well-known non-acetogenic organisms like ''Escherichia coli'' or yeasts to expand the options for fermentation processes.<ref name=":0" /> Besides, also aerobic bacteria can be used for gas fermentation. Aerobic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria, or Knall gas bacteria, are able to fix CO2 using H2 as the electron donor and O2 as the terminal electron acceptor using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Interestingly, this metabolism allows high biomass production and the synthesis of more complex products, including poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) bioplastics. As such, the Knall gas model organism ''Cupriavidus necator'', formerly known as ''Alcaligenes eutrophus'', can be used for the production of single-cell-protein (SCP) and natively accumulates poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB).

=== Fermentation technology ===
The overall gas fermentation process can be divided into four steps:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks|year=2016-05-11|author=FungMin Liew, Michael E. Martin, Ryan C. Tappel, Björn D. Heijstra, Christophe Mihalcea, Michael Köpke|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00694}}</ref>
# accumulation or generation of syngas
#gas pretreatment
#gas fermentation in a bioreactor
#product separation.

In the gas fermentation step, the pre-treated and often cooled syngas is compressed and sparged into a bioreactor with the gas-fermenting microorganisms in an aqueous medium. Depending on the specific technologies a multitude of variables must be account for during gas fermentation. The yield and purity of the desired product depend e.g., on the bioreactor design, agitation, gas composition and supply rate, pH, temperature, headspace pressure, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), nutrients, and amount of foaming. As gas-fermenting microorganisms consume the gas, substrate availability can become rate-limiting and the bioreactor need to have a design that allows a high solubility of the gaseous substrates. In laboratory or small scale fermentation continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) offer excellent mixing and homogenous distribution of gas substrates to the microorganisms and are most commonly used. In industrial scale other types like bubble column, loop, and immobilized cell columns are preferred due to high energy demand of the stirring.<ref name=":0" />

The design of a gas fermentation unit requires special attention as it involves the use of potentially explosive gas mixtures and toxic gases. With respect to the former, it should be in compliance with ATEX (ATmosphères EXplosibles) safety regulations. This is especially important in case of aerobic gas fermetentations, when a gas mixutre containing H2 (highly flammable) and O2 is sparged into the bioreactor.

After fermentation , product separation is required as post-treatment to separate the desired metabolic product from the fermentation broth. For this, [[distillation]] systems are common to separate products such as ethanol and acetone. Other technologies to separate fermentation products from broth include liquid-liquid extraction, gas stripping, adsorption, perstraction, pervaporation, and vacuum distillation, and each of these separation technologies has their own benefits and drawbacks.<ref name=":0" />

==Product==
Products from a gas fermentation depend on the organism used and its specific metabolism. Examples can be different kinds of alcohols like ethanol, butanol or isobutanol, but also organic acids, proteins, hydrogen or bio-based polymers like poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).

=== Post-treatment ===
Depending on the desired compound, specific down-stream processing technologies are required (see [[Industrial fermentation|Industrial Fermentation]]). Moreover, more complex products can be produced in a coupled process, for example:
* A coupled fermentation process f.e. acetate fermentation coupled to lipids (TAGs) fermentation
*A coupled catalytic process f.e. ethanol fermentation coupled to Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) catalytic process

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Aerobic fermentation
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Anaerobic fermentation
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO2
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=== Avecom ===
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Avecom|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=www.avecom.be|Technology name=Power To Protein|Feedstock=CO2, O2, H2|Product=Single Cell Protein|Image=avecomlogo.png|TRL=6}}

Avecom is a recognized innovator in sustainable single cell protein technology development and biomass fermentation and subsequent downstream processing, for the production of animal feed & food ingredients; a circular economy fit for the 21th century.

[https://avecom.be/feed-and-food/h2bio/ Power to Protein] covers the sustainable production of protein-rich ingredients for human consumption. [https://www.avecom.be Avecom] makes use of single cell micro-organisms or bacteria that naturally consume hydrogen and oxygen gas, both derived from green electricity by means of electrolysis, and carbon dioxide to produce a biomass rich in protein and vitamin B12. Further drying of the biomass will produce a powder that can be further applied as food ingredient. The Power to Protein process uses its additional resources like nitrogen without any loss to the environment, therefore is not an emitter but a net consumer of carbon dioxide.

The patented technology has received the [https://solarimpulse.com/solutions-explorer/power-to-protein-1 SolarImpulse Efficient Solution label] in May 2021. Power To Protein was also the [https://co2-chemistry.eu/award-application/ 2nd winner of the Best CO2 Utilisation 2022 Award], granted at the “Conference on CO2-based Fuels and Chemicals”, 23–24 March 2022, hybrid event.

=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Contact=Dr. ir. Karel De Winter
Head of Technology Development karel.de.winter(a)bbeu.org|Image=Logo_Bio_Base_Europe_Pilot_Plant.png|Webpage=www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/technologies/fermentation/|Feedstock=CO2, CO, O2, H2, N2 and mixes thereof. Real industrial gas streams are also possible with our mobile pilot plant|Product=PHB, SCP, acetic acid, ethanol, hexanol, butanol, 2,3-BDO,...|Company=Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant|TRL=3-5|Temperature=15-65|Country=Belgium}}

Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale-up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale-up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product.

BBEPP has built up a significant expertise on gas fermentation and cultivation of acetogenic and Knallgas bacteria through several private collaborations with Arcelor Mittal, e.g., Valorco project and in an ISPT project with Syngip, Arcelor Mittal and Dow. Although the content of these private projects is confidential, the general experience gained will be helpful in the work aimed for in the proposed work. In addition, BBEPP is also involved in several European funded consortium based gas fermentation projects. In the BIOCONCO2 project, BBEPP is responsible for the construction mobile gas fermentation unit to be put on site at waste gas emitters and to convert these CO2-rich gases into chemical building blocks. In the BIOSFERA project, biogenic residues and wastes will be gasified and the syngas will be fermented using acetogenic bacteria to produce acetate which will be converted in a second fermentation process to bio-based triacylglycerides (TAGs). In the CO2SMOS project, biogenic CO2 emissions and renewable H2 are converted by innovative biotechnological and intensified chemical conversion process to develop the production of several bio-based fine and commodity chemicals (2,3-butanediol, long chain dicarboxylic acids, benzene, cyclic carbonates and polyhydroxyalkanoates).

=== Coskata ===
...

=== LanzaTech ===
...

=== INEOS Bio ===
...

=== Vlemish Institute of Technology (VITO) ===
...

=== VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland ===
...

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B82%5D=82&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

File:Avecomlogo.png

2022-05-10T19:30:03Z

Stijn Boeren: Uploaded a work by Avecom nv from https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/QEcwldnRt0DwPCKkw-bhsn2Yn9NYeN618Daaq_14-eVusTjFiC7xILRhrxDO5jdJaci4qI1UNC55NKvxbG_JbB2LeVLu_sqqWqbc=w326 with UploadWizard

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Gas fermentation

2022-05-10T14:59:03Z

Stijn Boeren: /* Technology providers */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = Gaseous carbon source (CO, CO2, methane)
| Product = Hydrocarbons, alcohols, bio-based polymers
|Name=Gas fermentation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>A '''gas fermentation''' is an [[industrial fermentation]] process that uses a gaseous feedstock, containing a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and hydrogen (H2) , to produce a specific product, like fuels or chemicals, by microbial conversion. </onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
For a gas fermentation, gaseous carbon sources (CO, CO2 or CH4) are used as a feedstock. H2 can be added as additional energy source, and is required when CO2 is the only carbon source present. The gases can have various origins: (1) from the atmosphere via direct air capture technology, (2) from fossil industrial point sources, such as syngas from steel and cement emissions, (3) from biogenic industrial point sources, such as reformed biogas and fermentation off gas, or (4) from the gasification of various organic materials, like woody biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW).

=== Pre-treatment ===
The input gas stream, containing the main constituents CO, CO2, CH4, and H2, can also contain impurities such as particulates, tars, BTEX (aromatics grouped as benzene, toluene, ethylene, xylenes), sulphur compounds (e.g., H2S and COS), halogens, and other inhibiting gases. These are generated e.g., during [[gasification]] or [[pyrolysis]] and can be present in fluctuating quantities. Gas-fermenting microorganisms are able to grow in the presence of low levels of impurities, however, some impurities necessitate near complete removal. Particulates can be removed by cyclone separators and filters. Tars can be condensed and removed by quenching hot syngas, or can be reformed by heating at 800-900°C in accompaniment with [[heterogeneous catalysis]] using nickel or dolomite, generating additional syngas.

== Process and technologies==
=== Production organisms ===
[[File:Reduktiver Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png|thumb|402x402px|The reductive acetyl–CoA pathway]]
A gas fermentation process depends on microorganisms that are able to digest gaseous carbon sources. Best known for this ability are acetogenic bacteria using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway or acetyl-CoA pathway to fix and convert CO/CO2 and H2 to biomass and products. They are able to synthesize useful products such as ethanol, butanol and 2,3-butanediol within an anaerobic, oxygen-free atmosphere, fermentation setting. For commercial applications, mainly strains from ''Clostridium ljungdahlii'' and ''C. autoethanogenum'' are used.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biotechnology for Chemical Production: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2016-03|author=Mark J. Burk, Stephen Van Dien|journal=Trends in Biotechnology|volume=34|issue=3|page=187–190|doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.007}}</ref> Other acetogenic bacteria are in development as production organisms and there is a lot of activity in synthetic biology and genetic/metabolism engineering to modify these organisms. Additionally there are developments to integrate the metabolic pathways into well-known non-acetogenic organisms like ''Escherichia coli'' or yeasts to expand the options for fermentation processes.<ref name=":0" /> Besides, also aerobic bacteria can be used for gas fermentation. Aerobic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria, or Knall gas bacteria, are able to fix CO2 using H2 as the electron donor and O2 as the terminal electron acceptor using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Interestingly, this metabolism allows high biomass production and the synthesis of more complex products, including poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) bioplastics. As such, the Knall gas model organism ''Cupriavidus necator'', formerly known as ''Alcaligenes eutrophus'', can be used for the production of single-cell-protein (SCP) and natively accumulates poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB).

=== Fermentation technology ===
The overall gas fermentation process can be divided into four steps:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Gas Fermentation—A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks|year=2016-05-11|author=FungMin Liew, Michael E. Martin, Ryan C. Tappel, Björn D. Heijstra, Christophe Mihalcea, Michael Köpke|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00694}}</ref>
# accumulation or generation of syngas
#gas pretreatment
#gas fermentation in a bioreactor
#product separation.

In the gas fermentation step, the pre-treated and often cooled syngas is compressed and sparged into a bioreactor with the gas-fermenting microorganisms in an aqueous medium. Depending on the specific technologies a multitude of variables must be account for during gas fermentation. The yield and purity of the desired product depend e.g., on the bioreactor design, agitation, gas composition and supply rate, pH, temperature, headspace pressure, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), nutrients, and amount of foaming. As gas-fermenting microorganisms consume the gas, substrate availability can become rate-limiting and the bioreactor need to have a design that allows a high solubility of the gaseous substrates. In laboratory or small scale fermentation continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) offer excellent mixing and homogenous distribution of gas substrates to the microorganisms and are most commonly used. In industrial scale other types like bubble column, loop, and immobilized cell columns are preferred due to high energy demand of the stirring.<ref name=":0" />

The design of a gas fermentation unit requires special attention as it involves the use of potentially explosive gas mixtures and toxic gases. With respect to the former, it should be in compliance with ATEX (ATmosphères EXplosibles) safety regulations. This is especially important in case of aerobic gas fermetentations, when a gas mixutre containing H2 (highly flammable) and O2 is sparged into the bioreactor.

After fermentation , product separation is required as post-treatment to separate the desired metabolic product from the fermentation broth. For this, [[distillation]] systems are common to separate products such as ethanol and acetone. Other technologies to separate fermentation products from broth include liquid-liquid extraction, gas stripping, adsorption, perstraction, pervaporation, and vacuum distillation, and each of these separation technologies has their own benefits and drawbacks.<ref name=":0" />

==Product==
Products from a gas fermentation depend on the organism used and its specific metabolism. Examples can be different kinds of alcohols like ethanol, butanol or isobutanol, but also organic acids, proteins, hydrogen or bio-based polymers like poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).

=== Post-treatment ===
Depending on the desired compound, specific down-stream processing technologies are required (see [[Industrial fermentation|Industrial Fermentation]]). Moreover, more complex products can be produced in a coupled process, for example:
* A coupled fermentation process f.e. acetate fermentation coupled to lipids (TAGs) fermentation
*A coupled catalytic process f.e. ethanol fermentation coupled to Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) catalytic process

==Technology providers==
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! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
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! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Aerobic fermentation
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Anaerobic fermentation
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: CO2
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=== Avecom ===
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Company=Avecom|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=www.avecom.be|Technology name=Power To Protein|Feedstock=CO2, O2, H2|Product=Single Cell Protein}}

=== Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) ===
{{Infobox provider-gas fermentation|Contact=Dr. ir. Karel De Winter
Head of Technology Development karel.de.winter(a)bbeu.org|Image=Logo_Bio_Base_Europe_Pilot_Plant.png|Webpage=www.bbeu.org/pilotplant/technologies/fermentation/|Feedstock=CO2, CO, O2, H2, N2 and mixes thereof. Real industrial gas streams are also possible with our mobile pilot plant|Product=PHB, SCP, acetic acid, ethanol, hexanol, butanol, 2,3-BDO,...|Company=Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant|TRL=3-5|Temperature=15-65|Country=Belgium}}

Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant (BBEPP) is a flexible and diversified pilot plant for the development and scale-up of new, bio-based and sustainable processes. It is capable of development of new bioprocesses, optimization of existing processes and scale-up of a broad variety of bio-based processes up to an industrial level (from 5L to 50m3 scale, depending on the process). It can perform the entire value chain, from the green resources up to the final product.

BBEPP has built up a significant expertise on gas fermentation and cultivation of acetogenic and Knallgas bacteria through several private collaborations with Arcelor Mittal, e.g., Valorco project and in an ISPT project with Syngip, Arcelor Mittal and Dow. Although the content of these private projects is confidential, the general experience gained will be helpful in the work aimed for in the proposed work. In addition, BBEPP is also involved in several European funded consortium based gas fermentation projects. In the BIOCONCO2 project, BBEPP is responsible for the construction mobile gas fermentation unit to be put on site at waste gas emitters and to convert these CO2-rich gases into chemical building blocks. In the BIOSFERA project, biogenic residues and wastes will be gasified and the syngas will be fermented using acetogenic bacteria to produce acetate which will be converted in a second fermentation process to bio-based triacylglycerides (TAGs). In the CO2SMOS project, biogenic CO2 emissions and renewable H2 are converted by innovative biotechnological and intensified chemical conversion process to develop the production of several bio-based fine and commodity chemicals (2,3-butanediol, long chain dicarboxylic acids, benzene, cyclic carbonates and polyhydroxyalkanoates).

=== Coskata ===
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=== LanzaTech ===
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=== INEOS Bio ===
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=== Vlemish Institute of Technology (VITO) ===
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=== VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland ===
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== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B82%5D=82&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]