Tech4Biowaste - User contributions [en]

Sizing

2023-11-22T15:07:26Z

Tanja Meyer: /* LignoPure GmbH */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = straws, wood, wastes
| Product =Flowable small-sized biomass
|Name= Sizing|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Sizing''' is a mechanical process that aims to reduce the particle size and crystallinity and to increase the specific surface area of biowaste to promote further processing of the substrate.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Quanguo Zhang, Chao He, Jingzheng Ren, Michael Goodsite|year=2021|book_title=Waste to renewable biohydrogen. Volume 1, Advances in theory and experiments|publisher=Elsevier Inc.|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-821659-0}}</ref> This is achieved by eliminating mass and heat transfer limitation during the required reaction. It is a very efficient technique, but a major drawback is the high energy input.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Muhammad H. Rashid|year=2015|book_title=Electric renewable energy systems|publisher=Elsevier Inc.|place=London, UK|ISBN=978-0-12-800636-8}}</ref> Moreover, sizing makes the biomass easier to handle and allows it to flow. Sizing includes chipping, extrusion, grinding, and milling as base technologies. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Sizing is a pre-treatment technology for nearly all biowaste materials that consist of large particles like straws, wood pieces, plant fibres and other materials. It is needed to prepare smaller particles that can be processed in further steps.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Sizing is often performed as a first step in the process and requires no other pre-treatment. It is, however, not uncommon to first perform a coarse grinding before a fine grinding into smaller particles. Moreover, extrusion and milling are commonly combined with another sizing pre-treatment such as grinding.

== Process and technologies==
Sizing technologies normally are divided into chipping, extrusion, grinding, and milling technologies:

=== Chipping ===
For chipping normally a chipper machine is used that consists of sharp cutting knives, which cut bigger parts into smaller chips. This is used e.g. for wood materials, straws, mixed garden residues and other feedstock that can be cut by a knife. Chippers are susceptible to knife wear from high soil content, metal contamination, rocks and stone, so the base feedstock normally needs to be cleaned before chipping. The size of the resulting materials is typically 10–30 mm after chipping.
=== Extrusion ===
Extrusion is a continuous process that can handle a wide range of feedstocks, including viscous and complex fluids, and powders. The feedstock is heated and forced through an opening called 'die'. The feedstock is forced through the die by one or two screws in a heated barrel, the extruder.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Clive Maier|year=1998|book_title=Polypropylene : the definitive user's guide and databook|publisher=Plastics Design Library|place=Norwich, NY|ISBN=978-0-8155-1867-9}}</ref>
=== Grinding ===
There are two types of grinding: coarse grinding, which can then be followed by fine grinding. Normally a grinder is used to crack bigger parts into smaller particles. The size of the resulting materials is typically 0.2–2 mm. Grinding is achieved by shearing and/or friction and the effect is achieved by multiple comminution in an increasingly narrowing grinding gap, which can usually be varied by axial displacement of a rotor or stator. The frequently tested process variables are screen size, angular velocity, time, feed rate, type, feed size, load, moisture content, and process.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tumuluru JS, Heikkila DJ|year=2019|title=Biomass Grinding Process Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology and a Hybrid Genetic Algorithm|journal=Bioengineering|volume=12|issue=6, no. 1|page=1-12|doi=10.3390/bioengineering6010012}}</ref>
=== Milling ===
[[File:Hammer mill open front full.jpg|alt=Hammer mill|thumb|Hammer mill]]
Milling combines several mechanical stresses, such as compression, friction, impact, and shear. The combination of these stresses reduce the particle size, crystallinity, and degree of polymerisation, making the biowaste more accessible for further processing. However, milling is energy intensive and has a high capital cost. The required energy can be reduced by combining milling with other processes.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ball milling as an important pretreatment technique in lignocellulose biorefineries: a review|year=2021-08-12|author=Yalew Woldeamanuel Sitotaw, Nigus G. Habtu, Abaynesh Yihdego Gebreyohannes, Suzana P. Nunes, Tom Van Gerven|journal=Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery|doi=10.1007/s13399-021-01800-7}}</ref>

== Product ==
Products of sizing processes are chips, small particles or meals that can directly be used for further processing.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Cooling system available
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Sizing#ANDRITZ|ANDRITZ]]
| Austria
| -
| Screening, separating, crushing, and sizing various biomass materials; ATEX shredders, crushers and crushing stations
| -
| -
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Sizing#Mastershred GmbH|Mastershred GmbH]]
| Germany
| -
| Mastershred
| -
| -
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Sizing#WEIMA|WEIMA]]
|Germany
| -
|Holzwolf
|9
| -
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== CENER (ES) ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=CENER BIO2C|Image=Logo-cener-bio2c-english-1.png|Country=Spain|Contact=Goizeder Barberena, info@cener.com|Webpage=https://www.bio2c.es/pretreatment-unit/|Technology name=BIO2C – Sizing Plant|TRL=6-7|Capacity=o Chipper: 22 kW; capacity up to 1000 kg/h.
o Chopper: 55KW; capacity up to 3000 kg/h
o Hammer mill 200-700 kg/h production capacity. Screen size 2-12 mm
o Disc mill 200-700 kg/h production capacity|Size (feedstock)=variable (up to logs, bales… )|Size (product)=variable (up to powder)|Other=More info: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSzeXOrNTnQ|Product=Chipped, chopped and milled biomass|Feedstock=Various Biomass Materiasl: Herbaceous (cereal straw, agro-residues…), woody (pine, poplar, beech, eucalyptus, pawlonia, olive tree pruning…), variety of organic wastes (including low density materials and materials with high content of fines and dust).}}

CENER Biomass Department performs applied research activities in the field of biomass, providing R&D services and technical assistance to all agents of the sector. The area is focused on the development & optimization of production processes of bioproducts, solid biofuels, advanced liquid or gaseous biofuels, as well as biorefinery concepts. Indeed, the main pillars are focused on solid biofuels, bioprocesses and comprehensive sustainability assessment. The main infrastructures in this department include the Biomass Laboratory (biomass & biofuels characterization and process development at lab scale), as well as the Biorefinery and Bioenergy Centre (BIO2C).

===ANDRITZ ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Contact=woodprocessing@andritz.com|Company=ANDRITZ|Country=Austria|Webpage=https://www.andritz.com/group-en|Technology name=Screening, separating, crushing, and sizing various biomass materials; ATEX shredders, crushers and crushing stations|Feedstock=Various biomass materials (e. g. stumps, wood waste, forest residuals, logs, pallets)|Product=}}
'''Andritz''' is an international technology group providing plants, systems, equipment, and services for various industries. The company is one of the technology and global market leaders in the hydropower business, the pulp and paper industry, the metal working and steel industries, and in solid/liquid separation in the municipal and industrial segments. The listed Group is headquartered in Graz, Austria. Since its foundation 170 years ago, Andritz has developed into a Group with approximately 27,400 employees, and more than 280 locations in over 40 countries worldwide.

=== Lignopure GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=Lignopure GmbH|Country=Germany|Webpage=https://www.lignopure.com/lignin|Contact=info@lignopure.de|Image=LOGO_CMYK_Lignopure-COLOR.jpg|Technology name=Lignin downstream processing, drying, microparticle generation, application development, lab/pilot/demo scale|TRL=5-7|Feedstock=Lignin (Wet filter cake/suspension, dry powder, lignin-rich residues/lignocellulosic biomass, black liquor)|Product=Lignin microparticles, powder, lignin intermediate products|Size (feedstock)=Suspension (µm to mm particle size range), filter cake pieces etc.|Capacity=1 – 200 kg/day, depending on raw material and desired scale|Size (product)=flexible in µm-range, depending on target application|Other=Processing yields fine and flowable powders, potentially reduced odour, hygienic processing possible}}

'''Lignopure’'''s years of research and experience in the field of lignin have enabled us to develop technologies and expert, project-based services for lignin producers and companies interested in making more of their lignin side streams or the utilization of tailored lignin-particles for innovative materials and applications. Our goal at Lignopure is to bring value to lignin by being the connection link between raw lignin and industries interested in novel lignin-containing applications. This is possible thanks to our extensive know-how on lignin together with Lignopure’s patented particle technology that optimizes lignin particle and powder properties without altering their multifunctional natural structure, which then enables the use of this amazing biopolymer to its fullest.

You have a lignin-rich side side stream which you want to valorize? Let us guide you through the process of developing a lignin downstream process, tailored to your raw material and the requirements of your clients, from initial lignin quality and process feasibility evaluation, via lab testing and pilot production of lignin powder prototypes up to the implementation of our technology as part of your process. Our knowhow and technology is available for licensing to crude lignin producers who want to market their raw material as a high quality, ready-to-use powder in various markets.

===Mastershred GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=Mastershred GmbH|Country=Germany
|Contact=Raphael Barth, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-140, Email: barth(at)mastershred.de
Michael Schubert, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-70, Email: schubert(at)mastershred.de
|Webpage=https://mastershred.de/|Image=Mastershred Wort logo.png
|Technology name= Mastershred|Feedstock=mixed biowaste|Product=
- Bio-Liquid for methane production
- dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy|Size (feedstock)= }}

'''Mastershred''' offers a technology to valorize biowaste for energy supply. With a mobile compact plant in the size of a container they use novel shredding and squeezing process to produce three fractions from the biowaste:
*a bio-Liquid for methane production
*pressed material for composting, soil improvement or peat replacement
*dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy
===WEIMA===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=WEIMA|Country=Germany|Contact=info@weima.com|Webpage=https://weima.com|TRL=9|Technology name=Holzwolf|Feedstock=Wood|Product=Wood chips|Image=Weima.png|Size (feedstock)=1875x900x1630-3375x900x1630}}
WEIMA offers, among other things, shredders, briquette presses and packaging presses. The shredders and compactors are produced in Germany. At the sites in Ilsfeld, Abstatt (Baden-Württemberg) and Annaburg (Saxony-Anhalt), the 300-strong team builds more than 1,200 customer solutions per year on more than 44,000 m² for worldwide use.

==Open access pilot and demo facility providers==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B88%5D=88&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]
<references />

Drying

2023-11-22T15:06:51Z

Tanja Meyer: /* LignoPure GmbH */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = Biowaste including liquids
| Product = Dry biomass
|Name=Drying|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>

'''Drying''' technologies are based on the vaporisation/evaporation or sublimation of different liquids or solids under different gas atmospheres and physical conditions resulting in dry products or products with a desired humidity.

</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===

=== Pre-treatment ===
In view of the energy costs involved in drying, this technology is of limited use in pre-treatment. The need to dry biomass feedstocks before they can for example be gasified, can place a large energy and capital cost burden on small-to-medium scale biomass gasification plants for the production of heat and power. Drying may not always be unavoidable, but as biomass moisture content to the gasifier increases, the quality of the product gas deteriorates along with the overall performance of the whole system.

== Process and technologies ==

=== Air drying ===
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an oxygen atmosphere. The exchange of oxygen with low humidity accelerates this process, but may lead to an (unwanted) oxidation of the product.

=== Nitrogen drying ===
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an nitrogen atmosphere. The exchange of nitrogen accelerates this process. Since nitrogen is an inert gas, unwanted reactions such as oxidation of the product are avoided.

=== Freeze drying ===
Also known as lyophilisation. The technology represents a low temperature and pressure dehydration process that involves freezing the product, lowering pressure ("vacuum"), then removing the ice by sublimation and condensing.

=== Thermal drying ===
Process that involves the vaporisation/evaporation of liquids through the application of heat under different atmospheres. With increasing application of heat, the process can be accelerated. Very high temperatures may lead to unwanted reactions of the product. Examples for thermal drying technologies are flash (pneumatic) drying, radiative drying, solar drying, drum drying, and supercritical drying.

=== Vacuum drying ===
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under a vacuum atmosphere. The vacuum atmosphere allows the evaporation of liquids at lower temperatures than under atmospheric pressure.

== Product ==

=== Post-treatment ===
Drying is a widely used process in industry worldwide, with many different reasons: to save weight, to make transport easier, to extend the shelf life of food, to obtain a product that can be further processed, etc.

The importance of drying efficiency has increased significantly due to high energy costs and increasingly stringent customer quality requirements.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable mass [kg]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [Bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[[Drying#Andritz|Andritz]]
|Austria, Sweden
| -
|ANDRITZ
|9
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
|-
| [[Drying#CENER .28ES.29|CENER (ES)]]
|Spain
| -
|BIO2C – DryingPlant
|6-7
|200-700
| -
|200-700
|300
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
|-
|[[Drying#Dorset Group|Dorset Group]]
|The Netherlands
| -
|Dorset Drying
|9
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
|-
|[[Drying#Mastershred%20GmbH|Mastershred GmbH]]
|Germany
| -
|Mastershred
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
|}

=== Andritz ===
{{Infobox provider-drying|Company= Andritz|Country=Austria, Sweden
|Contact=Andritz AB, Sweden, Kvarnvägen, SE-351 87 Växjö; Email: flakt.drying{at}andritz.com
|Webpage=https://www.andritz.com|Image=Anditz Logo.png
|Technology name= ANDRITZ |TRL= Commercial |Capacity= |Feedstock=mixed biomass, sawdust|Product=dried biomass}}

'''Andritz''' is an international technology group providing plants, systems, equipment, and services for various industries. The company is one of the technology and global market leaders in the hydropower business, the pulp and paper industry, the metal working and steel industries, and in solid/liquid separation in the municipal and industrial segments. The listed Group is headquartered in Graz, Austria. Since its foundation 170 years ago, Andritz has developed into a Group with approximately 27,400 employees, and more than 280 locations in over 40 countries worldwide.

ANDRITZ offers several different drying technologies to match the application and heat source available, mainly for pulp and paper industries. The different technologies are:
* Rotary drum
* Belt dryer
* Pneumatic
* Fluidbed
Information: [https://www.andritz.com/products-en/group/pulp-and-paper/power-generation/biomass-handling-systems/biomass-drying Andritz biomass drying]

=== CENER (ES) ===
{{Infobox provider-drying|Company=CENER BIO2C|Capacity=Burner power: 580 KW; 200 – 700|Processable mass=200 – 700|Evaporable substances=not available|Product=Dried Biomass|Feedstock=Various Biomass Materiasl: Herbaceous (cereal straw, agro-residues…), woody (pine, poplar, beech, eucalyptus, pawlonia, olive tree pruning…), variety of organic wastes (including low density materials and materials with high content of fines and dust).|Other=More info: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSzeXOrNTnQ|Temperature=Hot gas flow: 6000 kg/h at 300ºC|Processable volume=not relevant|Country=Spain|Pressure=not available|Atmosphere=trommel-type rotary dryer|TRL=6-7|Technology name=BIO2C – DryingPlant|Webpage=Pretreatment Unit - Cener BIO2C|Contact=Goizeder Barberena, info@cener.com|Image=Logo-cener-bio2c-english-1.png}}
'''CENER Biomass Department''' performs applied research activities in the field of biomass, providing R&D services and technical assistance to all agents of the sector. The area is focused on the development & optimization of production processes of bioproducts, solid biofuels, advanced liquid or gaseous biofuels, as well as biorefinery concepts. Indeed, the main pillars are focused on '''solid biofuels, bioprocesses and comprehensive sustainability assessment'''. The main infrastructures in this department include the '''Biomass Laboratory''' (biomass & biofuels characterization and process development at lab scale), as well as the '''Biorefinery and Bioenergy Centre (BIO2C)'''.

=== Dorset Group ===
{{Infobox provider-drying|Company= Dorset Group|Country=The Netherlands
|Contact=Dorset Green Machines BV, Weverij 26, 7122 MS Aalten, The Netherlands; Email: gm[at]dorset.nu
|Webpage=https://www.dorset.nu|Image=Dorset Group logo.jpg
|Technology name= Dorset Drying|TRL= Commercial |Capacity= |Feedstock=mixed biomass, sawdust|Product=dried biomass}}

'''Dorset''' was founded in 1984 for the import of Daltec feeding systems for pig feeding. In late eighties and early nineties more divisions were founded that started the development and production of a variety of machinery and electronic products. Today the group consists of two divisions, each with their own development and production. The group is globally active with a headquarters in the Netherlands.

Dorset offers drying technologies for several biomass streams like digestate, sewage sludge or mixed biomass. It has a lot of experience with drying several biomass materials incl. grass, compost, fats and food residues. The warm air required for the use of a conveyor belt dryer, can be supplied by the use of either warm stable air or air heated in another way.

Information: [https://www.dorset.nu/green-machines/products/dorset-dryers/ Dorset dryers], [https://www.dorset.nu/green-machines/solutions/drying-biomass/ Biomass solutions]

=== Lignopure GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-drying|Company=Lignopure GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=info@lignopure.de|Webpage=https://www.lignopure.com/lignin/|Processable mass=1 – 1000 kg on dry basis, also more if required|Temperature=Various, depending on raw material and processing target|Evaporable substances=water|Capacity=1 – 200 kg/day, depending on raw material and desired scale|Processable volume=depends on solids content, see processable mass|Product=Lignin microparticles, powder, lignin intermediate products|Pressure=ambient|Atmosphere=air (ambient?)|Feedstock=Lignin (Wet filter cake/suspension, dry powder, lignin-rich residues/lignocellulosic biomass, black liquor)|TRL=5-7|Technology name=Lignin downstream processing, drying, microparticle generation, application development, lab/pilot/demo scale|Image=LOGO_CMYK_Lignopure-COLOR.jpg|Other=Processing yields fine and flowable powders, potentially reduced odour, hygienic processing possible}}

Lignopure’s years of research and experience in the field of lignin have enabled us to develop technologies and expert, project-based services for lignin producers and companies interested in making more of their lignin side streams or the utilization of tailored lignin-particles for innovative materials and applications.
Our goal at Lignopure is to bring value to lignin by being the connection link between raw lignin and industries interested in novel lignin-containing applications. This is possible thanks to our extensive know-how on lignin together with Lignopure’s patented particle technology that optimizes lignin particle and powder properties without altering their multifunctional natural structure, which then enables the use of this amazing biopolymer to its fullest.
You have a lignin-rich side side stream which you want to valorize? Let us guide you through the process of developing a lignin downstream process, tailored to your raw material and the requirements of your clients, from initial lignin quality and process feasibility evaluation, via lab testing and pilot production of lignin powder prototypes up to the implementation of our technology as part of your process. Our knowhow and technology is available for licensing to crude lignin producers who want to market their raw material as a high quality, ready-to-use powder in various markets.

=== Mastershred GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-drying|Company=Mastershred GmbH|Country=Germany
|Contact=Raphael Barth, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-140, Email: barth(at)mastershred.de
Michael Schubert, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-70, Email: schubert(at)mastershred.de
|Webpage=https://mastershred.de/|Image=Mastershred Wort logo.png
|Technology name= Mastershred |TRL= |Capacity= |Feedstock=mixed biowaste|Product=
- Bio-Liquid for methane production
- dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy}}

'''Mastershred''' offers a technology to valorize biowaste for energy supply. With a mobile compact plant in the size of a container they use novel shredding and squeezing process to produce three fractions from the biowaste:
* a bio-Liquid for methane production
* pressed material for composting, soil improvement or peat replacement
* dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B77%5D=77&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Drying)]

[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B78%5D=78&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Evaporation)]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Sizing

2023-11-22T12:36:00Z

Tanja Meyer: /* LignoPure GmbH */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = straws, wood, wastes
| Product =Flowable small-sized biomass
|Name= Sizing|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Sizing''' is a mechanical process that aims to reduce the particle size and crystallinity and to increase the specific surface area of biowaste to promote further processing of the substrate.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Quanguo Zhang, Chao He, Jingzheng Ren, Michael Goodsite|year=2021|book_title=Waste to renewable biohydrogen. Volume 1, Advances in theory and experiments|publisher=Elsevier Inc.|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-821659-0}}</ref> This is achieved by eliminating mass and heat transfer limitation during the required reaction. It is a very efficient technique, but a major drawback is the high energy input.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Muhammad H. Rashid|year=2015|book_title=Electric renewable energy systems|publisher=Elsevier Inc.|place=London, UK|ISBN=978-0-12-800636-8}}</ref> Moreover, sizing makes the biomass easier to handle and allows it to flow. Sizing includes chipping, extrusion, grinding, and milling as base technologies. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Sizing is a pre-treatment technology for nearly all biowaste materials that consist of large particles like straws, wood pieces, plant fibres and other materials. It is needed to prepare smaller particles that can be processed in further steps.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Sizing is often performed as a first step in the process and requires no other pre-treatment. It is, however, not uncommon to first perform a coarse grinding before a fine grinding into smaller particles. Moreover, extrusion and milling are commonly combined with another sizing pre-treatment such as grinding.

== Process and technologies==
Sizing technologies normally are divided into chipping, extrusion, grinding, and milling technologies:

=== Chipping ===
For chipping normally a chipper machine is used that consists of sharp cutting knives, which cut bigger parts into smaller chips. This is used e.g. for wood materials, straws, mixed garden residues and other feedstock that can be cut by a knife. Chippers are susceptible to knife wear from high soil content, metal contamination, rocks and stone, so the base feedstock normally needs to be cleaned before chipping. The size of the resulting materials is typically 10–30 mm after chipping.
=== Extrusion ===
Extrusion is a continuous process that can handle a wide range of feedstocks, including viscous and complex fluids, and powders. The feedstock is heated and forced through an opening called 'die'. The feedstock is forced through the die by one or two screws in a heated barrel, the extruder.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Clive Maier|year=1998|book_title=Polypropylene : the definitive user's guide and databook|publisher=Plastics Design Library|place=Norwich, NY|ISBN=978-0-8155-1867-9}}</ref>
=== Grinding ===
There are two types of grinding: coarse grinding, which can then be followed by fine grinding. Normally a grinder is used to crack bigger parts into smaller particles. The size of the resulting materials is typically 0.2–2 mm. Grinding is achieved by shearing and/or friction and the effect is achieved by multiple comminution in an increasingly narrowing grinding gap, which can usually be varied by axial displacement of a rotor or stator. The frequently tested process variables are screen size, angular velocity, time, feed rate, type, feed size, load, moisture content, and process.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tumuluru JS, Heikkila DJ|year=2019|title=Biomass Grinding Process Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology and a Hybrid Genetic Algorithm|journal=Bioengineering|volume=12|issue=6, no. 1|page=1-12|doi=10.3390/bioengineering6010012}}</ref>
=== Milling ===
[[File:Hammer mill open front full.jpg|alt=Hammer mill|thumb|Hammer mill]]
Milling combines several mechanical stresses, such as compression, friction, impact, and shear. The combination of these stresses reduce the particle size, crystallinity, and degree of polymerisation, making the biowaste more accessible for further processing. However, milling is energy intensive and has a high capital cost. The required energy can be reduced by combining milling with other processes.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ball milling as an important pretreatment technique in lignocellulose biorefineries: a review|year=2021-08-12|author=Yalew Woldeamanuel Sitotaw, Nigus G. Habtu, Abaynesh Yihdego Gebreyohannes, Suzana P. Nunes, Tom Van Gerven|journal=Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery|doi=10.1007/s13399-021-01800-7}}</ref>

== Product ==
Products of sizing processes are chips, small particles or meals that can directly be used for further processing.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Cooling system available
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Sizing#ANDRITZ|ANDRITZ]]
| Austria
| -
| Screening, separating, crushing, and sizing various biomass materials; ATEX shredders, crushers and crushing stations
| -
| -
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Sizing#Mastershred GmbH|Mastershred GmbH]]
| Germany
| -
| Mastershred
| -
| -
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Sizing#WEIMA|WEIMA]]
|Germany
| -
|Holzwolf
|9
| -
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== CENER (ES) ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=CENER BIO2C|Image=Logo-cener-bio2c-english-1.png|Country=Spain|Contact=Goizeder Barberena, info@cener.com|Webpage=https://www.bio2c.es/pretreatment-unit/|Technology name=BIO2C – Sizing Plant|TRL=6-7|Capacity=o Chipper: 22 kW; capacity up to 1000 kg/h.
o Chopper: 55KW; capacity up to 3000 kg/h
o Hammer mill 200-700 kg/h production capacity. Screen size 2-12 mm
o Disc mill 200-700 kg/h production capacity|Size (feedstock)=variable (up to logs, bales… )|Size (product)=variable (up to powder)|Other=More info: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSzeXOrNTnQ|Product=Chipped, chopped and milled biomass|Feedstock=Various Biomass Materiasl: Herbaceous (cereal straw, agro-residues…), woody (pine, poplar, beech, eucalyptus, pawlonia, olive tree pruning…), variety of organic wastes (including low density materials and materials with high content of fines and dust).}}

CENER Biomass Department performs applied research activities in the field of biomass, providing R&D services and technical assistance to all agents of the sector. The area is focused on the development & optimization of production processes of bioproducts, solid biofuels, advanced liquid or gaseous biofuels, as well as biorefinery concepts. Indeed, the main pillars are focused on solid biofuels, bioprocesses and comprehensive sustainability assessment. The main infrastructures in this department include the Biomass Laboratory (biomass & biofuels characterization and process development at lab scale), as well as the Biorefinery and Bioenergy Centre (BIO2C).

===ANDRITZ ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Contact=woodprocessing@andritz.com|Company=ANDRITZ|Country=Austria|Webpage=https://www.andritz.com/group-en|Technology name=Screening, separating, crushing, and sizing various biomass materials; ATEX shredders, crushers and crushing stations|Feedstock=Various biomass materials (e. g. stumps, wood waste, forest residuals, logs, pallets)|Product=}}
'''Andritz''' is an international technology group providing plants, systems, equipment, and services for various industries. The company is one of the technology and global market leaders in the hydropower business, the pulp and paper industry, the metal working and steel industries, and in solid/liquid separation in the municipal and industrial segments. The listed Group is headquartered in Graz, Austria. Since its foundation 170 years ago, Andritz has developed into a Group with approximately 27,400 employees, and more than 280 locations in over 40 countries worldwide.

=== LignoPure GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=Lignopure GmbH|Country=Germany|Webpage=https://www.lignopure.com/lignin|Contact=info@lignopure.de|Image=LOGO_CMYK_Lignopure-COLOR.jpg|Technology name=Lignin downstream processing, drying, microparticle generation, application development, lab/pilot/demo scale|TRL=5-7|Feedstock=Lignin (Wet filter cake/suspension, dry powder, lignin-rich residues/lignocellulosic biomass, black liquor)|Product=Lignin microparticles, powder, lignin intermediate products|Size (feedstock)=Suspension (µm to mm particle size range), filter cake pieces etc.|Capacity=1 – 200 kg/day, depending on raw material and desired scale|Size (product)=flexible in µm-range, depending on target application|Other=Processing yields fine and flowable powders, potentially reduced odour, hygienic processing possible}}

'''Lignopure’'''s years of research and experience in the field of lignin have enabled us to develop technologies and expert, project-based services for lignin producers and companies interested in making more of their lignin side streams or the utilization of tailored lignin-particles for innovative materials and applications. Our goal at Lignopure is to bring value to lignin by being the connection link between raw lignin and industries interested in novel lignin-containing applications. This is possible thanks to our extensive know-how on lignin together with Lignopure’s patented particle technology that optimizes lignin particle and powder properties without altering their multifunctional natural structure, which then enables the use of this amazing biopolymer to its fullest.

You have a lignin-rich side side stream which you want to valorize? Let us guide you through the process of developing a lignin downstream process, tailored to your raw material and the requirements of your clients, from initial lignin quality and process feasibility evaluation, via lab testing and pilot production of lignin powder prototypes up to the implementation of our technology as part of your process. Our knowhow and technology is available for licensing to crude lignin producers who want to market their raw material as a high quality, ready-to-use powder in various markets.

===Mastershred GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=Mastershred GmbH|Country=Germany
|Contact=Raphael Barth, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-140, Email: barth(at)mastershred.de
Michael Schubert, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-70, Email: schubert(at)mastershred.de
|Webpage=https://mastershred.de/|Image=Mastershred Wort logo.png
|Technology name= Mastershred|Feedstock=mixed biowaste|Product=
- Bio-Liquid for methane production
- dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy|Size (feedstock)= }}

'''Mastershred''' offers a technology to valorize biowaste for energy supply. With a mobile compact plant in the size of a container they use novel shredding and squeezing process to produce three fractions from the biowaste:
*a bio-Liquid for methane production
*pressed material for composting, soil improvement or peat replacement
*dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy
===WEIMA===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=WEIMA|Country=Germany|Contact=info@weima.com|Webpage=https://weima.com|TRL=9|Technology name=Holzwolf|Feedstock=Wood|Product=Wood chips|Image=Weima.png|Size (feedstock)=1875x900x1630-3375x900x1630}}
WEIMA offers, among other things, shredders, briquette presses and packaging presses. The shredders and compactors are produced in Germany. At the sites in Ilsfeld, Abstatt (Baden-Württemberg) and Annaburg (Saxony-Anhalt), the 300-strong team builds more than 1,200 customer solutions per year on more than 44,000 m² for worldwide use.

==Open access pilot and demo facility providers==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B88%5D=88&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]
<references />

Drying

2023-11-22T12:32:50Z

Tanja Meyer: /* LignoPure GmbH */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = Biowaste including liquids
| Product = Dry biomass
|Name=Drying|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>

'''Drying''' technologies are based on the vaporisation/evaporation or sublimation of different liquids or solids under different gas atmospheres and physical conditions resulting in dry products or products with a desired humidity.

</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===

=== Pre-treatment ===
In view of the energy costs involved in drying, this technology is of limited use in pre-treatment. The need to dry biomass feedstocks before they can for example be gasified, can place a large energy and capital cost burden on small-to-medium scale biomass gasification plants for the production of heat and power. Drying may not always be unavoidable, but as biomass moisture content to the gasifier increases, the quality of the product gas deteriorates along with the overall performance of the whole system.

== Process and technologies ==

=== Air drying ===
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an oxygen atmosphere. The exchange of oxygen with low humidity accelerates this process, but may lead to an (unwanted) oxidation of the product.

=== Nitrogen drying ===
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an nitrogen atmosphere. The exchange of nitrogen accelerates this process. Since nitrogen is an inert gas, unwanted reactions such as oxidation of the product are avoided.

=== Freeze drying ===
Also known as lyophilisation. The technology represents a low temperature and pressure dehydration process that involves freezing the product, lowering pressure ("vacuum"), then removing the ice by sublimation and condensing.

=== Thermal drying ===
Process that involves the vaporisation/evaporation of liquids through the application of heat under different atmospheres. With increasing application of heat, the process can be accelerated. Very high temperatures may lead to unwanted reactions of the product. Examples for thermal drying technologies are flash (pneumatic) drying, radiative drying, solar drying, drum drying, and supercritical drying.

=== Vacuum drying ===
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under a vacuum atmosphere. The vacuum atmosphere allows the evaporation of liquids at lower temperatures than under atmospheric pressure.

== Product ==

=== Post-treatment ===
Drying is a widely used process in industry worldwide, with many different reasons: to save weight, to make transport easier, to extend the shelf life of food, to obtain a product that can be further processed, etc.

The importance of drying efficiency has increased significantly due to high energy costs and increasingly stringent customer quality requirements.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable mass [kg]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [Bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[[Drying#Andritz|Andritz]]
|Austria, Sweden
| -
|ANDRITZ
|9
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
|-
| [[Drying#CENER .28ES.29|CENER (ES)]]
|Spain
| -
|BIO2C – DryingPlant
|6-7
|200-700
| -
|200-700
|300
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
|-
|[[Drying#Dorset Group|Dorset Group]]
|The Netherlands
| -
|Dorset Drying
|9
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
|-
|[[Drying#Mastershred%20GmbH|Mastershred GmbH]]
|Germany
| -
|Mastershred
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
|}

=== Andritz ===
{{Infobox provider-drying|Company= Andritz|Country=Austria, Sweden
|Contact=Andritz AB, Sweden, Kvarnvägen, SE-351 87 Växjö; Email: flakt.drying{at}andritz.com
|Webpage=https://www.andritz.com|Image=Anditz Logo.png
|Technology name= ANDRITZ |TRL= Commercial |Capacity= |Feedstock=mixed biomass, sawdust|Product=dried biomass}}

'''Andritz''' is an international technology group providing plants, systems, equipment, and services for various industries. The company is one of the technology and global market leaders in the hydropower business, the pulp and paper industry, the metal working and steel industries, and in solid/liquid separation in the municipal and industrial segments. The listed Group is headquartered in Graz, Austria. Since its foundation 170 years ago, Andritz has developed into a Group with approximately 27,400 employees, and more than 280 locations in over 40 countries worldwide.

ANDRITZ offers several different drying technologies to match the application and heat source available, mainly for pulp and paper industries. The different technologies are:
* Rotary drum
* Belt dryer
* Pneumatic
* Fluidbed
Information: [https://www.andritz.com/products-en/group/pulp-and-paper/power-generation/biomass-handling-systems/biomass-drying Andritz biomass drying]

=== CENER (ES) ===
{{Infobox provider-drying|Company=CENER BIO2C|Capacity=Burner power: 580 KW; 200 – 700|Processable mass=200 – 700|Evaporable substances=not available|Product=Dried Biomass|Feedstock=Various Biomass Materiasl: Herbaceous (cereal straw, agro-residues…), woody (pine, poplar, beech, eucalyptus, pawlonia, olive tree pruning…), variety of organic wastes (including low density materials and materials with high content of fines and dust).|Other=More info: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSzeXOrNTnQ|Temperature=Hot gas flow: 6000 kg/h at 300ºC|Processable volume=not relevant|Country=Spain|Pressure=not available|Atmosphere=trommel-type rotary dryer|TRL=6-7|Technology name=BIO2C – DryingPlant|Webpage=Pretreatment Unit - Cener BIO2C|Contact=Goizeder Barberena, info@cener.com|Image=Logo-cener-bio2c-english-1.png}}
'''CENER Biomass Department''' performs applied research activities in the field of biomass, providing R&D services and technical assistance to all agents of the sector. The area is focused on the development & optimization of production processes of bioproducts, solid biofuels, advanced liquid or gaseous biofuels, as well as biorefinery concepts. Indeed, the main pillars are focused on '''solid biofuels, bioprocesses and comprehensive sustainability assessment'''. The main infrastructures in this department include the '''Biomass Laboratory''' (biomass & biofuels characterization and process development at lab scale), as well as the '''Biorefinery and Bioenergy Centre (BIO2C)'''.

=== Dorset Group ===
{{Infobox provider-drying|Company= Dorset Group|Country=The Netherlands
|Contact=Dorset Green Machines BV, Weverij 26, 7122 MS Aalten, The Netherlands; Email: gm[at]dorset.nu
|Webpage=https://www.dorset.nu|Image=Dorset Group logo.jpg
|Technology name= Dorset Drying|TRL= Commercial |Capacity= |Feedstock=mixed biomass, sawdust|Product=dried biomass}}

'''Dorset''' was founded in 1984 for the import of Daltec feeding systems for pig feeding. In late eighties and early nineties more divisions were founded that started the development and production of a variety of machinery and electronic products. Today the group consists of two divisions, each with their own development and production. The group is globally active with a headquarters in the Netherlands.

Dorset offers drying technologies for several biomass streams like digestate, sewage sludge or mixed biomass. It has a lot of experience with drying several biomass materials incl. grass, compost, fats and food residues. The warm air required for the use of a conveyor belt dryer, can be supplied by the use of either warm stable air or air heated in another way.

Information: [https://www.dorset.nu/green-machines/products/dorset-dryers/ Dorset dryers], [https://www.dorset.nu/green-machines/solutions/drying-biomass/ Biomass solutions]

=== LignoPure GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-drying|Company=Lignopure GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=info@lignopure.de|Webpage=https://www.lignopure.com/lignin/|Processable mass=1 – 1000 kg on dry basis, also more if required|Temperature=Various, depending on raw material and processing target|Evaporable substances=water|Capacity=1 – 200 kg/day, depending on raw material and desired scale|Processable volume=depends on solids content, see processable mass|Product=Lignin microparticles, powder, lignin intermediate products|Pressure=ambient|Atmosphere=air (ambient?)|Feedstock=Lignin (Wet filter cake/suspension, dry powder, lignin-rich residues/lignocellulosic biomass, black liquor)|TRL=5-7|Technology name=Lignin downstream processing, drying, microparticle generation, application development, lab/pilot/demo scale|Image=LOGO_CMYK_Lignopure-COLOR.jpg|Other=Processing yields fine and flowable powders, potentially reduced odour, hygienic processing possible}}

Lignopure’s years of research and experience in the field of lignin have enabled us to develop technologies and expert, project-based services for lignin producers and companies interested in making more of their lignin side streams or the utilization of tailored lignin-particles for innovative materials and applications.
Our goal at Lignopure is to bring value to lignin by being the connection link between raw lignin and industries interested in novel lignin-containing applications. This is possible thanks to our extensive know-how on lignin together with Lignopure’s patented particle technology that optimizes lignin particle and powder properties without altering their multifunctional natural structure, which then enables the use of this amazing biopolymer to its fullest.
You have a lignin-rich side side stream which you want to valorize? Let us guide you through the process of developing a lignin downstream process, tailored to your raw material and the requirements of your clients, from initial lignin quality and process feasibility evaluation, via lab testing and pilot production of lignin powder prototypes up to the implementation of our technology as part of your process. Our knowhow and technology is available for licensing to crude lignin producers who want to market their raw material as a high quality, ready-to-use powder in various markets.

=== Mastershred GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-drying|Company=Mastershred GmbH|Country=Germany
|Contact=Raphael Barth, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-140, Email: barth(at)mastershred.de
Michael Schubert, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-70, Email: schubert(at)mastershred.de
|Webpage=https://mastershred.de/|Image=Mastershred Wort logo.png
|Technology name= Mastershred |TRL= |Capacity= |Feedstock=mixed biowaste|Product=
- Bio-Liquid for methane production
- dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy}}

'''Mastershred''' offers a technology to valorize biowaste for energy supply. With a mobile compact plant in the size of a container they use novel shredding and squeezing process to produce three fractions from the biowaste:
* a bio-Liquid for methane production
* pressed material for composting, soil improvement or peat replacement
* dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B77%5D=77&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Drying)]

[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B78%5D=78&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Evaporation)]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

File:LOGO CMYK Lignopure-COLOR.jpg

2023-11-22T12:29:40Z

Tanja Meyer: Uploaded a work by Lignopure from Lignopure with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Lignopure}}
|date=2022-07-07
|source=Lignopure
|author=Lignopure
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{logo}}

This file was uploaded with the UploadWizard extension.

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Sizing

2023-11-14T10:50:46Z

Tanja Meyer: new entry of technology provider

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = straws, wood, wastes
| Product =Flowable small-sized biomass
|Name= Sizing|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Sizing''' is a mechanical process that aims to reduce the particle size and crystallinity and to increase the specific surface area of biowaste to promote further processing of the substrate.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Quanguo Zhang, Chao He, Jingzheng Ren, Michael Goodsite|year=2021|book_title=Waste to renewable biohydrogen. Volume 1, Advances in theory and experiments|publisher=Elsevier Inc.|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-821659-0}}</ref> This is achieved by eliminating mass and heat transfer limitation during the required reaction. It is a very efficient technique, but a major drawback is the high energy input.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Muhammad H. Rashid|year=2015|book_title=Electric renewable energy systems|publisher=Elsevier Inc.|place=London, UK|ISBN=978-0-12-800636-8}}</ref> Moreover, sizing makes the biomass easier to handle and allows it to flow. Sizing includes chipping, extrusion, grinding, and milling as base technologies. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Sizing is a pre-treatment technology for nearly all biowaste materials that consist of large particles like straws, wood pieces, plant fibres and other materials. It is needed to prepare smaller particles that can be processed in further steps.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Sizing is often performed as a first step in the process and requires no other pre-treatment. It is, however, not uncommon to first perform a coarse grinding before a fine grinding into smaller particles. Moreover, extrusion and milling are commonly combined with another sizing pre-treatment such as grinding.

== Process and technologies==
Sizing technologies normally are divided into chipping, extrusion, grinding, and milling technologies:

=== Chipping ===
For chipping normally a chipper machine is used that consists of sharp cutting knives, which cut bigger parts into smaller chips. This is used e.g. for wood materials, straws, mixed garden residues and other feedstock that can be cut by a knife. Chippers are susceptible to knife wear from high soil content, metal contamination, rocks and stone, so the base feedstock normally needs to be cleaned before chipping. The size of the resulting materials is typically 10–30 mm after chipping.
=== Extrusion ===
Extrusion is a continuous process that can handle a wide range of feedstocks, including viscous and complex fluids, and powders. The feedstock is heated and forced through an opening called 'die'. The feedstock is forced through the die by one or two screws in a heated barrel, the extruder.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Clive Maier|year=1998|book_title=Polypropylene : the definitive user's guide and databook|publisher=Plastics Design Library|place=Norwich, NY|ISBN=978-0-8155-1867-9}}</ref>
=== Grinding ===
There are two types of grinding: coarse grinding, which can then be followed by fine grinding. Normally a grinder is used to crack bigger parts into smaller particles. The size of the resulting materials is typically 0.2–2 mm. Grinding is achieved by shearing and/or friction and the effect is achieved by multiple comminution in an increasingly narrowing grinding gap, which can usually be varied by axial displacement of a rotor or stator. The frequently tested process variables are screen size, angular velocity, time, feed rate, type, feed size, load, moisture content, and process.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tumuluru JS, Heikkila DJ|year=2019|title=Biomass Grinding Process Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology and a Hybrid Genetic Algorithm|journal=Bioengineering|volume=12|issue=6, no. 1|page=1-12|doi=10.3390/bioengineering6010012}}</ref>
=== Milling ===
[[File:Hammer mill open front full.jpg|alt=Hammer mill|thumb|Hammer mill]]
Milling combines several mechanical stresses, such as compression, friction, impact, and shear. The combination of these stresses reduce the particle size, crystallinity, and degree of polymerisation, making the biowaste more accessible for further processing. However, milling is energy intensive and has a high capital cost. The required energy can be reduced by combining milling with other processes.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ball milling as an important pretreatment technique in lignocellulose biorefineries: a review|year=2021-08-12|author=Yalew Woldeamanuel Sitotaw, Nigus G. Habtu, Abaynesh Yihdego Gebreyohannes, Suzana P. Nunes, Tom Van Gerven|journal=Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery|doi=10.1007/s13399-021-01800-7}}</ref>

== Product ==
Products of sizing processes are chips, small particles or meals that can directly be used for further processing.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Cooling system available
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Sizing#ANDRITZ|ANDRITZ]]
| Austria
| -
| Screening, separating, crushing, and sizing various biomass materials; ATEX shredders, crushers and crushing stations
| -
| -
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Sizing#Mastershred GmbH|Mastershred GmbH]]
| Germany
| -
| Mastershred
| -
| -
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Sizing#WEIMA|WEIMA]]
|Germany
| -
|Holzwolf
|9
| -
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== CENER (ES) ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=CENER BIO2C|Image=Logo-cener-bio2c-english-1.png|Country=Spain|Contact=Goizeder Barberena, info@cener.com|Webpage=https://www.bio2c.es/pretreatment-unit/|Technology name=BIO2C – Sizing Plant|TRL=6-7|Capacity=o Chipper: 22 kW; capacity up to 1000 kg/h.
o Chopper: 55KW; capacity up to 3000 kg/h
o Hammer mill 200-700 kg/h production capacity. Screen size 2-12 mm
o Disc mill 200-700 kg/h production capacity|Size (feedstock)=variable (up to logs, bales… )|Size (product)=variable (up to powder)|Other=More info: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSzeXOrNTnQ|Product=Chipped, chopped and milled biomass|Feedstock=Various Biomass Materiasl: Herbaceous (cereal straw, agro-residues…), woody (pine, poplar, beech, eucalyptus, pawlonia, olive tree pruning…), variety of organic wastes (including low density materials and materials with high content of fines and dust).}}

CENER Biomass Department performs applied research activities in the field of biomass, providing R&D services and technical assistance to all agents of the sector. The area is focused on the development & optimization of production processes of bioproducts, solid biofuels, advanced liquid or gaseous biofuels, as well as biorefinery concepts. Indeed, the main pillars are focused on solid biofuels, bioprocesses and comprehensive sustainability assessment. The main infrastructures in this department include the Biomass Laboratory (biomass & biofuels characterization and process development at lab scale), as well as the Biorefinery and Bioenergy Centre (BIO2C).

===ANDRITZ ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Contact=woodprocessing@andritz.com|Company=ANDRITZ|Country=Austria|Webpage=https://www.andritz.com/group-en|Technology name=Screening, separating, crushing, and sizing various biomass materials; ATEX shredders, crushers and crushing stations|Feedstock=Various biomass materials (e. g. stumps, wood waste, forest residuals, logs, pallets)|Product=}}
'''Andritz''' is an international technology group providing plants, systems, equipment, and services for various industries. The company is one of the technology and global market leaders in the hydropower business, the pulp and paper industry, the metal working and steel industries, and in solid/liquid separation in the municipal and industrial segments. The listed Group is headquartered in Graz, Austria. Since its foundation 170 years ago, Andritz has developed into a Group with approximately 27,400 employees, and more than 280 locations in over 40 countries worldwide.

=== LignoPure GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=Lignopure|Country=Germany|Webpage=https://www.lignopure.com/lignin|Contact=info@lignopure.de}}

Lignopure’s years of research and experience in the field of lignin have enabled us to develop technologies and expert, project-based services for lignin producers and companies interested in making more of their lignin side streams or the utilization of tailored lignin-particles for innovative materials and applications. Our goal at Lignopure is to bring value to lignin by being the connection link between raw lignin and industries interested in novel lignin-containing applications. This is possible thanks to our extensive know-how on lignin together with Lignopure’s patented particle technology that optimizes lignin particle and powder properties without altering their multifunctional natural structure, which then enables the use of this amazing biopolymer to its fullest.

You have a lignin-rich side side stream which you want to valorize? Let us guide you through the process of developing a lignin downstream process, tailored to your raw material and the requirements of your clients, from initial lignin quality and process feasibility evaluation, via lab testing and pilot production of lignin powder prototypes up to the implementation of our technology as part of your process.

===Mastershred GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=Mastershred GmbH|Country=Germany
|Contact=Raphael Barth, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-140, Email: barth(at)mastershred.de
Michael Schubert, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-70, Email: schubert(at)mastershred.de
|Webpage=https://mastershred.de/|Image=Mastershred Wort logo.png
|Technology name= Mastershred|Feedstock=mixed biowaste|Product=
- Bio-Liquid for methane production
- dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy|Size (feedstock)= }}

'''Mastershred''' offers a technology to valorize biowaste for energy supply. With a mobile compact plant in the size of a container they use novel shredding and squeezing process to produce three fractions from the biowaste:
*a bio-Liquid for methane production
*pressed material for composting, soil improvement or peat replacement
*dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy
===WEIMA===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=WEIMA|Country=Germany|Contact=info@weima.com|Webpage=https://weima.com|TRL=9|Technology name=Holzwolf|Feedstock=Wood|Product=Wood chips|Image=Weima.png|Size (feedstock)=1875x900x1630-3375x900x1630}}
WEIMA offers, among other things, shredders, briquette presses and packaging presses. The shredders and compactors are produced in Germany. At the sites in Ilsfeld, Abstatt (Baden-Württemberg) and Annaburg (Saxony-Anhalt), the 300-strong team builds more than 1,200 customer solutions per year on more than 44,000 m² for worldwide use.

==Open access pilot and demo facility providers==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B88%5D=88&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]
<references />

Drying

2023-11-14T10:42:27Z

Tanja Meyer: new entry of technology provider

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = Biowaste including liquids
| Product = Dry biomass
|Name=Drying|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>

'''Drying''' technologies are based on the vaporisation/evaporation or sublimation of different liquids or solids under different gas atmospheres and physical conditions resulting in dry products or products with a desired humidity.

</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===

=== Pre-treatment ===
In view of the energy costs involved in drying, this technology is of limited use in pre-treatment. The need to dry biomass feedstocks before they can for example be gasified, can place a large energy and capital cost burden on small-to-medium scale biomass gasification plants for the production of heat and power. Drying may not always be unavoidable, but as biomass moisture content to the gasifier increases, the quality of the product gas deteriorates along with the overall performance of the whole system.

== Process and technologies ==

=== Air drying ===
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an oxygen atmosphere. The exchange of oxygen with low humidity accelerates this process, but may lead to an (unwanted) oxidation of the product.

=== Nitrogen drying ===
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an nitrogen atmosphere. The exchange of nitrogen accelerates this process. Since nitrogen is an inert gas, unwanted reactions such as oxidation of the product are avoided.

=== Freeze drying ===
Also known as lyophilisation. The technology represents a low temperature and pressure dehydration process that involves freezing the product, lowering pressure ("vacuum"), then removing the ice by sublimation and condensing.

=== Thermal drying ===
Process that involves the vaporisation/evaporation of liquids through the application of heat under different atmospheres. With increasing application of heat, the process can be accelerated. Very high temperatures may lead to unwanted reactions of the product. Examples for thermal drying technologies are flash (pneumatic) drying, radiative drying, solar drying, drum drying, and supercritical drying.

=== Vacuum drying ===
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under a vacuum atmosphere. The vacuum atmosphere allows the evaporation of liquids at lower temperatures than under atmospheric pressure.

== Product ==

=== Post-treatment ===
Drying is a widely used process in industry worldwide, with many different reasons: to save weight, to make transport easier, to extend the shelf life of food, to obtain a product that can be further processed, etc.

The importance of drying efficiency has increased significantly due to high energy costs and increasingly stringent customer quality requirements.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable mass [kg]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [Bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[[Drying#Andritz|Andritz]]
|Austria, Sweden
| -
|ANDRITZ
|9
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
|-
| [[Drying#CENER .28ES.29|CENER (ES)]]
|Spain
| -
|BIO2C – DryingPlant
|6-7
|200-700
| -
|200-700
|300
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
|-
|[[Drying#Dorset Group|Dorset Group]]
|The Netherlands
| -
|Dorset Drying
|9
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
|-
|[[Drying#Mastershred%20GmbH|Mastershred GmbH]]
|Germany
| -
|Mastershred
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
|}

=== Andritz ===
{{Infobox provider-drying|Company= Andritz|Country=Austria, Sweden
|Contact=Andritz AB, Sweden, Kvarnvägen, SE-351 87 Växjö; Email: flakt.drying{at}andritz.com
|Webpage=https://www.andritz.com|Image=Anditz Logo.png
|Technology name= ANDRITZ |TRL= Commercial |Capacity= |Feedstock=mixed biomass, sawdust|Product=dried biomass}}

'''Andritz''' is an international technology group providing plants, systems, equipment, and services for various industries. The company is one of the technology and global market leaders in the hydropower business, the pulp and paper industry, the metal working and steel industries, and in solid/liquid separation in the municipal and industrial segments. The listed Group is headquartered in Graz, Austria. Since its foundation 170 years ago, Andritz has developed into a Group with approximately 27,400 employees, and more than 280 locations in over 40 countries worldwide.

ANDRITZ offers several different drying technologies to match the application and heat source available, mainly for pulp and paper industries. The different technologies are:
* Rotary drum
* Belt dryer
* Pneumatic
* Fluidbed
Information: [https://www.andritz.com/products-en/group/pulp-and-paper/power-generation/biomass-handling-systems/biomass-drying Andritz biomass drying]

=== CENER (ES) ===
{{Infobox provider-drying|Company=CENER BIO2C|Capacity=Burner power: 580 KW; 200 – 700|Processable mass=200 – 700|Evaporable substances=not available|Product=Dried Biomass|Feedstock=Various Biomass Materiasl: Herbaceous (cereal straw, agro-residues…), woody (pine, poplar, beech, eucalyptus, pawlonia, olive tree pruning…), variety of organic wastes (including low density materials and materials with high content of fines and dust).|Other=More info: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSzeXOrNTnQ|Temperature=Hot gas flow: 6000 kg/h at 300ºC|Processable volume=not relevant|Country=Spain|Pressure=not available|Atmosphere=trommel-type rotary dryer|TRL=6-7|Technology name=BIO2C – DryingPlant|Webpage=Pretreatment Unit - Cener BIO2C|Contact=Goizeder Barberena, info@cener.com|Image=Logo-cener-bio2c-english-1.png}}
'''CENER Biomass Department''' performs applied research activities in the field of biomass, providing R&D services and technical assistance to all agents of the sector. The area is focused on the development & optimization of production processes of bioproducts, solid biofuels, advanced liquid or gaseous biofuels, as well as biorefinery concepts. Indeed, the main pillars are focused on '''solid biofuels, bioprocesses and comprehensive sustainability assessment'''. The main infrastructures in this department include the '''Biomass Laboratory''' (biomass & biofuels characterization and process development at lab scale), as well as the '''Biorefinery and Bioenergy Centre (BIO2C)'''.

=== Dorset Group ===
{{Infobox provider-drying|Company= Dorset Group|Country=The Netherlands
|Contact=Dorset Green Machines BV, Weverij 26, 7122 MS Aalten, The Netherlands; Email: gm[at]dorset.nu
|Webpage=https://www.dorset.nu|Image=Dorset Group logo.jpg
|Technology name= Dorset Drying|TRL= Commercial |Capacity= |Feedstock=mixed biomass, sawdust|Product=dried biomass}}

'''Dorset''' was founded in 1984 for the import of Daltec feeding systems for pig feeding. In late eighties and early nineties more divisions were founded that started the development and production of a variety of machinery and electronic products. Today the group consists of two divisions, each with their own development and production. The group is globally active with a headquarters in the Netherlands.

Dorset offers drying technologies for several biomass streams like digestate, sewage sludge or mixed biomass. It has a lot of experience with drying several biomass materials incl. grass, compost, fats and food residues. The warm air required for the use of a conveyor belt dryer, can be supplied by the use of either warm stable air or air heated in another way.

Information: [https://www.dorset.nu/green-machines/products/dorset-dryers/ Dorset dryers], [https://www.dorset.nu/green-machines/solutions/drying-biomass/ Biomass solutions]

=== LignoPure GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-drying|Company=Lignopure|Country=Germany|Contact=info@lignopure.de|Webpage=https://www.lignopure.com/lignin/}}
Lignopure’s years of research and experience in the field of lignin have enabled us to develop technologies and expert, project-based services for lignin producers and companies interested in making more of their lignin side streams or the utilization of tailored lignin-particles for innovative materials and applications.
Our goal at Lignopure is to bring value to lignin by being the connection link between raw lignin and industries interested in novel lignin-containing applications. This is possible thanks to our extensive know-how on lignin together with Lignopure’s patented particle technology that optimizes lignin particle and powder properties without altering their multifunctional natural structure, which then enables the use of this amazing biopolymer to its fullest.
You have a lignin-rich side side stream which you want to valorize? Let us guide you through the process of developing a lignin downstream process, tailored to your raw material and the requirements of your clients, from initial lignin quality and process feasibility evaluation, via lab testing and pilot production of lignin powder prototypes up to the implementation of our technology as part of your process.

=== Mastershred GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-drying|Company=Mastershred GmbH|Country=Germany
|Contact=Raphael Barth, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-140, Email: barth(at)mastershred.de
Michael Schubert, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-70, Email: schubert(at)mastershred.de
|Webpage=https://mastershred.de/|Image=Mastershred Wort logo.png
|Technology name= Mastershred |TRL= |Capacity= |Feedstock=mixed biowaste|Product=
- Bio-Liquid for methane production
- dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy}}

'''Mastershred''' offers a technology to valorize biowaste for energy supply. With a mobile compact plant in the size of a container they use novel shredding and squeezing process to produce three fractions from the biowaste:
* a bio-Liquid for methane production
* pressed material for composting, soil improvement or peat replacement
* dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B77%5D=77&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Drying)]

[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B78%5D=78&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Evaporation)]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Steam explosion

2023-08-08T07:11:51Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Clamper */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product =Lignocellulosic hydrolysate
|Name= Steam explosion|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Steam explosion''' is a physicochemical method to break the lignocellulose structure by using high-pressure steam to disrupt the bonding between polymeric components (lignin, cellulose) and decompression. It can be used to pre-treat the lignocellulosic biomass to improve subsequent processes, such as [[Hydrolysis#Enzymatic hydrolysis|enzymatic hydrolysis]].</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
Steam explosion is used to pre-treat lignocellulosic biomass such as wood, straw and lignocellulosic wastes for industrial processes. Normally, the material enters the steam explosion process as [[Sizing|chips]], pellets or ground material.

=== Pre-treatment ===

* [[Sizing]]

== Process and technologies ==
Lignocellulosic biomass, such as wood, exists of composite materials with high mechanical strength composed of cellulose fibres, lignin polymers as a matrix and hemicelluloses in a tightly packed cellular structure of fibres that form fibre bundles. Their natural function is to bear high mechanical loads, and to resist chemical and enzymatic degradation through microorganisms. Steam explosion breaks this structure down to enable these chemical and enzymatic [[Conversion|conversions]]. It converts biomass in a steam atmosphere at elevated temperatures ranging from 140 to 240 °C. The steam pressure is rapidly reduced to atmospheric pressure, whereby a mechanical disruption of biomass occurs. In steam explosion, the lignocellulosic biomass is treated with a high-pressure, hot steam for some time and then the vessel is rapidly depressurised to atmospheric pressure. With this explosive decompression and high temperature it causes degradation of hemicellulose, which is extracted as a water-soluble fraction. The cellulose is largely preserved in its original form, and only slight depolymerisation occurs at mild reaction condition. The Lignin undergoes depolymerisation by cleavage of β–O–4 linkages, and condensation of the fragments occurs to form a more stable polymer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Steam Explosion - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/steam-explosion|date accessed=2021-08-30}}</ref>

Steam explosion was introduced and patented as a biomass pre-treatment process in 1926 by Mason et al. (1926)<ref>W.H. Mason WH (1926): ''Process and apparatus for disintegration of wood and the like.'' US Patent:<tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan></tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan></tcxspan></tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan></tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan></tcxspan></tcxspan></tcxspan> 1926.</ref>. The patent describes a steam explosion process for the pre-treatment of wood where wood chips are fed from a bin through a screw loading valve. The chips are then steam heated at a temperature of about 285°C and a pressure of 3.5 MPa for about 2 min. The pressure is increased rapidly to about 7 MPa (70 bar) for about 5 s, and the chips are then discharged and explode at atmospheric pressure into a pulp. The sudden pressure release defibrillates the cellulose bundles, and this result in a better accessibility of the cellulose for [[hydrolysis]]<ref name=":0">David Steinbach, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, Jonas Storz (2020): ''Is Steam Explosion a Promising Pretreatment for Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass?'' Process 8, 1626;, p. 75–104. ([https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/8/12/1626 pdf])</ref> or [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]].<ref name=":1">M. Tanahashi (1990): ''Characterization and degradation mechanisms of wood components by steam explosion and utilization of exploded wood.'' Wood Research 77, 1990: p. 49-117. ([https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39187461.pdf pdf])</ref><ref name=":2">Wolfgang Stelte: ''Steam explosion for biomass pre-treatment.'' Danish Technological Institute</ref><ref name=":3">Kun Wang, Jinghuan Chen, Shao-Ni Sun, Run-Cang Sun: ''Steam Explosion.'' In: ''Pretreatment of Biomass.'' Elsevier, 2015, p. 75–104. ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282595810 pdf])</ref>

==Product==
Steam explosion is a pre-treatment process that makes biomass more suitable for following processes, such as [[Hydrolysis#Enzymatic hydrolysis|enzymatic hydrolysis]], [[Hydrolysis#Acid|acid hydrolysis]]<ref name=":0" /> or [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]]. Depending on residence time and temperature, steam explosion can result in anything from small cracks in the wood structure, to total defibrillation of the wood fibers.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Hydrolysis]]
* [[Industrial fermentation|Fermentation]]

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[[Steam explosion#Biorenewables Development Centre BDC|Biorenewables Development Centre BDC]]
|United Kingdom
| -
|Fibre expansion
|4-7
|100
|12
|190
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Steam explosion#ENEA|ENEA]]
| Italy
| -
|Steam Explosion
| 5
|300
|15
|200
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Biorenewables Development Centre BDC ===
{{Infobox provider-steam explosion|Company=Biorenewables Development Centre|Country=United Kingdom|Webpage=http://www.biorenewables.org|Technology name=Fibre expansion|Contact=Mark Gronnow, info@biorenewables.org|Feedstock=any lignocellulosic materials (straws, bagasse, willow, miscanthus etc)|Product=pre-treated biomass|TRL=4-7|Cellulose yield=up to 90|Pressure:=up to 12|Image=Cropped-logo1.png|Hemicellulose yield=up to 90|Temperature=up to 190|Other=use under alkaline and acid conditions|Capacity=100 L}}

The Biorenewables Development Centre (BDC) is an open-access R&D biorefinery centre, based at the University of York, working at the interface between academia and industry to convert plants, microbes and biowastes into profitable biorenewable products. With biologists, chemists, and business development specialists the BDC team offers a unique combination of multi-disciplinary expertise coupled with pilot-scale processing capabilities in one coordinated centre. Covering a broad spectrum of biorefining technologies, from feedstock assessment to product evaluation, the team specialise in making the most out of biorenewable materials; helping ideas to survive the valley of death; and de-risking the innovation process.

=== Clamper ===
{{Infobox provider-steam explosion|Company=Clamber|Country=Spain|Webpage=https://clamber.castillalamancha.es|Contact=Javier Mena (javier.mena@geacam.com)|Technology name=Steam Explosion|TRL=6-7|Pressure:=21|Capacity=400|Temperature=180 - 220|Other=Cellulose yield and hemicellulose removal depends on the type of lignocellulosic biomass treated.|Product=Biomass|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass|Cellulose yield=not relevant|Hemicellulose yield=not relevant|Image=CLaMber2.png}}

R&D&I BIORREFINERY CLaMber - A public demonstration facility dedicated to scientific research, scaling-up experiments and the development of new bioprocesses and bioproducts from the use of fermentable wet biomass or lignocellulosic biomass, both residual and cultivated. It was built in 2015 thanks to the CLaMber Project (Castilla-La Mancha Bio-Economy Region) which was developed by the Regional Institute for Agri-Food and Forestry Research and Development (I R I A F), under the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Rural Development of the Regional Government of Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM). It has been financed by the JCCM itself and by ERDF funds through the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO).

=== ENEA ===
{{Infobox provider-steam explosion|Company=ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development|Country=Italy|Webpage=https://www.enea.it/en|Technology name=Steam Explosion|TRL=5|Capacity=300|Feedstock=each kind of lignocellulosic material|Product=2nd generation sugars, soluble hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin|Contact=Isabella De Bari,
isabella.debari@enea.it|Image=LogoENEA.png|Cellulose yield=80-90|Pressure:=15|Hemicellulose yield=90-95|Temperature=200|Other=catalyzed by 1-2% H2SO4}}

ENEA is a public Agency targeted to research, innovation technology and advanced services in the fields of energy, environment and sustainable economic development. Its activities are devoted to basic, mission oriented and industrial research, dissemination and transfer of research results, providing public and private partners with high-tech services. ENEA has approximately 2700 employees operating in ten Research Centers located across Italy. The ENEA Research Centre “La Trisaia” (south of Italy) has complete platforms for the conversion of biomass/wastes, comprising a number of bench scale, pilot and demonstrative scale plants for biomass pretreatment, gasification, pyrolysis, biotechnological conversions and downstream processing. One main research focus is the development of new technologies for pretreatment, fractionation, separation, purification and conversion of biomass into so-called biobased products of industrial interest. The final objective is to support the development of new models of biorefineries, integrated with the agro-industrial processes that generate high value materials respecting the vocation and territorial sustainability.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B99%5D=99&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Steam explosion

2023-08-08T07:11:21Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Clamper */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product =Lignocellulosic hydrolysate
|Name= Steam explosion|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Steam explosion''' is a physicochemical method to break the lignocellulose structure by using high-pressure steam to disrupt the bonding between polymeric components (lignin, cellulose) and decompression. It can be used to pre-treat the lignocellulosic biomass to improve subsequent processes, such as [[Hydrolysis#Enzymatic hydrolysis|enzymatic hydrolysis]].</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
Steam explosion is used to pre-treat lignocellulosic biomass such as wood, straw and lignocellulosic wastes for industrial processes. Normally, the material enters the steam explosion process as [[Sizing|chips]], pellets or ground material.

=== Pre-treatment ===

* [[Sizing]]

== Process and technologies ==
Lignocellulosic biomass, such as wood, exists of composite materials with high mechanical strength composed of cellulose fibres, lignin polymers as a matrix and hemicelluloses in a tightly packed cellular structure of fibres that form fibre bundles. Their natural function is to bear high mechanical loads, and to resist chemical and enzymatic degradation through microorganisms. Steam explosion breaks this structure down to enable these chemical and enzymatic [[Conversion|conversions]]. It converts biomass in a steam atmosphere at elevated temperatures ranging from 140 to 240 °C. The steam pressure is rapidly reduced to atmospheric pressure, whereby a mechanical disruption of biomass occurs. In steam explosion, the lignocellulosic biomass is treated with a high-pressure, hot steam for some time and then the vessel is rapidly depressurised to atmospheric pressure. With this explosive decompression and high temperature it causes degradation of hemicellulose, which is extracted as a water-soluble fraction. The cellulose is largely preserved in its original form, and only slight depolymerisation occurs at mild reaction condition. The Lignin undergoes depolymerisation by cleavage of β–O–4 linkages, and condensation of the fragments occurs to form a more stable polymer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Steam Explosion - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/steam-explosion|date accessed=2021-08-30}}</ref>

Steam explosion was introduced and patented as a biomass pre-treatment process in 1926 by Mason et al. (1926)<ref>W.H. Mason WH (1926): ''Process and apparatus for disintegration of wood and the like.'' US Patent:<tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan></tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan></tcxspan></tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan></tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan></tcxspan></tcxspan></tcxspan> 1926.</ref>. The patent describes a steam explosion process for the pre-treatment of wood where wood chips are fed from a bin through a screw loading valve. The chips are then steam heated at a temperature of about 285°C and a pressure of 3.5 MPa for about 2 min. The pressure is increased rapidly to about 7 MPa (70 bar) for about 5 s, and the chips are then discharged and explode at atmospheric pressure into a pulp. The sudden pressure release defibrillates the cellulose bundles, and this result in a better accessibility of the cellulose for [[hydrolysis]]<ref name=":0">David Steinbach, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, Jonas Storz (2020): ''Is Steam Explosion a Promising Pretreatment for Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass?'' Process 8, 1626;, p. 75–104. ([https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/8/12/1626 pdf])</ref> or [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]].<ref name=":1">M. Tanahashi (1990): ''Characterization and degradation mechanisms of wood components by steam explosion and utilization of exploded wood.'' Wood Research 77, 1990: p. 49-117. ([https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39187461.pdf pdf])</ref><ref name=":2">Wolfgang Stelte: ''Steam explosion for biomass pre-treatment.'' Danish Technological Institute</ref><ref name=":3">Kun Wang, Jinghuan Chen, Shao-Ni Sun, Run-Cang Sun: ''Steam Explosion.'' In: ''Pretreatment of Biomass.'' Elsevier, 2015, p. 75–104. ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282595810 pdf])</ref>

==Product==
Steam explosion is a pre-treatment process that makes biomass more suitable for following processes, such as [[Hydrolysis#Enzymatic hydrolysis|enzymatic hydrolysis]], [[Hydrolysis#Acid|acid hydrolysis]]<ref name=":0" /> or [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]]. Depending on residence time and temperature, steam explosion can result in anything from small cracks in the wood structure, to total defibrillation of the wood fibers.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Hydrolysis]]
* [[Industrial fermentation|Fermentation]]

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[[Steam explosion#Biorenewables Development Centre BDC|Biorenewables Development Centre BDC]]
|United Kingdom
| -
|Fibre expansion
|4-7
|100
|12
|190
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Steam explosion#ENEA|ENEA]]
| Italy
| -
|Steam Explosion
| 5
|300
|15
|200
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Biorenewables Development Centre BDC ===
{{Infobox provider-steam explosion|Company=Biorenewables Development Centre|Country=United Kingdom|Webpage=http://www.biorenewables.org|Technology name=Fibre expansion|Contact=Mark Gronnow, info@biorenewables.org|Feedstock=any lignocellulosic materials (straws, bagasse, willow, miscanthus etc)|Product=pre-treated biomass|TRL=4-7|Cellulose yield=up to 90|Pressure:=up to 12|Image=Cropped-logo1.png|Hemicellulose yield=up to 90|Temperature=up to 190|Other=use under alkaline and acid conditions|Capacity=100 L}}

The Biorenewables Development Centre (BDC) is an open-access R&D biorefinery centre, based at the University of York, working at the interface between academia and industry to convert plants, microbes and biowastes into profitable biorenewable products. With biologists, chemists, and business development specialists the BDC team offers a unique combination of multi-disciplinary expertise coupled with pilot-scale processing capabilities in one coordinated centre. Covering a broad spectrum of biorefining technologies, from feedstock assessment to product evaluation, the team specialise in making the most out of biorenewable materials; helping ideas to survive the valley of death; and de-risking the innovation process.

=== Clamper ===
{{Infobox provider-steam explosion|Company=Clamber|Country=Spain|Webpage=https://clamber.castillalamancha.es|Contact=Javier Mena (javier.mena@geacam.com)|Technology name=Steam Explosion|TRL=6-7|Pressure:=21|Capacity=400|Temperature=180 - 220|Other=Cellulose yield and hemicellulose removal depends on the type of lignocellulosic biomass treated.|Product=Biomass|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass|Cellulose yield=not relevant|Hemicellulose yield=not relevant|Image=CLaMber2.png}}

R&D&I BIORREFINERY CLaMber - A public demonstration facility dedicated to scientific research, scaling-up experiments and the development of new bioprocesses and bioproducts from the use of fermentable wet biomass or lignocellulosic biomass, both residual and cultivated. It was built in 2015 thanks to the CLaMber Project (Castilla-La Mancha Bio-Economy Region) which was developed by the Regional Institute for Agri-Food and Forestry Research and Development (I R I A F), under the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Rural Development of the Regional Government of Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM). It has been financed by the JCCM itself and by ERDF funds through the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO).

ENEA{{Infobox provider-steam explosion|Company=ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development|Country=Italy|Webpage=https://www.enea.it/en|Technology name=Steam Explosion|TRL=5|Capacity=300|Feedstock=each kind of lignocellulosic material|Product=2nd generation sugars, soluble hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin|Contact=Isabella De Bari,
isabella.debari@enea.it|Image=LogoENEA.png|Cellulose yield=80-90|Pressure:=15|Hemicellulose yield=90-95|Temperature=200|Other=catalyzed by 1-2% H2SO4}}

ENEA is a public Agency targeted to research, innovation technology and advanced services in the fields of energy, environment and sustainable economic development. Its activities are devoted to basic, mission oriented and industrial research, dissemination and transfer of research results, providing public and private partners with high-tech services. ENEA has approximately 2700 employees operating in ten Research Centers located across Italy. The ENEA Research Centre “La Trisaia” (south of Italy) has complete platforms for the conversion of biomass/wastes, comprising a number of bench scale, pilot and demonstrative scale plants for biomass pretreatment, gasification, pyrolysis, biotechnological conversions and downstream processing. One main research focus is the development of new technologies for pretreatment, fractionation, separation, purification and conversion of biomass into so-called biobased products of industrial interest. The final objective is to support the development of new models of biorefineries, integrated with the agro-industrial processes that generate high value materials respecting the vocation and territorial sustainability.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B99%5D=99&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Steam explosion

2023-08-08T07:08:48Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Clamper */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product =Lignocellulosic hydrolysate
|Name= Steam explosion|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Steam explosion''' is a physicochemical method to break the lignocellulose structure by using high-pressure steam to disrupt the bonding between polymeric components (lignin, cellulose) and decompression. It can be used to pre-treat the lignocellulosic biomass to improve subsequent processes, such as [[Hydrolysis#Enzymatic hydrolysis|enzymatic hydrolysis]].</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
Steam explosion is used to pre-treat lignocellulosic biomass such as wood, straw and lignocellulosic wastes for industrial processes. Normally, the material enters the steam explosion process as [[Sizing|chips]], pellets or ground material.

=== Pre-treatment ===

* [[Sizing]]

== Process and technologies ==
Lignocellulosic biomass, such as wood, exists of composite materials with high mechanical strength composed of cellulose fibres, lignin polymers as a matrix and hemicelluloses in a tightly packed cellular structure of fibres that form fibre bundles. Their natural function is to bear high mechanical loads, and to resist chemical and enzymatic degradation through microorganisms. Steam explosion breaks this structure down to enable these chemical and enzymatic [[Conversion|conversions]]. It converts biomass in a steam atmosphere at elevated temperatures ranging from 140 to 240 °C. The steam pressure is rapidly reduced to atmospheric pressure, whereby a mechanical disruption of biomass occurs. In steam explosion, the lignocellulosic biomass is treated with a high-pressure, hot steam for some time and then the vessel is rapidly depressurised to atmospheric pressure. With this explosive decompression and high temperature it causes degradation of hemicellulose, which is extracted as a water-soluble fraction. The cellulose is largely preserved in its original form, and only slight depolymerisation occurs at mild reaction condition. The Lignin undergoes depolymerisation by cleavage of β–O–4 linkages, and condensation of the fragments occurs to form a more stable polymer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Steam Explosion - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/steam-explosion|date accessed=2021-08-30}}</ref>

Steam explosion was introduced and patented as a biomass pre-treatment process in 1926 by Mason et al. (1926)<ref>W.H. Mason WH (1926): ''Process and apparatus for disintegration of wood and the like.'' US Patent:<tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan></tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan></tcxspan></tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan></tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan></tcxspan></tcxspan></tcxspan> 1926.</ref>. The patent describes a steam explosion process for the pre-treatment of wood where wood chips are fed from a bin through a screw loading valve. The chips are then steam heated at a temperature of about 285°C and a pressure of 3.5 MPa for about 2 min. The pressure is increased rapidly to about 7 MPa (70 bar) for about 5 s, and the chips are then discharged and explode at atmospheric pressure into a pulp. The sudden pressure release defibrillates the cellulose bundles, and this result in a better accessibility of the cellulose for [[hydrolysis]]<ref name=":0">David Steinbach, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, Jonas Storz (2020): ''Is Steam Explosion a Promising Pretreatment for Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass?'' Process 8, 1626;, p. 75–104. ([https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/8/12/1626 pdf])</ref> or [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]].<ref name=":1">M. Tanahashi (1990): ''Characterization and degradation mechanisms of wood components by steam explosion and utilization of exploded wood.'' Wood Research 77, 1990: p. 49-117. ([https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39187461.pdf pdf])</ref><ref name=":2">Wolfgang Stelte: ''Steam explosion for biomass pre-treatment.'' Danish Technological Institute</ref><ref name=":3">Kun Wang, Jinghuan Chen, Shao-Ni Sun, Run-Cang Sun: ''Steam Explosion.'' In: ''Pretreatment of Biomass.'' Elsevier, 2015, p. 75–104. ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282595810 pdf])</ref>

==Product==
Steam explosion is a pre-treatment process that makes biomass more suitable for following processes, such as [[Hydrolysis#Enzymatic hydrolysis|enzymatic hydrolysis]], [[Hydrolysis#Acid|acid hydrolysis]]<ref name=":0" /> or [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]]. Depending on residence time and temperature, steam explosion can result in anything from small cracks in the wood structure, to total defibrillation of the wood fibers.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Hydrolysis]]
* [[Industrial fermentation|Fermentation]]

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[[Steam explosion#Biorenewables Development Centre BDC|Biorenewables Development Centre BDC]]
|United Kingdom
| -
|Fibre expansion
|4-7
|100
|12
|190
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Steam explosion#ENEA|ENEA]]
| Italy
| -
|Steam Explosion
| 5
|300
|15
|200
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Biorenewables Development Centre BDC ===
{{Infobox provider-steam explosion|Company=Biorenewables Development Centre|Country=United Kingdom|Webpage=http://www.biorenewables.org|Technology name=Fibre expansion|Contact=Mark Gronnow, info@biorenewables.org|Feedstock=any lignocellulosic materials (straws, bagasse, willow, miscanthus etc)|Product=pre-treated biomass|TRL=4-7|Cellulose yield=up to 90|Pressure:=up to 12|Image=Cropped-logo1.png|Hemicellulose yield=up to 90|Temperature=up to 190|Other=use under alkaline and acid conditions|Capacity=100 L}}

The Biorenewables Development Centre (BDC) is an open-access R&D biorefinery centre, based at the University of York, working at the interface between academia and industry to convert plants, microbes and biowastes into profitable biorenewable products. With biologists, chemists, and business development specialists the BDC team offers a unique combination of multi-disciplinary expertise coupled with pilot-scale processing capabilities in one coordinated centre. Covering a broad spectrum of biorefining technologies, from feedstock assessment to product evaluation, the team specialise in making the most out of biorenewable materials; helping ideas to survive the valley of death; and de-risking the innovation process.

=== Clamper ===
{{Infobox provider-steam explosion|Company=Clamber|Country=Spain|Webpage=https://clamber.castillalamancha.es|Contact=Javier Mena (javier.mena@geacam.com)|Technology name=Steam Explosion|TRL=6-7|Pressure:=21|Capacity=400|Temperature=180 - 220|Other=Cellulose yield and hemicellulose removal depends on the type of lignocellulosic biomass treated.|Product=Biomass|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass|Cellulose yield=not relevant|Hemicellulose yield=not relevant|Image=CLaMber2.png}}

===ENEA===
{{Infobox provider-steam explosion|Company=ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development|Country=Italy|Webpage=https://www.enea.it/en|Technology name=Steam Explosion|TRL=5|Capacity=300|Feedstock=each kind of lignocellulosic material|Product=2nd generation sugars, soluble hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin|Contact=Isabella De Bari,
isabella.debari@enea.it|Image=LogoENEA.png|Cellulose yield=80-90|Pressure:=15|Hemicellulose yield=90-95|Temperature=200|Other=catalyzed by 1-2% H2SO4}}

ENEA is a public Agency targeted to research, innovation technology and advanced services in the fields of energy, environment and sustainable economic development. Its activities are devoted to basic, mission oriented and industrial research, dissemination and transfer of research results, providing public and private partners with high-tech services. ENEA has approximately 2700 employees operating in ten Research Centers located across Italy. The ENEA Research Centre “La Trisaia” (south of Italy) has complete platforms for the conversion of biomass/wastes, comprising a number of bench scale, pilot and demonstrative scale plants for biomass pretreatment, gasification, pyrolysis, biotechnological conversions and downstream processing. One main research focus is the development of new technologies for pretreatment, fractionation, separation, purification and conversion of biomass into so-called biobased products of industrial interest. The final objective is to support the development of new models of biorefineries, integrated with the agro-industrial processes that generate high value materials respecting the vocation and territorial sustainability.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B99%5D=99&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

File:CLaMber2.png

2023-08-08T07:08:07Z

Tanja Meyer: Uploaded a work by Clamper from Clamper with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Clamper}}
|date=2023-08-08
|source=Clamper
|author=Clamper
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
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This file was uploaded with the UploadWizard extension.

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Steam explosion

2023-08-08T07:07:05Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Biorenewables Development Centre BDC */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product =Lignocellulosic hydrolysate
|Name= Steam explosion|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Steam explosion''' is a physicochemical method to break the lignocellulose structure by using high-pressure steam to disrupt the bonding between polymeric components (lignin, cellulose) and decompression. It can be used to pre-treat the lignocellulosic biomass to improve subsequent processes, such as [[Hydrolysis#Enzymatic hydrolysis|enzymatic hydrolysis]].</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
Steam explosion is used to pre-treat lignocellulosic biomass such as wood, straw and lignocellulosic wastes for industrial processes. Normally, the material enters the steam explosion process as [[Sizing|chips]], pellets or ground material.

=== Pre-treatment ===

* [[Sizing]]

== Process and technologies ==
Lignocellulosic biomass, such as wood, exists of composite materials with high mechanical strength composed of cellulose fibres, lignin polymers as a matrix and hemicelluloses in a tightly packed cellular structure of fibres that form fibre bundles. Their natural function is to bear high mechanical loads, and to resist chemical and enzymatic degradation through microorganisms. Steam explosion breaks this structure down to enable these chemical and enzymatic [[Conversion|conversions]]. It converts biomass in a steam atmosphere at elevated temperatures ranging from 140 to 240 °C. The steam pressure is rapidly reduced to atmospheric pressure, whereby a mechanical disruption of biomass occurs. In steam explosion, the lignocellulosic biomass is treated with a high-pressure, hot steam for some time and then the vessel is rapidly depressurised to atmospheric pressure. With this explosive decompression and high temperature it causes degradation of hemicellulose, which is extracted as a water-soluble fraction. The cellulose is largely preserved in its original form, and only slight depolymerisation occurs at mild reaction condition. The Lignin undergoes depolymerisation by cleavage of β–O–4 linkages, and condensation of the fragments occurs to form a more stable polymer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Steam Explosion - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/steam-explosion|date accessed=2021-08-30}}</ref>

Steam explosion was introduced and patented as a biomass pre-treatment process in 1926 by Mason et al. (1926)<ref>W.H. Mason WH (1926): ''Process and apparatus for disintegration of wood and the like.'' US Patent:<tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan></tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan></tcxspan></tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan></tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan></tcxspan></tcxspan></tcxspan> 1926.</ref>. The patent describes a steam explosion process for the pre-treatment of wood where wood chips are fed from a bin through a screw loading valve. The chips are then steam heated at a temperature of about 285°C and a pressure of 3.5 MPa for about 2 min. The pressure is increased rapidly to about 7 MPa (70 bar) for about 5 s, and the chips are then discharged and explode at atmospheric pressure into a pulp. The sudden pressure release defibrillates the cellulose bundles, and this result in a better accessibility of the cellulose for [[hydrolysis]]<ref name=":0">David Steinbach, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, Jonas Storz (2020): ''Is Steam Explosion a Promising Pretreatment for Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass?'' Process 8, 1626;, p. 75–104. ([https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/8/12/1626 pdf])</ref> or [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]].<ref name=":1">M. Tanahashi (1990): ''Characterization and degradation mechanisms of wood components by steam explosion and utilization of exploded wood.'' Wood Research 77, 1990: p. 49-117. ([https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39187461.pdf pdf])</ref><ref name=":2">Wolfgang Stelte: ''Steam explosion for biomass pre-treatment.'' Danish Technological Institute</ref><ref name=":3">Kun Wang, Jinghuan Chen, Shao-Ni Sun, Run-Cang Sun: ''Steam Explosion.'' In: ''Pretreatment of Biomass.'' Elsevier, 2015, p. 75–104. ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282595810 pdf])</ref>

==Product==
Steam explosion is a pre-treatment process that makes biomass more suitable for following processes, such as [[Hydrolysis#Enzymatic hydrolysis|enzymatic hydrolysis]], [[Hydrolysis#Acid|acid hydrolysis]]<ref name=":0" /> or [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]]. Depending on residence time and temperature, steam explosion can result in anything from small cracks in the wood structure, to total defibrillation of the wood fibers.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Hydrolysis]]
* [[Industrial fermentation|Fermentation]]

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[[Steam explosion#Biorenewables Development Centre BDC|Biorenewables Development Centre BDC]]
|United Kingdom
| -
|Fibre expansion
|4-7
|100
|12
|190
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Steam explosion#ENEA|ENEA]]
| Italy
| -
|Steam Explosion
| 5
|300
|15
|200
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Biorenewables Development Centre BDC ===
{{Infobox provider-steam explosion|Company=Biorenewables Development Centre|Country=United Kingdom|Webpage=http://www.biorenewables.org|Technology name=Fibre expansion|Contact=Mark Gronnow, info@biorenewables.org|Feedstock=any lignocellulosic materials (straws, bagasse, willow, miscanthus etc)|Product=pre-treated biomass|TRL=4-7|Cellulose yield=up to 90|Pressure:=up to 12|Image=Cropped-logo1.png|Hemicellulose yield=up to 90|Temperature=up to 190|Other=use under alkaline and acid conditions|Capacity=100 L}}

The Biorenewables Development Centre (BDC) is an open-access R&D biorefinery centre, based at the University of York, working at the interface between academia and industry to convert plants, microbes and biowastes into profitable biorenewable products. With biologists, chemists, and business development specialists the BDC team offers a unique combination of multi-disciplinary expertise coupled with pilot-scale processing capabilities in one coordinated centre. Covering a broad spectrum of biorefining technologies, from feedstock assessment to product evaluation, the team specialise in making the most out of biorenewable materials; helping ideas to survive the valley of death; and de-risking the innovation process.

=== Clamper ===
{{Infobox provider-steam explosion|Company=Clamber|Country=Spain|Webpage=https://clamber.castillalamancha.es|Contact=Javier Mena (javier.mena@geacam.com)|Technology name=Steam Explosion|TRL=6-7|Pressure:=21|Capacity=400|Temperature=180 - 220|Other=Cellulose yield and hemicellulose removal depends on the type of lignocellulosic biomass treated.|Product=Biomass|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass|Cellulose yield=not relevant|Hemicellulose yield=not relevant}}

===ENEA===
{{Infobox provider-steam explosion|Company=ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development|Country=Italy|Webpage=https://www.enea.it/en|Technology name=Steam Explosion|TRL=5|Capacity=300|Feedstock=each kind of lignocellulosic material|Product=2nd generation sugars, soluble hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin|Contact=Isabella De Bari,
isabella.debari@enea.it|Image=LogoENEA.png|Cellulose yield=80-90|Pressure:=15|Hemicellulose yield=90-95|Temperature=200|Other=catalyzed by 1-2% H2SO4}}

ENEA is a public Agency targeted to research, innovation technology and advanced services in the fields of energy, environment and sustainable economic development. Its activities are devoted to basic, mission oriented and industrial research, dissemination and transfer of research results, providing public and private partners with high-tech services. ENEA has approximately 2700 employees operating in ten Research Centers located across Italy. The ENEA Research Centre “La Trisaia” (south of Italy) has complete platforms for the conversion of biomass/wastes, comprising a number of bench scale, pilot and demonstrative scale plants for biomass pretreatment, gasification, pyrolysis, biotechnological conversions and downstream processing. One main research focus is the development of new technologies for pretreatment, fractionation, separation, purification and conversion of biomass into so-called biobased products of industrial interest. The final objective is to support the development of new models of biorefineries, integrated with the agro-industrial processes that generate high value materials respecting the vocation and territorial sustainability.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B99%5D=99&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Textile fibre spinning

2023-06-05T15:11:11Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Technology providers */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = Different Materials
| Product = Biocomposite
|Name= Biocomposite processing|Category=[[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Material_processes_and_technologies|Material processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Textile fibre spinning''' is a process where natural, man-made or synthetic fibres are spinned to texile fibres and yarns. The feedstock fibres are drawn out, twisted, and wound onto a bobbin for further processes in textile or fabric production.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
For textile fibre spinning different types of fibres of biogenic or synthetic origin can be used. This includes e.g. plant or man-made fibres, silk, wool or other animal fibres or synthetic or mineral fibres (glass, carbon). Beside natural fibres from plants and animal-based fibres, several others can be produced from biomass resources. Especially man-made fibres like viscose or lyocell, but also fibres from bio-based polymers like PLA, PHAs, cellulose acetate or bio-based drop-in polymers like polyethylene are possible examples. Also carbon fibres can be of biogenic origin.

=== Pre-treatment ===

== Process and technologies ==

== Product ==
Products of textile fibre spinning are twisted textile fibres or yarns that can be used for further processing to produce fabrics, textiles or non-woven fibre materials.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Man-made fibers (viscose, lyocell)
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Mineral fibers (carbon, glass)
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Polyesters
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Silk
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Wool
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"|Product: Spun Yarn
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"|Product: Filament Yarn (Monofilament)
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"|Product: Filament Yarn (Multifilament)
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Senbis|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Senbis ===
{{Infobox provider-textile fibre spinning|Image=Logo_SNB_PI.jpg|Company=Senbis|Country=The Netherlands|Webpage=www.senbis.com|Contact=info@senbis.com|Technology name=Textile fibre spinning|TRL=6-9|Capacity=- Research spinningmachine: 1kg/hr
- Pilot plant spinning drawing: 25kg/hr
- Production, spinning, drawing: 10.000 mt/year|Mechanical properties=not relevant|Tensile properties=not relevant|Other=not relevant|Feedstock=recycled, biodegradable and biobased polymers|Product=yarn}}

Senbis has two company activities, namely providing third party research to the plastic industry and producing and selling our own developed sustainable products. Our own products are made out of biodegradable plastics made for applications that have a high likelihood of ending up in nature, where they cause lasting harm to our environment. Senbis is the continuation of the former R&D department of Akzo Nobel. The combination of decades of experience in fiber and yarn development, the flexibility of a start-up, and extensive modernized lab and pilot plant facilities give us unique innovation potential. We expect to grow our business in the coming years. The public discussion around the plastic soup is becoming more intense and so will the legislation around the sustainable use of plastics. We have a proven track record of developing high performance biobased & biodegradable solutions for the horticulture, sports, marine, textile, agriculture & greenery sector.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=104&field_technology_area_target_id%5B98%5D=98&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Textile fibre spinning

2023-06-05T15:09:11Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Company 1 */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = Different Materials
| Product = Biocomposite
|Name= Biocomposite processing|Category=[[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Material_processes_and_technologies|Material processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Textile fibre spinning''' is a process where natural, man-made or synthetic fibres are spinned to texile fibres and yarns. The feedstock fibres are drawn out, twisted, and wound onto a bobbin for further processes in textile or fabric production.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
For textile fibre spinning different types of fibres of biogenic or synthetic origin can be used. This includes e.g. plant or man-made fibres, silk, wool or other animal fibres or synthetic or mineral fibres (glass, carbon). Beside natural fibres from plants and animal-based fibres, several others can be produced from biomass resources. Especially man-made fibres like viscose or lyocell, but also fibres from bio-based polymers like PLA, PHAs, cellulose acetate or bio-based drop-in polymers like polyethylene are possible examples. Also carbon fibres can be of biogenic origin.

=== Pre-treatment ===

== Process and technologies ==

== Product ==
Products of textile fibre spinning are twisted textile fibres or yarns that can be used for further processing to produce fabrics, textiles or non-woven fibre materials.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Man-made fibers (viscose, lyocell)
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Mineral fibers (carbon, glass)
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Polyesters
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Silk
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Wool
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"|Product: Spun Yarn
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"|Product: Filament Yarn (Monofilament)
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"|Product: Filament Yarn (Multifilament)
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Senbis ===
{{Infobox provider-textile fibre spinning|Image=Logo_SNB_PI.jpg|Company=Senbis|Country=The Netherlands|Webpage=www.senbis.com|Contact=info@senbis.com|Technology name=Textile fibre spinning|TRL=6-9|Capacity=- Research spinningmachine: 1kg/hr
- Pilot plant spinning drawing: 25kg/hr
- Production, spinning, drawing: 10.000 mt/year|Mechanical properties=not relevant|Tensile properties=not relevant|Other=not relevant|Feedstock=recycled, biodegradable and biobased polymers|Product=yarn}}

Senbis has two company activities, namely providing third party research to the plastic industry and producing and selling our own developed sustainable products. Our own products are made out of biodegradable plastics made for applications that have a high likelihood of ending up in nature, where they cause lasting harm to our environment. Senbis is the continuation of the former R&D department of Akzo Nobel. The combination of decades of experience in fiber and yarn development, the flexibility of a start-up, and extensive modernized lab and pilot plant facilities give us unique innovation potential. We expect to grow our business in the coming years. The public discussion around the plastic soup is becoming more intense and so will the legislation around the sustainable use of plastics. We have a proven track record of developing high performance biobased & biodegradable solutions for the horticulture, sports, marine, textile, agriculture & greenery sector.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=104&field_technology_area_target_id%5B98%5D=98&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Polymerisation

2023-06-05T15:05:24Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Senbis */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Polymerisation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Chemical_processes_and_technologies|Chemical processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=Single molecules, monomers|Product=Polymers (polyolefins, polycondensates)}}

<onlyinclude>'''Polymerisation''' (''polymerization in American English'') is the process of reaction smaller molecules, i.e. monomers, together into a chain or network, i.e. a polymer. There are many forms of polymerisation reactions. A common distinction is between '''homopolymers''', where one type of monomer forms the polymer, and '''co-polymers''', where multiple different monomers make up the polymer. A well-known application of polymers is in plastics. However, polymerisations can also lead to smaller chains, known as oligomers, which are for example used as plasticisers and lubricants.</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
=== Origin and composition ===
Several bio-based feedstock options have been explored for the production of bio-based polymers. Lignin can be depolymerised and the obtained products can be used as monomers. Ethanol from sugar fermentations can be processed to produce ethylene, a common feedstock for polymerisations to different polymers. Fatty acids can be used in long-chain linear aliphatic polymers. Other biomass feedstock includes CO2, terpenes, and furfural.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Sustainable polymers from biomass: Bridging chemistry with materials and processing|year=2020-02-01|journal=Progress in Polymer Science|volume=101|page=101197|doi=10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101197|author=Zhongkai Wang, Mitra S. Ganewatta, Chuanbing Tang}}</ref>

=== Pre-treatment ===
The pre-treatment of the feedstock for polymerisation is depending on the specific process and feedstock used. In principal, the feedstock is converted to a building block like ethylene, propylene, styrene or others in a first step and then polymerised in a catalytic process. High purity of the feedstock is crucial for successful polymerisation reactions, which are highly susceptible to pollutants, often leading to lower polymerisation grades or smaller polymerisation chains.

==Process and technologies==
[[File:Polystyrene formation.PNG|thumb|right|400px|An example of '''alkene polymerization''', in which each styrene monomer's double bond reforms as a single bond plus a bond to another styrene monomer. The product is polystyrene.]]

There has been signifcant effort to produce polymers from biomass rest streams. The key challenge lies in producing materials that have comparable or improved properties to their fossil-based counterparts. The right processing, which is often neglected by chemists, plays a crucial role in enhancing the material properties.<ref name=":0" /> The specific technologies are depending on the types of polymer, but normally do not differ from conventional polymerisation processes in case of drop-in polymers like bio-based PE, PP, PET and others.

:[[File:PLA from lactic acid & lactide.png|thumb|center|300px|Two main routes from lactic acid to PLA]]

; Some examples for polymerisation of (bio-based) monomers:
* Ethylene --> Polyethylene
* Propylene --> Polypropylene
* Lactic acid --> Polylactic acid (PLA)
* Laurinlactam --> Polyamid PA12

==Product==
[[File:Sweets packaging made of PLA-Blend Bio-Flex.jpg|thumb|120px|Confectionery packaging made of PLA-blend bio-flex]]
[[File:Bottle made from Cellulose Acetate Biograde.JPG|thumb|120px|Bottles made from cellulose acetate biograde]]
Three critical processes to obtain sustainable bio-based polymers are the conversion of lignin monomers to polymers, the production of bio-based polyolefins, for example from ethylene via the ethanol route, and the production of long-chain aliphatic polycondensates, which can be obtained from fatty acids.<ref name=":0" />

=== Post-treatment ===
Normally the resulting polymers are compounded to plastics with different kinds of additives like plasticizers or others or post-processed to reach their aimed properties. In case of plastics the material normally is melted and extruded to pellets for the further processing.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Catalyst
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Residence time [h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Polymerisation#B4Plastics|B4Plastics]]
| Belgium
| -
| Polymerisation
| 4-5
| 1
| -
| -
| -
|
|
|-
| [[Polymerisation#Vertimass|Vertimass]]
| USA
| -
| CADO (Consolidated alcohol dehydration and oligomerization)
| 9
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
|
|}

=== B4Plastics ===
{{Infobox provider-polymerisation|Company=B4Plastics|Country=Belgium|Contact=contact@b4plastics.com
+32(08)9231131|Webpage=https://b4plastics.com|Technology name=Polymerisation|TRL=4-5|Capacity=Gram to ton scale. Lab scale: 10g – 1kg. Pilot equipment: multi-kg scale. Multipurpose plant: ton scale production as of 2023. Between 1-100 kg/h|Catalyst=not relevant|Residence time=not relevant|Temperature=not relevant|Feedstock=bio-based building blocks|Product=FORTAN® (strong sustainable alternatives for PAs), RUBRAN® (sustainable elastomers to substitute TPEs)|Other=Service: Biomaterial R&D excellence center. Polymer Architects, Production Center, Licencing House|Image=Logo_B4Plastics.png}}

B4Plastics is a Polymer Architecture company, catalyzing the introduction of novel biomaterials, and growing them from niche to bulk applications. As an architect creates your dream house, we create your dream plastic. For your application, we design the dream material. Striking the best balance between functionality, ecology and cost. We prototype fast; we hit accurately. Your new polymer ambitions are in the hands of a team of biobased materials masters and experts – uniquely educated to create new material value chains, from the field to your product, and back. Our solutions did not yet exist. We create with you, and for you. And for this world.

=== Senbis ===
{{Infobox provider-polymerisation|Company=Senbis|Country=The Netherlands|Contact=info@senbis.com|Webpage=https://www.senbis.com/|Technology name=Polymerization|Feedstock=Chemicals – polymer monomers & buildings blocks including bio-based|Product=Polyesters, Polyamides, Bioplastics|TRL=6-9|Temperature=not relevant|Catalyst=not relevant|Capacity=- Lab autoclave: <1 kg
- Pilot plant autoclave <50 kg
- Polymerization factory 60.000 mt/year|Residence time=not relevant|Other=not relevant|Image=Logo_SNB_PI.jpg}}

Senbis has two company activities, namely providing third party research to the plastic industry and producing and selling our own developed sustainable products. Our own products are made out of biodegradable plastics made for applications that have a high likelihood of ending up in nature, where they cause lasting harm to our environment. Senbis is the continuation of the former R&D department of Akzo Nobel. The combination of decades of experience in fiber and yarn development, the flexibility of a start-up, and extensive modernized lab and pilot plant facilities give us unique innovation potential. We expect to grow our business in the coming years. The public discussion around the plastic soup is becoming more intense and so will the legislation around the sustainable use of plastics. We have a proven track record of developing high performance biobased & biodegradable solutions for the horticulture, sports, marine, textile, agriculture & greenery sector.

=== Vertimass ===
{{Infobox provider-polymerisation|Company=Vertimass|Webpage=https://www.vertimass.com/|Country=USA|Technology name=CADO (Consolidated alcohol dehydration and oligomerization)|Technology category=Chemical processes|TRL=9|Feedstock='Wet' ethanol|Product=Jet fuel, biodiesel}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=102&field_technology_area_target_id%5B94%5D=94&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
*[[:en:Polymerization|Polymerization]] in Wikipedia

<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

File:Logo SNB PI.jpg

2023-06-05T15:04:24Z

Tanja Meyer: Uploaded a work by Senbis from Senbis with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=Senbis logo}}
|date=2023-06-05
|source=Senbis
|author=Senbis
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{logo}}

This file was uploaded with the UploadWizard extension.

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Polymerisation

2023-06-05T15:02:25Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Senbis */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Polymerisation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Chemical_processes_and_technologies|Chemical processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=Single molecules, monomers|Product=Polymers (polyolefins, polycondensates)}}

<onlyinclude>'''Polymerisation''' (''polymerization in American English'') is the process of reaction smaller molecules, i.e. monomers, together into a chain or network, i.e. a polymer. There are many forms of polymerisation reactions. A common distinction is between '''homopolymers''', where one type of monomer forms the polymer, and '''co-polymers''', where multiple different monomers make up the polymer. A well-known application of polymers is in plastics. However, polymerisations can also lead to smaller chains, known as oligomers, which are for example used as plasticisers and lubricants.</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
=== Origin and composition ===
Several bio-based feedstock options have been explored for the production of bio-based polymers. Lignin can be depolymerised and the obtained products can be used as monomers. Ethanol from sugar fermentations can be processed to produce ethylene, a common feedstock for polymerisations to different polymers. Fatty acids can be used in long-chain linear aliphatic polymers. Other biomass feedstock includes CO2, terpenes, and furfural.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Sustainable polymers from biomass: Bridging chemistry with materials and processing|year=2020-02-01|journal=Progress in Polymer Science|volume=101|page=101197|doi=10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101197|author=Zhongkai Wang, Mitra S. Ganewatta, Chuanbing Tang}}</ref>

=== Pre-treatment ===
The pre-treatment of the feedstock for polymerisation is depending on the specific process and feedstock used. In principal, the feedstock is converted to a building block like ethylene, propylene, styrene or others in a first step and then polymerised in a catalytic process. High purity of the feedstock is crucial for successful polymerisation reactions, which are highly susceptible to pollutants, often leading to lower polymerisation grades or smaller polymerisation chains.

==Process and technologies==
[[File:Polystyrene formation.PNG|thumb|right|400px|An example of '''alkene polymerization''', in which each styrene monomer's double bond reforms as a single bond plus a bond to another styrene monomer. The product is polystyrene.]]

There has been signifcant effort to produce polymers from biomass rest streams. The key challenge lies in producing materials that have comparable or improved properties to their fossil-based counterparts. The right processing, which is often neglected by chemists, plays a crucial role in enhancing the material properties.<ref name=":0" /> The specific technologies are depending on the types of polymer, but normally do not differ from conventional polymerisation processes in case of drop-in polymers like bio-based PE, PP, PET and others.

:[[File:PLA from lactic acid & lactide.png|thumb|center|300px|Two main routes from lactic acid to PLA]]

; Some examples for polymerisation of (bio-based) monomers:
* Ethylene --> Polyethylene
* Propylene --> Polypropylene
* Lactic acid --> Polylactic acid (PLA)
* Laurinlactam --> Polyamid PA12

==Product==
[[File:Sweets packaging made of PLA-Blend Bio-Flex.jpg|thumb|120px|Confectionery packaging made of PLA-blend bio-flex]]
[[File:Bottle made from Cellulose Acetate Biograde.JPG|thumb|120px|Bottles made from cellulose acetate biograde]]
Three critical processes to obtain sustainable bio-based polymers are the conversion of lignin monomers to polymers, the production of bio-based polyolefins, for example from ethylene via the ethanol route, and the production of long-chain aliphatic polycondensates, which can be obtained from fatty acids.<ref name=":0" />

=== Post-treatment ===
Normally the resulting polymers are compounded to plastics with different kinds of additives like plasticizers or others or post-processed to reach their aimed properties. In case of plastics the material normally is melted and extruded to pellets for the further processing.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Catalyst
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Residence time [h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Polymerisation#B4Plastics|B4Plastics]]
| Belgium
| -
| Polymerisation
| 4-5
| 1
| -
| -
| -
|
|
|-
| [[Polymerisation#Vertimass|Vertimass]]
| USA
| -
| CADO (Consolidated alcohol dehydration and oligomerization)
| 9
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
|
|}

=== B4Plastics ===
{{Infobox provider-polymerisation|Company=B4Plastics|Country=Belgium|Contact=contact@b4plastics.com
+32(08)9231131|Webpage=https://b4plastics.com|Technology name=Polymerisation|TRL=4-5|Capacity=Gram to ton scale. Lab scale: 10g – 1kg. Pilot equipment: multi-kg scale. Multipurpose plant: ton scale production as of 2023. Between 1-100 kg/h|Catalyst=not relevant|Residence time=not relevant|Temperature=not relevant|Feedstock=bio-based building blocks|Product=FORTAN® (strong sustainable alternatives for PAs), RUBRAN® (sustainable elastomers to substitute TPEs)|Other=Service: Biomaterial R&D excellence center. Polymer Architects, Production Center, Licencing House|Image=Logo_B4Plastics.png}}

B4Plastics is a Polymer Architecture company, catalyzing the introduction of novel biomaterials, and growing them from niche to bulk applications. As an architect creates your dream house, we create your dream plastic. For your application, we design the dream material. Striking the best balance between functionality, ecology and cost. We prototype fast; we hit accurately. Your new polymer ambitions are in the hands of a team of biobased materials masters and experts – uniquely educated to create new material value chains, from the field to your product, and back. Our solutions did not yet exist. We create with you, and for you. And for this world.

=== Senbis ===
{{Infobox provider-polymerisation|Company=Senbis|Country=The Netherlands|Contact=info@senbis.com|Webpage=https://www.senbis.com/|Technology name=Polymerization|Feedstock=Chemicals – polymer monomers & buildings blocks including bio-based|Product=Polyesters, Polyamides, Bioplastics|TRL=6-9|Temperature=not relevant|Catalyst=not relevant|Capacity=- Lab autoclave: <1 kg
- Pilot plant autoclave <50 kg
- Polymerization factory 60.000 mt/year|Residence time=not relevant|Other=not relevant}}

Senbis has two company activities, namely providing third party research to the plastic industry and producing and selling our own developed sustainable products. Our own products are made out of biodegradable plastics made for applications that have a high likelihood of ending up in nature, where they cause lasting harm to our environment. Senbis is the continuation of the former R&D department of Akzo Nobel. The combination of decades of experience in fiber and yarn development, the flexibility of a start-up, and extensive modernized lab and pilot plant facilities give us unique innovation potential. We expect to grow our business in the coming years. The public discussion around the plastic soup is becoming more intense and so will the legislation around the sustainable use of plastics. We have a proven track record of developing high performance biobased & biodegradable solutions for the horticulture, sports, marine, textile, agriculture & greenery sector.

=== Vertimass ===
{{Infobox provider-polymerisation|Company=Vertimass|Webpage=https://www.vertimass.com/|Country=USA|Technology name=CADO (Consolidated alcohol dehydration and oligomerization)|Technology category=Chemical processes|TRL=9|Feedstock='Wet' ethanol|Product=Jet fuel, biodiesel}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=102&field_technology_area_target_id%5B94%5D=94&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
*[[:en:Polymerization|Polymerization]] in Wikipedia

<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Industrial fermentation

2023-03-20T09:05:26Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Sophie's BioNutrients (sophiesBionutrients) */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Industrial fermentation|Feedstock=[[Garden and park waste]], [[food waste]]|Product=Biomass, bioproducts (e.g., enzymes, biopolymers, organic acids, alcohols)|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of a wide range of renewable feedstocks into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics, etc. It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Composition and origin ===
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a various range of feedstocks can be used. The most commonly used feedstocks are listed below:

==== Lignocellulose and cellulose ====
Lignocellulose is present in [[garden and park waste]]. Cellulose is present in [[food waste]] such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via [[hydrolysis]], which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.

==== Starch ====
Starch is present in [[food waste]] such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic [[hydrolysis]].

==== Oils and Fat ====
Oils and fats are present in [[food waste]] such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. They can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.

==== Dairy waste ====
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, is used as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.

==== Sugars ====
Sugar-rich waste streams can be derived from food industry waste, e.g., from the candy industry.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Depending on the type of feedstock and its purity, specific pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms. Generally, this involves a [[Sizing|size reduction]] step, after which the milled biomass can be processed to separate the desired substrate by e.g., [[centrifugation]], filtration, evaporation or [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]].

In addition, it should be taken into account that some of the above mentioned feedstocks only provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), in that case also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium need to be added.

==Process and technologies==

=== Microorganisms ===
Microorganisms used in industrial fermentations include: bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae. In practice, these are well-known, productive and harmless (GRAS - Generally Regarded As Safe) production organisms, equipped with the new genetic information, that are used to produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. A major advantage is that these often genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.
[[File:Bioreactor principle.svg|thumb|257x257px|Schematic representation of an industrial fermentation bioreactor]]

=== Equipment ===
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:

* an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
* a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
* a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
* sampling ports
* addition ports
* a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganism
=== Operating conditions ===
As it involves living organisms, a fermentation process is typically conducted under mild conditions (pH and temperature). As a result, the energy consumption is relatively low as well as the capital and operating costs. However, fermentation technologies are complex and sensitive requiring careful control of quality and safety of the raw materials, process parameters, contamination, etc.

Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>.

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
==Product==
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a range of products can be synthesized. The most common products are listed and divided over two categories: (1) biomass, (2) bioproducts. In case of the latter, some products require complex genetic modifications.

=== Biomass ===

* Single Cell Protein
*Single Cell Oil
* Baker's yeast
* Lactic acid bacteria

=== Bioproducts ===

==== Enzymes ====

* Proteases
* Lipases
* Amylases
* Cellulases
* Peroxidases

==== Biopolymers ====

* Poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
* Polysaccharides: xanthan gum, dextran

==== Organic acids ====

* Acetic acid
*Lactic acid

* Citric acid
*Tartaric acid
*Fumaric acid

==== Alcohols ====

* Ethanol
*Butanol
*Glycerol
*Butanediol

==== Solvents ====

* Acetone

==== Pharmaceuticals ====

* Vitamins: vitamin C, B2, B12 ...
*Antibiotics: aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines ...
*Hormones

==== Biocolorants ====

* cartenoids
*astaxanthins

==== Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers ====

* glycolipids
*rhamnolipids

==== Amino-acids ====

* monosodium glutamate (MSG)
* Lysine
* Tryptophan
* Phenylalanine

=== Post-treatment ===
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broth cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', is to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc. The choice of purification technology is depending on the characteristics of the desired products.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Industrial fermentation#Amphi-Star|Amphi-Star]]
| Belgium
| -
| BioSurf Biosurfactant Technology Platform
| 1-7
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|
|-
| [[Industrial fermentation#Avecom|Avecom]]
| Belgium
| -
| PROMIC
| 4-7
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|
|-
|[[Industrial fermentation#Blucon Biotech GmbH|Blucon Biotech GmbH]]
|Germany
| -
|Industrial Fermentation
|4-5
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Industrial fermentation#Cetaqua Galicia|Cetaqua Galicia]]
|Spain
| -
|TCP (The Carboxylic Platform)
|7
|0.43-0.63
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Industrial fermentation#Holiferm|Holiferm]]
|United Kingdom
| -
|Fermentation intensification and in-line separation
|1-9
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|
|-
|[[Industrial fermentation#Nature.27s Principles|Nature's Principles]]
|The Netherlands
| -
|Biorefinery
|5-6
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Industrial fermentation#Nosh.bio|Nosh.bio]]
|Germany
| -
|Sustainable functional ingredients for the food industry
|5
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Industrial fermentation#NovelYeast bv|NovelYeast bv]]
|Belgium
| -
|Yeast fermentation to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Protein production
|3-5
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Industrial fermentation#PERSEO Biotechnology SL|PERSEO Biotechnology SL]]
|Spain
| -
|PERSEO Bioethanol ®
|7-8
|1000
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Industrial fermentation#Sophie.27s BioNutrients|Sophie's BioNutrients]]
|The Netherlands
| -
|Fermentation of microalgae
|6
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|
|}

=== Amphi-Star ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=AmphiStar|Webpage=https://www.amphistar.be|Country=Belgium|Contact=info@amphistar.be|Technology name=BioSurf Biosurfactant Technology Platform|Technology category=Microbial production of biosurfactants|TRL=1-7|Aeration=Yes|Agitator=Rushton|Biosafety lavel=1|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Stirring speed, feed rates, etc.|Microorganism=Starmerella bombicola, Candida kuoi, Rhodotorula bogoriensis, etc. Open for collaboration on any BSL-1 biosurfactant producing strain|Reactor material=Glass or stainless steel|Feedstock=Vegetable oils and sugars from biomass|Product=Biosurfactants e.g. glycolipids such as sophorolipids}}

AmphiStar has developed a proprietary technology platform for the cost-efficient and ecological production of biosurfactants. We are a founders-led spin-off company established in July 2021 that is the result of 15 years joint development between Ghent University (Inbio.be) and the Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant. We derisk the early development stage for biosurfactant production, guide and support technology transfer to industrial manufacturers and collaborate intensely for further development and improvement of the licensed technology. Our technology platform is initially based on the fermentative production with the yeast ''Starmerella bombicola'', producing many different biosurfactants at a high volumetric productivity. Our biosurfactants are made from sustainable, renewable feedstocks and waste streams. Microbial fermentation is a clean production technology that is safe for people and the environment. Our biosurfactants are environmentally friendly, palm oil-free, sulfate-free, mild, non-toxic and non-irritant.

=== Avecom ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Avecom|Image=avecomlogo.png|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=https://www.avecom.be|Technology name=PROMIC|TRL=4-7|Product=Single Cell Protein, PHB-rich biomass|Feedstock=Residual side streams and co-products from the food industry}}

Avecom has developed its PROMIC biomass fermentation platform for the efficient conversion of industrial and agricultural residual side streams and co-products towards high-value single cell proteins.

=== Blucon Biotech GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=BluCon Biotech GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=Dr. Stefan Verseck; stefan.verseck@blucon-biotech.com|Webpage=https://blucon-biotech.com|Technology name=Industrial Fermentation|TRL=4-5|Product=Produkt L-lactic acid (polymer grade)|Feedstock=Variety of feedstock materials from agriculture, like grasses (straw, corn stover, bagasse, miscanthus, switchgrass, sorghum), wood type materials (poplar, spruce, cotton stalks) or from industrial processes ( cellulosic waste from paper recycling or pulp&paper production, Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS), beet pulp)|Microorganism=thermophilic bacteria|Image=Blucon_Logo.jpg|Capacity=not relevant|Aeration=no (anaerobic process)|Biosafety lavel=Non-GMO|Agitator=not relevant|Controlled parameters=not relevant|Reactor material=not relevant|Other=not relevant}}

BluCon Biotech GmbH was founded in June 2017 and has its research laboratories and offices at the BioCampus, Cologne. The company develop a unique technology by which L-lactic acid can be produced at lowest possible production costs so that the bioplastic poly lactic acid (PLA) will become commercially competitive to fossil fuel-based plastics.

To reduce significantly the production costs low-cost raw materials are used, (e.g., cellulosic waste) and a sustainable process which most efficiently converts these feedstocks to the product, L-lactic acid (2nd generation L-lactic acid). Such technology development has been initiated and carried out by Direvo Industrial Biotech GmbH in Cologne. BluCon Biotech GmbH now drives the commercialization of this technology by modern strain and bioprocess engineering.

The unique technology of BluCon Biotech GmbH enables consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of lignocellulosic feedstocks to L-lactic acid using thermophilic bacteria in a one step process. Our aim is to exclusively use cheap non-food cellulosic or lignocellulosic feedstock and to create a 2nd generation L-lactic acid process, thus to convert waste to value.

Besides developing BluCon technology to commercial stage, BluCon Biotech GmbH serves as a platform to acquire further technologies in the field of applied biotechnology. With its core team, the company shows outstanding expertise in microbiology of extremophilic bacteria, in strain and process development and in project management. It is very well connected both in Germany and internationally.

=== Cetaqua Galicia ===

{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Cetaqua Galicia|Country=Spain|Contact=anton.taboada@cetaqua.com|Technology name=TCP (The Carboxylic Platform)|Webpage=https://www.cetaqua.com/|TRL=7|Aeration=No (Anaerobic technology)|Capacity=0.43 - 0.63|Agitator=Pitched blade agitator|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, stirring speed, feed rates and moisture.|Microorganism=Anaerobic open mixed culture (uncontrolled)|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Biosafety lavel=1|Feedstock=Seawage sludge or urban biowaste|Product=Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid.|Image=LogoCetGal.png}}

Cetaqua Galicia is a public-private research centre founded in 2011 by Viaqua, the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) and the Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CESIC). Through our three lines of research, we have positioned ourselves as a benchmark centre, at regional, national and European level, in the application of scientific knowledge to the water cycle, especially the fields of wastewater treatment and production and recovery of high value-added by-products in waste water.

Within the biofactory line, the Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) production technology from urban sewage sludge and urban biowaste has been developed. The technologies was validated on a laboratory scale in 2020, and two pilot prototypes were designed and built. The first one installed at Conservas Dardo to recover industrial wastewater from the canning industry, and the second at the Ourense wastewater treatment plant for the recovery of sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants. In addition, this project is currently preparing innovation proposals for the development of the corresponding patents for the VFA line.

=== Holiferm ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Holiferm|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=Joana Pereira (info@holiferm.com)|Technology name=Fermentation intensification and in-line separation|Webpage=https://holiferm.com/|TRL=1-9|Capacity=Lab scale to pilot (600 L)|Biosafety lavel=Up to biosafety level 2|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic, anaerobic|Agitator=Rushton|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen, etc.|Microorganism=Bacteria and yeast|Feedstock=Vegetable oil and sugar streams|Product=Biosurfactants (other biomolecules in the future)|Reactor material=Glass (lab scale), stainless steel (pilot and commercial)|Other=https://www.linkedin.com/company/holiferm/|Image=Holiferm-Logo.jpg}}

Holiferm develops holistically improved fermentation technology and processes to deliver massive economic improvements, with biosurfactants being the initial focus. Holiferm’s patented integrated gravity separation and fermentation technology is a plug and play system that increases fermentation process productivity by three to four times, reducing production costs by more than 50% and enabling low cost production of biosurfactants: renewable, biodegradable and mild alternatives to the petrochemical derived surfactants used in household cleaning, laundry and personal care products. Holiferm is dedicated to the commercialisation of economic biosurfactant production processes, providing a complete platform technology for production, isolation and purification, enabling significant market disruption and growth.

=== Nature's Principles ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Nature’s Principles B.V.|Country=The Netherlands|Contact=ir. Jerry Chen
Business Developer
info@naturesprinciples.eu
+31 6 3972 3401|Webpage=https://naturesprinciples.eu/|Feedstock=corn, sugar beet and sugar cane based feedstocks, to waste cellulose, lignocellulose, inulin or starch-based residual streams, pectin, any sugar-rich feedstock (juice from grass or tropical plants etc.)|Product=L-lactic acid and other organic acids|Image=Logo_NP_Whitebackground.jpg|Technology name=Biorefinery|TRL=5-6|Aeration=not disclosed|Biosafety lavel=not disclosed|Microorganism=not disclosed|Capacity=>100 m3 fermentor volume|Agitator=Not disclosed|Controlled parameters=Not to be given|Reactor material=Not disclosed|Other=Looking for feedstock providers}}
Nature’s Principles started as an innovative PhD project at Delft University of Technology, in The Netherlands. The lab experiments proved great results using mixed culture fermentation, which used Principles of Nature to make the microorganisms satisfied and productive, as opposed to genetically engineering them in a lab. We are now running the pilot scale production and will be ready soon for commercial volumes. Nature’s Principles is ready to face the challenge of making bio-based chemicals viable and circular at the same time.
=== Nosh.bio ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Nosh.bio|Country=Germany|Contact=info@nosh.bio|Webpage=https://www.nosh.bio/|Technology name=Sustainable functional ingredients for the food industry|TRL=5|Aeration=Yes|Biosafety lavel=1|Microorganism=Filamentous fungi|Agitator=Pneumatically agitated (e.g., airlift)|Feedstock=Several|Product=High quality functional microbial biomass|Capacity=Not disclosed|Controlled parameters=Not disclosed|Reactor material=Not disclosed|Image=Nosh_biofoods_black_(002).png}}

Nosh Biofoods produce technical-functional ingredients and nutritional protein by exploring the natural microbial biodiversity, using proprietary fermentation and mild downstream processing technologies.
=== NovelYeast bv ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=NovelYeast bv|Agitator=Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Other=Construction of cell factories with recombinant DNA technology|Reactor material=Glass|Microorganism=Saccharomyces cerevisiae, other yeast species, Trichoderma|Controlled parameters=Standard parameters|Biosafety lavel=BSL-1|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic|Webpage=https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/|Capacity=Lab-scale|TRL=3-5|Technology category=Industrial fermentation|Technology name=Yeast fermentation to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Protein production|Contact=johan.thevelein@novelyeast.com|Country=Belgium|Product=Biofuels and bio-based chemicals, proteins, specialty sugars, specialty chemicals}}
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide.

=== PERSEO Biotechnology SL ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=PERSEO Biotechnology SL|Country=Spain|Contact=informacion@perseobiotech.com|Webpage=https://www.perseobiotech.com/|Technology name=PERSEO Bioethanol ®|TRL=7 - 8|Capacity=1000|Aeration=If needed. Currently under anaerobic conditions.|Agitator=Vertical stirrers|Biosafety lavel=High, no dangerous biological material used.|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen.|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Feedstock=Biodegradable waste (OFMSW, agro-industrial waste, cellulosic waste, etc.)|Product=Advanced Bioethanol + CO2+ valuable organic byproduct|Image=PERSEO_Biotechnology_logo.jpg|Microorganism=Yeasts and bacteria|Other=not applicable}}
PERSEO Biotechnology SL is a Spanish SME with track experience and know-how in the development of biotechnological processes, which range from the development phase at the laboratory level to the industrial upscaling of the process and its demonstration. Likewise, PERSEO Biotechnology offers complementary services to assess the feasibility and the scalability of the biotechnological processes.

PERSEO Biorefinery has its own laboratories and a versatile semi-industrial plant (L’Alcudia, Valencia, Spain) with a treatment capacity up to 25 tons / day of organic waste whose objective is to develop, test and validate biotechnological processes to generate bioproducts and bioenergy, integrating all R&D services for the global recovery of organic waste.

PERSEO Bioethanol® (<nowiki>http://www.perseobiotech.com</nowiki>) is a patented and innovative technology to convert organic waste, such as biodegradable municipal solid waste, horticultural waste, agro-industrial waste, HORECA channel or paper and cardboard, mainly into '''advanced bioethanol''', to be used as liquid biofuel or as raw material for the chemical industry, and in other '''bioproducts''' with high potential in the chemical industry (bioproducts from the fermentation of sugars, biosurfactants, biofertilizers or in biomethane by anaerobic digestion).

PERSEO Bioethanol® is a patented biotechnological process compatible with current existing waste treatment plants, under the concept of an '''integrated biorefinery'''. It is adaptable to each process and to the needs of each client. The process can be integrated as a previous recovery stage in existing plants, including incineration, anaerobic digestion or composting, increasing the value chain of waste treatment and significantly '''improving the economic and environmental results''' of waste management.

=== Sophie's BioNutrients (sophiesbionutrients) ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Sophie's BioNutrients|Biosafety lavel=1|Reactor material=not relevant|Controlled parameters=not relevant|Agitator=not relevant|Aeration=not relevant|Capacity=not relevant|Microorganism=chlorella vulgaris|Feedstock=spent grains, okara, molasses|Image=SophiesBioNutrients_Logo.jpg|TRL=6|Technology name=Fermentation of microalgae|Product=Chlorella Protein Concentrate|Webpage=https://sophiesbionutrients.com|Contact=Eugene Wang; eugene@sophiesbionutrients.com|Country=Netherlands|Other=https://www.linkedin.com/company/sophie-s-bionutrients/}}

The next generation of future food with single cell protein such as micro-algae is a scalable and sustainable source of protein for human consumption. A Sophie’s Bionutrients, we grow micro-algae inside of bio-reactors. This process can be precisely controlled to produce protein in a matter of days. We use limited amount of water and local food waste to produce micro-algae protein within metropolitan areas in many parts of the globe. In addition we can generate whole-algae ingredients in a variety of food application in plant based meat and functional food.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B87%5D=87&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Industrial fermentation

2023-03-20T09:04:36Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Sophie's BioNutrients */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Industrial fermentation|Feedstock=[[Garden and park waste]], [[food waste]]|Product=Biomass, bioproducts (e.g., enzymes, biopolymers, organic acids, alcohols)|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of a wide range of renewable feedstocks into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics, etc. It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Composition and origin ===
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a various range of feedstocks can be used. The most commonly used feedstocks are listed below:

==== Lignocellulose and cellulose ====
Lignocellulose is present in [[garden and park waste]]. Cellulose is present in [[food waste]] such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via [[hydrolysis]], which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.

==== Starch ====
Starch is present in [[food waste]] such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic [[hydrolysis]].

==== Oils and Fat ====
Oils and fats are present in [[food waste]] such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. They can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.

==== Dairy waste ====
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, is used as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.

==== Sugars ====
Sugar-rich waste streams can be derived from food industry waste, e.g., from the candy industry.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Depending on the type of feedstock and its purity, specific pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms. Generally, this involves a [[Sizing|size reduction]] step, after which the milled biomass can be processed to separate the desired substrate by e.g., [[centrifugation]], filtration, evaporation or [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]].

In addition, it should be taken into account that some of the above mentioned feedstocks only provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), in that case also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium need to be added.

==Process and technologies==

=== Microorganisms ===
Microorganisms used in industrial fermentations include: bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae. In practice, these are well-known, productive and harmless (GRAS - Generally Regarded As Safe) production organisms, equipped with the new genetic information, that are used to produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. A major advantage is that these often genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.
[[File:Bioreactor principle.svg|thumb|257x257px|Schematic representation of an industrial fermentation bioreactor]]

=== Equipment ===
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:

* an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
* a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
* a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
* sampling ports
* addition ports
* a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganism
=== Operating conditions ===
As it involves living organisms, a fermentation process is typically conducted under mild conditions (pH and temperature). As a result, the energy consumption is relatively low as well as the capital and operating costs. However, fermentation technologies are complex and sensitive requiring careful control of quality and safety of the raw materials, process parameters, contamination, etc.

Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>.

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
==Product==
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a range of products can be synthesized. The most common products are listed and divided over two categories: (1) biomass, (2) bioproducts. In case of the latter, some products require complex genetic modifications.

=== Biomass ===

* Single Cell Protein
*Single Cell Oil
* Baker's yeast
* Lactic acid bacteria

=== Bioproducts ===

==== Enzymes ====

* Proteases
* Lipases
* Amylases
* Cellulases
* Peroxidases

==== Biopolymers ====

* Poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
* Polysaccharides: xanthan gum, dextran

==== Organic acids ====

* Acetic acid
*Lactic acid

* Citric acid
*Tartaric acid
*Fumaric acid

==== Alcohols ====

* Ethanol
*Butanol
*Glycerol
*Butanediol

==== Solvents ====

* Acetone

==== Pharmaceuticals ====

* Vitamins: vitamin C, B2, B12 ...
*Antibiotics: aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines ...
*Hormones

==== Biocolorants ====

* cartenoids
*astaxanthins

==== Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers ====

* glycolipids
*rhamnolipids

==== Amino-acids ====

* monosodium glutamate (MSG)
* Lysine
* Tryptophan
* Phenylalanine

=== Post-treatment ===
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broth cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', is to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc. The choice of purification technology is depending on the characteristics of the desired products.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Industrial fermentation#Amphi-Star|Amphi-Star]]
| Belgium
| -
| BioSurf Biosurfactant Technology Platform
| 1-7
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|
|-
| [[Industrial fermentation#Avecom|Avecom]]
| Belgium
| -
| PROMIC
| 4-7
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|
|-
|[[Industrial fermentation#Blucon Biotech GmbH|Blucon Biotech GmbH]]
|Germany
| -
|Industrial Fermentation
|4-5
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Industrial fermentation#Cetaqua Galicia|Cetaqua Galicia]]
|Spain
| -
|TCP (The Carboxylic Platform)
|7
|0.43-0.63
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Industrial fermentation#Holiferm|Holiferm]]
|United Kingdom
| -
|Fermentation intensification and in-line separation
|1-9
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|
|-
|[[Industrial fermentation#Nature.27s Principles|Nature's Principles]]
|The Netherlands
| -
|Biorefinery
|5-6
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Industrial fermentation#Nosh.bio|Nosh.bio]]
|Germany
| -
|Sustainable functional ingredients for the food industry
|5
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Industrial fermentation#NovelYeast bv|NovelYeast bv]]
|Belgium
| -
|Yeast fermentation to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Protein production
|3-5
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Industrial fermentation#PERSEO Biotechnology SL|PERSEO Biotechnology SL]]
|Spain
| -
|PERSEO Bioethanol ®
|7-8
|1000
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Industrial fermentation#Sophie.27s BioNutrients|Sophie's BioNutrients]]
|The Netherlands
| -
|Fermentation of microalgae
|6
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|
|}

=== Amphi-Star ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=AmphiStar|Webpage=https://www.amphistar.be|Country=Belgium|Contact=info@amphistar.be|Technology name=BioSurf Biosurfactant Technology Platform|Technology category=Microbial production of biosurfactants|TRL=1-7|Aeration=Yes|Agitator=Rushton|Biosafety lavel=1|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Stirring speed, feed rates, etc.|Microorganism=Starmerella bombicola, Candida kuoi, Rhodotorula bogoriensis, etc. Open for collaboration on any BSL-1 biosurfactant producing strain|Reactor material=Glass or stainless steel|Feedstock=Vegetable oils and sugars from biomass|Product=Biosurfactants e.g. glycolipids such as sophorolipids}}

AmphiStar has developed a proprietary technology platform for the cost-efficient and ecological production of biosurfactants. We are a founders-led spin-off company established in July 2021 that is the result of 15 years joint development between Ghent University (Inbio.be) and the Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant. We derisk the early development stage for biosurfactant production, guide and support technology transfer to industrial manufacturers and collaborate intensely for further development and improvement of the licensed technology. Our technology platform is initially based on the fermentative production with the yeast ''Starmerella bombicola'', producing many different biosurfactants at a high volumetric productivity. Our biosurfactants are made from sustainable, renewable feedstocks and waste streams. Microbial fermentation is a clean production technology that is safe for people and the environment. Our biosurfactants are environmentally friendly, palm oil-free, sulfate-free, mild, non-toxic and non-irritant.

=== Avecom ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Avecom|Image=avecomlogo.png|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=https://www.avecom.be|Technology name=PROMIC|TRL=4-7|Product=Single Cell Protein, PHB-rich biomass|Feedstock=Residual side streams and co-products from the food industry}}

Avecom has developed its PROMIC biomass fermentation platform for the efficient conversion of industrial and agricultural residual side streams and co-products towards high-value single cell proteins.

=== Blucon Biotech GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=BluCon Biotech GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=Dr. Stefan Verseck; stefan.verseck@blucon-biotech.com|Webpage=https://blucon-biotech.com|Technology name=Industrial Fermentation|TRL=4-5|Product=Produkt L-lactic acid (polymer grade)|Feedstock=Variety of feedstock materials from agriculture, like grasses (straw, corn stover, bagasse, miscanthus, switchgrass, sorghum), wood type materials (poplar, spruce, cotton stalks) or from industrial processes ( cellulosic waste from paper recycling or pulp&paper production, Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS), beet pulp)|Microorganism=thermophilic bacteria|Image=Blucon_Logo.jpg|Capacity=not relevant|Aeration=no (anaerobic process)|Biosafety lavel=Non-GMO|Agitator=not relevant|Controlled parameters=not relevant|Reactor material=not relevant|Other=not relevant}}

BluCon Biotech GmbH was founded in June 2017 and has its research laboratories and offices at the BioCampus, Cologne. The company develop a unique technology by which L-lactic acid can be produced at lowest possible production costs so that the bioplastic poly lactic acid (PLA) will become commercially competitive to fossil fuel-based plastics.

To reduce significantly the production costs low-cost raw materials are used, (e.g., cellulosic waste) and a sustainable process which most efficiently converts these feedstocks to the product, L-lactic acid (2nd generation L-lactic acid). Such technology development has been initiated and carried out by Direvo Industrial Biotech GmbH in Cologne. BluCon Biotech GmbH now drives the commercialization of this technology by modern strain and bioprocess engineering.

The unique technology of BluCon Biotech GmbH enables consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of lignocellulosic feedstocks to L-lactic acid using thermophilic bacteria in a one step process. Our aim is to exclusively use cheap non-food cellulosic or lignocellulosic feedstock and to create a 2nd generation L-lactic acid process, thus to convert waste to value.

Besides developing BluCon technology to commercial stage, BluCon Biotech GmbH serves as a platform to acquire further technologies in the field of applied biotechnology. With its core team, the company shows outstanding expertise in microbiology of extremophilic bacteria, in strain and process development and in project management. It is very well connected both in Germany and internationally.

=== Cetaqua Galicia ===

{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Cetaqua Galicia|Country=Spain|Contact=anton.taboada@cetaqua.com|Technology name=TCP (The Carboxylic Platform)|Webpage=https://www.cetaqua.com/|TRL=7|Aeration=No (Anaerobic technology)|Capacity=0.43 - 0.63|Agitator=Pitched blade agitator|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, stirring speed, feed rates and moisture.|Microorganism=Anaerobic open mixed culture (uncontrolled)|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Biosafety lavel=1|Feedstock=Seawage sludge or urban biowaste|Product=Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid.|Image=LogoCetGal.png}}

Cetaqua Galicia is a public-private research centre founded in 2011 by Viaqua, the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) and the Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CESIC). Through our three lines of research, we have positioned ourselves as a benchmark centre, at regional, national and European level, in the application of scientific knowledge to the water cycle, especially the fields of wastewater treatment and production and recovery of high value-added by-products in waste water.

Within the biofactory line, the Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) production technology from urban sewage sludge and urban biowaste has been developed. The technologies was validated on a laboratory scale in 2020, and two pilot prototypes were designed and built. The first one installed at Conservas Dardo to recover industrial wastewater from the canning industry, and the second at the Ourense wastewater treatment plant for the recovery of sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants. In addition, this project is currently preparing innovation proposals for the development of the corresponding patents for the VFA line.

=== Holiferm ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Holiferm|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=Joana Pereira (info@holiferm.com)|Technology name=Fermentation intensification and in-line separation|Webpage=https://holiferm.com/|TRL=1-9|Capacity=Lab scale to pilot (600 L)|Biosafety lavel=Up to biosafety level 2|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic, anaerobic|Agitator=Rushton|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen, etc.|Microorganism=Bacteria and yeast|Feedstock=Vegetable oil and sugar streams|Product=Biosurfactants (other biomolecules in the future)|Reactor material=Glass (lab scale), stainless steel (pilot and commercial)|Other=https://www.linkedin.com/company/holiferm/|Image=Holiferm-Logo.jpg}}

Holiferm develops holistically improved fermentation technology and processes to deliver massive economic improvements, with biosurfactants being the initial focus. Holiferm’s patented integrated gravity separation and fermentation technology is a plug and play system that increases fermentation process productivity by three to four times, reducing production costs by more than 50% and enabling low cost production of biosurfactants: renewable, biodegradable and mild alternatives to the petrochemical derived surfactants used in household cleaning, laundry and personal care products. Holiferm is dedicated to the commercialisation of economic biosurfactant production processes, providing a complete platform technology for production, isolation and purification, enabling significant market disruption and growth.

=== Nature's Principles ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Nature’s Principles B.V.|Country=The Netherlands|Contact=ir. Jerry Chen
Business Developer
info@naturesprinciples.eu
+31 6 3972 3401|Webpage=https://naturesprinciples.eu/|Feedstock=corn, sugar beet and sugar cane based feedstocks, to waste cellulose, lignocellulose, inulin or starch-based residual streams, pectin, any sugar-rich feedstock (juice from grass or tropical plants etc.)|Product=L-lactic acid and other organic acids|Image=Logo_NP_Whitebackground.jpg|Technology name=Biorefinery|TRL=5-6|Aeration=not disclosed|Biosafety lavel=not disclosed|Microorganism=not disclosed|Capacity=>100 m3 fermentor volume|Agitator=Not disclosed|Controlled parameters=Not to be given|Reactor material=Not disclosed|Other=Looking for feedstock providers}}
Nature’s Principles started as an innovative PhD project at Delft University of Technology, in The Netherlands. The lab experiments proved great results using mixed culture fermentation, which used Principles of Nature to make the microorganisms satisfied and productive, as opposed to genetically engineering them in a lab. We are now running the pilot scale production and will be ready soon for commercial volumes. Nature’s Principles is ready to face the challenge of making bio-based chemicals viable and circular at the same time.
=== Nosh.bio ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Nosh.bio|Country=Germany|Contact=info@nosh.bio|Webpage=https://www.nosh.bio/|Technology name=Sustainable functional ingredients for the food industry|TRL=5|Aeration=Yes|Biosafety lavel=1|Microorganism=Filamentous fungi|Agitator=Pneumatically agitated (e.g., airlift)|Feedstock=Several|Product=High quality functional microbial biomass|Capacity=Not disclosed|Controlled parameters=Not disclosed|Reactor material=Not disclosed|Image=Nosh_biofoods_black_(002).png}}

Nosh Biofoods produce technical-functional ingredients and nutritional protein by exploring the natural microbial biodiversity, using proprietary fermentation and mild downstream processing technologies.
=== NovelYeast bv ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=NovelYeast bv|Agitator=Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Other=Construction of cell factories with recombinant DNA technology|Reactor material=Glass|Microorganism=Saccharomyces cerevisiae, other yeast species, Trichoderma|Controlled parameters=Standard parameters|Biosafety lavel=BSL-1|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic|Webpage=https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/|Capacity=Lab-scale|TRL=3-5|Technology category=Industrial fermentation|Technology name=Yeast fermentation to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Protein production|Contact=johan.thevelein@novelyeast.com|Country=Belgium|Product=Biofuels and bio-based chemicals, proteins, specialty sugars, specialty chemicals}}
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide.

=== PERSEO Biotechnology SL ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=PERSEO Biotechnology SL|Country=Spain|Contact=informacion@perseobiotech.com|Webpage=https://www.perseobiotech.com/|Technology name=PERSEO Bioethanol ®|TRL=7 - 8|Capacity=1000|Aeration=If needed. Currently under anaerobic conditions.|Agitator=Vertical stirrers|Biosafety lavel=High, no dangerous biological material used.|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen.|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Feedstock=Biodegradable waste (OFMSW, agro-industrial waste, cellulosic waste, etc.)|Product=Advanced Bioethanol + CO2+ valuable organic byproduct|Image=PERSEO_Biotechnology_logo.jpg|Microorganism=Yeasts and bacteria|Other=not applicable}}
PERSEO Biotechnology SL is a Spanish SME with track experience and know-how in the development of biotechnological processes, which range from the development phase at the laboratory level to the industrial upscaling of the process and its demonstration. Likewise, PERSEO Biotechnology offers complementary services to assess the feasibility and the scalability of the biotechnological processes.

PERSEO Biorefinery has its own laboratories and a versatile semi-industrial plant (L’Alcudia, Valencia, Spain) with a treatment capacity up to 25 tons / day of organic waste whose objective is to develop, test and validate biotechnological processes to generate bioproducts and bioenergy, integrating all R&D services for the global recovery of organic waste.

PERSEO Bioethanol® (<nowiki>http://www.perseobiotech.com</nowiki>) is a patented and innovative technology to convert organic waste, such as biodegradable municipal solid waste, horticultural waste, agro-industrial waste, HORECA channel or paper and cardboard, mainly into '''advanced bioethanol''', to be used as liquid biofuel or as raw material for the chemical industry, and in other '''bioproducts''' with high potential in the chemical industry (bioproducts from the fermentation of sugars, biosurfactants, biofertilizers or in biomethane by anaerobic digestion).

PERSEO Bioethanol® is a patented biotechnological process compatible with current existing waste treatment plants, under the concept of an '''integrated biorefinery'''. It is adaptable to each process and to the needs of each client. The process can be integrated as a previous recovery stage in existing plants, including incineration, anaerobic digestion or composting, increasing the value chain of waste treatment and significantly '''improving the economic and environmental results''' of waste management.

=== Sophie's BioNutrients (sophiesBionutrients) ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Sophie's BioNutrients|Biosafety lavel=1|Reactor material=not relevant|Controlled parameters=not relevant|Agitator=not relevant|Aeration=not relevant|Capacity=not relevant|Microorganism=chlorella vulgaris|Feedstock=spent grains, okara, molasses|Image=SophiesBioNutrients_Logo.jpg|TRL=6|Technology name=Fermentation of microalgae|Product=Chlorella Protein Concentrate|Webpage=https://sophiesbionutrients.com|Contact=Eugene Wang; eugene@sophiesbionutrients.com|Country=Netherlands|Other=https://www.linkedin.com/company/sophie-s-bionutrients/}}

The next generation of future food with single cell protein such as micro-algae is a scalable and sustainable source of protein for human consumption. A Sophie’s Bionutrients, we grow micro-algae inside of bio-reactors. This process can be precisely controlled to produce protein in a matter of days. We use limited amount of water and local food waste to produce micro-algae protein within metropolitan areas in many parts of the globe. In addition we can generate whole-algae ingredients in a variety of food application in plant based meat and functional food.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B87%5D=87&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Polymerisation

2023-03-17T10:57:39Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Vertimass */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Polymerisation|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Chemical_processes_and_technologies|Chemical processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=Single molecules, monomers|Product=Polymers (polyolefins, polycondensates)}}

<onlyinclude>'''Polymerisation''' (''polymerization in American English'') is the process of reaction smaller molecules, i.e. monomers, together into a chain or network, i.e. a polymer. There are many forms of polymerisation reactions. A common distinction is between '''homopolymers''', where one type of monomer forms the polymer, and '''co-polymers''', where multiple different monomers make up the polymer. A well-known application of polymers is in plastics. However, polymerisations can also lead to smaller chains, known as oligomers, which are for example used as plasticisers and lubricants.</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
=== Origin and composition ===
Several bio-based feedstock options have been explored for the production of bio-based polymers. Lignin can be depolymerised and the obtained products can be used as monomers. Ethanol from sugar fermentations can be processed to produce ethylene, a common feedstock for polymerisations to different polymers. Fatty acids can be used in long-chain linear aliphatic polymers. Other biomass feedstock includes CO2, terpenes, and furfural.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Sustainable polymers from biomass: Bridging chemistry with materials and processing|year=2020-02-01|journal=Progress in Polymer Science|volume=101|page=101197|doi=10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101197|author=Zhongkai Wang, Mitra S. Ganewatta, Chuanbing Tang}}</ref>

=== Pre-treatment ===
The pre-treatment of the feedstock for polymerisation is depending on the specific process and feedstock used. In principal, the feedstock is converted to a building block like ethylene, propylene, styrene or others in a first step and then polymerised in a catalytic process. High purity of the feedstock is crucial for successful polymerisation reactions, which are highly susceptible to pollutants, often leading to lower polymerisation grades or smaller polymerisation chains.

==Process and technologies==
[[File:Polystyrene formation.PNG|thumb|right|400px|An example of '''alkene polymerization''', in which each styrene monomer's double bond reforms as a single bond plus a bond to another styrene monomer. The product is polystyrene.]]

There has been signifcant effort to produce polymers from biomass rest streams. The key challenge lies in producing materials that have comparable or improved properties to their fossil-based counterparts. The right processing, which is often neglected by chemists, plays a crucial role in enhancing the material properties.<ref name=":0" /> The specific technologies are depending on the types of polymer, but normally do not differ from conventional polymerisation processes in case of drop-in polymers like bio-based PE, PP, PET and others.

:[[File:PLA from lactic acid & lactide.png|thumb|center|300px|Two main routes from lactic acid to PLA]]

; Some examples for polymerisation of (bio-based) monomers:
* Ethylene --> Polyethylene
* Propylene --> Polypropylene
* Lactic acid --> Polylactic acid (PLA)
* Laurinlactam --> Polyamid PA12

==Product==
[[File:Sweets packaging made of PLA-Blend Bio-Flex.jpg|thumb|120px|Confectionery packaging made of PLA-blend bio-flex]]
[[File:Bottle made from Cellulose Acetate Biograde.JPG|thumb|120px|Bottles made from cellulose acetate biograde]]
Three critical processes to obtain sustainable bio-based polymers are the conversion of lignin monomers to polymers, the production of bio-based polyolefins, for example from ethylene via the ethanol route, and the production of long-chain aliphatic polycondensates, which can be obtained from fatty acids.<ref name=":0" />

=== Post-treatment ===
Normally the resulting polymers are compounded to plastics with different kinds of additives like plasticizers or others or post-processed to reach their aimed properties. In case of plastics the material normally is melted and extruded to pellets for the further processing.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Catalyst
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Residence time [h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Polymerisation#B4Plastics|B4Plastics]]
| Belgium
| -
| Polymerisation
| 4-5
| 1
| -
| -
| -
|
|
|-
| [[Polymerisation#Vertimass|Vertimass]]
| USA
| -
| CADO (Consolidated alcohol dehydration and oligomerization)
| 9
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
|
|}

=== B4Plastics ===
{{Infobox provider-polymerisation|Company=B4Plastics|Country=Belgium|Contact=contact@b4plastics.com
+32(08)9231131|Webpage=https://b4plastics.com|Technology name=Polymerisation|TRL=4-5|Capacity=Gram to ton scale. Lab scale: 10g – 1kg. Pilot equipment: multi-kg scale. Multipurpose plant: ton scale production as of 2023. Between 1-100 kg/h|Catalyst=not relevant|Residence time=not relevant|Temperature=not relevant|Feedstock=bio-based building blocks|Product=Fortan (strong sustainable alternatives for PAs), Rubran (sustainable elastomers to substitute TPEs)|Other=Service: Biomaterial R&D excellence center. Polymer Architects, that design …|Image=Logo_B4Plastics.png}}

B4Plastics is a Polymer Architecture company, catalyzing the introduction of novel biomaterials, and growing them from niche to bulk applications. As an architect creates your dream house, we create your dream plastic. For your application, we design the dream material. Striking the best balance between functionality, ecology and cost. We prototype fast; we hit accurately. Your new polymer ambitions are in the hands of a team of biobased materials masters and experts – uniquely educated to create new material value chains, from the field to your product, and back. Our solutions did not yet exist. We create with you, and for you. And for this world.

=== Senbis ===
{{Infobox provider-polymerisation|Company=Senbis|Country=The Netherlands|Contact=info@senbis.com|Webpage=https://www.senbis.com/}}
Senbis has two company activities, namely providing third party research to the plastic industry and producing and selling our own developed sustainable products. Our own products are made out of biodegradable plastics made for applications that have a high likelihood of ending up in nature, where they cause lasting harm to our environment.

Senbis is the continuation of the former R&D department of Akzo Nobel. The combination of decades of experience in fiber and yarn development, the flexibility of a start-up, and extensive modernized lab and pilot plant facilities give us unique innovation potential. We expect to grow our business in the coming years. The public discussion around the plastic soup is becoming more intense and so will the legislation around the sustainable use of plastics.

=== Vertimass ===
{{Infobox provider-polymerisation|Company=Vertimass|Webpage=https://www.vertimass.com/|Country=USA|Technology name=CADO (Consolidated alcohol dehydration and oligomerization)|Technology category=Chemical processes|TRL=9|Feedstock='Wet' ethanol|Product=Jet fuel, biodiesel}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=102&field_technology_area_target_id%5B94%5D=94&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
*[[:en:Polymerization|Polymerization]] in Wikipedia

<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Composting

2023-03-09T08:30:54Z

Tanja Meyer:

{{Infobox technology
| Picture = Tech4Biowaste.png
| Feedstock = [[Biowaste]] in general, [[Food waste]], [[Garden and park waste]] (wood, leaves)
| Product = [[Compost]]
|Name=Composting|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Composting''' is a biological process in which micro-organisms convert organic matter such as plant and animal scraps into soil-like material called [[compost]]. Compost is easier to handle than manure and other raw organic materials, stores well and is odor-free. Composting is an ancient technology, practiced today at every scale from the backyard compost pile to large commercial operations.

'''Bioremediation'''

Bioremediation is different from composting. This techniques are destruction techniques to stimulate the growth of micro-organisms, using the contaminants as a food and energy source. These techniques have been successfully used to remediate soils/sludges & groundwater contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, wood preservatives, and other organic chemicals. Oxygen, water & nutrients are added, and the temperature and pH are controlled. The rate microorganisms degrade the contaminants is influenced by: the specific contaminants present, their concentrations, the oxygen supply, moisture, temperature, pH, nutrient supply, bio-augmentation, and co-metabolism. Micro-organisms can be adapted to degrade specific contaminants or enhance the process.

</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Composts can be made from most organic by-products. Common feedstocks are poultry, hog and cattle manures, food processing wastes, sewage sludge, municipal leaves, brush and grass clippings, sawdust, and other by-products of wood processing.

Ideally, several raw materials should be mixed together to create the "ideal" range of conditions, which are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Condition
!Ideal
|-
|C:N ratios of combined feedstocks
|25-35:1
|-
|Moisture content
|45-60 wt.%
|-
|Available oxygen concentration
|>10% or more
|-
|Feedstock particle size
|Variable
|-
|pH
|6.5-8.0
|-
|temperature
|54-60°C
|}

=== Pre-treatment ===
The pre-treatment usually starts with a [[sizing]] activity by [[Sizing#Chipping|chipping]] the feedstock and subsequently the necessary structural material is mixed in. The purpose of the structural material is to prevent the organic material from caking together. The feedstock mixture is also stripped of metals by means of an electromagnet. In preparation for intensive ripening, a homogeneous airy material is obtained.

== Process Composting ==
Composting occurs through the activity of micro-organisms naturally found in soils. Under natural conditions, earthworms, nematodes and soil insects do most of the initial mechanical breakdown of organic materials into smaller particles. Under controlled conditions, composters break down large particles through grinding or chopping. Once optimal physical conditions are established, soil bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and protozoa colonize the organic material and initiate the composting process. These mesophilic organisms function best at warm temperatures (10-45°C). As temperatures in the compost pile increase, thermophiles (i.e., micro-organisms that thrive at temperatures above 45°C) take over. In the active "thermophilic" phase, temperatures of 54-65°C are reached which is high enough to kill pathogens and weed seeds and to break down phytotoxic compounds (i.e., organic compounds toxic to plants). After the active composting phase, temperatures gradually decline to around 37°C. The mesophiles recolonize the pile and the compost enters the "curing phase". During curing, organic materials continue to decompose and are converted to biologically stable humic substances (i.e., the mature or finished compost). There is no clear defined time for curing. Common practices in commercial composting operations range from one to four months.

=== In-vessel composting ===
In-vessel composting generally describes a group of methods that confine the composting materials within a building, container, or vessel.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Robert Rynk|year=1992|section_title=On-Farm Composting Handbook|editor=Robert Rynk|book_title=Plant and Life Sciences Publishing|publisher=Cooperative Extension|place=June 1992|ISBN=978-0-935817-19-5}}</ref>

=== Open windrow composting ===
The process of windrow composting is relatively simple: The feedstock is shredded, mixed and placed into windrows along a non permeable surface. The windrows are turned on a regular basis to improve oxygen content, distribute heat to regulate temperature and to distribute moisture.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2016|title=Open Windrow Composting|e-pub date=13/12/2016|date accessed=09/03/2023|url=https://wrap.org.uk/resources/guide/open-windrow-composting#:~:text=The%20process%20of%20windrow%20composting,temperature%20and%20to%20distribute%20moisture.}}</ref>

== Process Bioremediation ==
Bioremediation is '''a process where biological organisms are used to remove or neutralize an environmental pollutant by metabolic process'''. The “biological” organisms include microscopic organisms, such as fungi, algae and bacteria, and the “remediation”—treating the situation. Some examples of bioremediation technologies are '''bioventing, landfarming, bioreactor, composting, bioaugmentation, rhizofiltration, and biostimulation.'''

== Product ==
The final product is a valuable soil resource named compost. Compost can replace materials like peat and topsoil as seed starters, container mixes, soil amendments, mulches and natural fertilizers.

=== Post-treatment ===
In post treatment, the compost is screened at small sizes (up to 12 mm) and any remaining impurities are removed. The coarse fraction is reused in composting as a structural material.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable mass [kg]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Composting#Attero|Attero]]
| The Netherlands
| -
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [9
| -
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Composting#Blueotter|Blueotter]]
| Portugal
| -
| Bioremediation
| 4-9
| 3
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Composting#Ekolive|Ekolive]]
|Slovakia, Germany
| -
|Bioremediation, Bioleaching, producing Biostimulants
|4-9
| -
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Composting#Tidy Planet|Tidy Planet]]
|United Kingdom
| -
|Rocket Composter
|9
|20-5000
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Attero ===
{{Infobox provider-composting|Company=Attero|Webpage=https://www.attero.nl/|Country=The Netherlands|TRL=9|Product=Soil amendment, biofuel|Feedstock=OFMSW|Technology category=Biochemical processes|Processable mass=300.000.000}}
Attero is a Dutch industrial scale waste processing company. It has a long history in processing the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), which are further processes at various locations. At first, the OFMSW is digested after which the resulting solid fraction will be composted togther with e.g., twigs. Subsequently, any contaminating component like glas or plastics are removed from the compost using various techniques. The various fractions within the compost are sifted for different applications.

=== Blueotter ===
{{Infobox provider-composting|Company=Blueotter|Country=Portugal|Contact=Tel:. +351 219 499 200
Blueotter CIRCULAR
circular@blueotter.pt|Webpage=https://blueotter.pt/|Technology name=Bioremediation|TRL=4-9|Capacity=totalling 28,000 metric tons per year|Microorganism:=not relevant|Processable mass=28,000 metric tons per year|Other=not relevant|Feedstock=organic waste|Product=recycled and recovered fractions of soil|Image=Blueotter_Logo.png}}
BLUEOTTER provides premium environmental services to its clients and partners through industrial waste recovery and treatment units, operating with maximum environmental responsibility and implementing the best environmental practices and techniques. You may not know the name Blueotter, but you know what we do. We started our group in 2016 when we acquired CITRI and later acquired CME ÁGUAS / PRORESI waste management units, creating a new brand to take waste management to a whole new level of service and environmental progression. In 2019 we expanded further with our acquisition of the non-hazardous activities of EGEO GROUP, renaming it BLUEOTTER CIRCULAR. With this latest acquisition, we can provide our customers more services, including recycling, municipal waste, and sanitation services. We operate on a national level, from Trofa to Algarve. Our goal is to follow the best environmental and management practices in waste sorting and recycling; organic waste treatment; and processing and preparing alternative fuels from waste. We are committed to responding to society´s needs with the best environmental solutions while safeguarding natural resources.

=== Ekolive ===
{{Infobox provider-composting|Company=ekolive s.r.o.|Country=Slovakia /Germany|Contact=mail: ekolive(at)ekolive.eu
phone: +49 5251 297 219 0|Webpage=https://ekolive.eu|Technology name=Bioremediation, Bioleaching, producing Biostimulants|TRL=4-9|Capacity=technology provided without limitations|Microorganism:=Bacteria mix - microlive®|Processable mass=technology provided without limitations|Other=InnoBioTech® for Bioremediation, Bioleaching|Feedstock=Contaminated soil / Minerals|Product=Technology used: InnoBioTech® {{!}} Bacteria used: microlive® {{!}} Nutrition for bacteria: ekocomplex®|Image=Logo_cropped-ekolive-2048x689.png}}

''ekolive'' is the first and '''leading provider of an EU/ETV certified eco-innovative bioleaching method (''InnoBioTech®'')''' for processing waste/minerals/soil using bacteria. This allows new raw material resources to be explored or giving various industrial waste a second life, replacing dangerous mining and processing methods, environmental hazards to be sustainable eliminated, and biostimulants/organic fertilizers to be produced – to replace agrochemicals and increase yields in organic farming as well as to restore the microbiome in the soil. ''ekolive'' is ecological, innovative, value-adding; the breadth and contribution of it’s innovative technology to achieving global sustainability goals is exceptional.

=== Tidy Planet ===
{{Infobox provider-composting|Company=Tidy Planet Limited|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=Huw Crampton|Webpage=https://tidyplanet.co.uk/|Technology name=Rocket Composter|TRL=9|Capacity=20-5000|Microorganism:=Thermophilic|Processable mass=Green wastes, animal wastes, food wastes|Other=|Feedstock=Food Waste|Product=Compost|Image=TidyPlanetLogo.jpg}}

Tidy Planet present the widest range of on-site food waste recycling products on the market, tested and manufactured to the highest quality standards here in the UK – tackling on-site, commercial food waste.

The Rocket Composter is a robust, high quality machine that processes commercial scale food waste and green waste on site, using natures own process of composting. Though Tidy Planet’s range of Rocket Composters go from 20kg up to 5000kg per day, they all follow the same basic principles, optimising and speeding up the natural composting process. Food, green or animal wastes are loaded into the machine over the course of the day, along with woodchip to provide essential carbon and help with aeration. Then, naturally occurring microbes within the process get to work, with the Rocket adding gentle aeration and mixing with controlled air flow to help them thrive. After only 10-14 days, the organic waste comes out of the other end of the machine converted into a valuable resource, an end to end process with minimal energy consumption and maximum environmental benefit.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[[File:Pilots4U Database Logo 0.png|thumb]]
Here we make the link to the Europe-wide network & database of open access multipurpose pilot and demo infrastructures for the European bio-economy.

Unfortunately the Pilots4U database doesn't contain shared facilities for the technology of composting. There is, however, a selection for anaerobic digestion: [https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=101&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Anaerobic digestion

2023-03-09T08:20:11Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Process */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Anaerobic digestion|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=[[Biowaste]] in general, [[Food waste]], [[Garden and park waste]] (wood, leaves)|Product=Biogas and digestate}}
<onlyinclude>'''Anaerobic digestion''' is a process through which micro-organisms break down organic matter, such as animal manure, wastewater biosolids, and food wastes, in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic digestion intended for biogas production takes place in a sealed tank (called an anaerobic digester), which is designed and constructed in various shapes and sizes specific to the site and feedstock conditions. These sealed vessels contain complex microbial communities that break down the waste and produce biogas and digestate (i.e., the solid and liquid material end-products of the process). The biogas can be used as a source of energy. The remaining digestate can be used as a fertiliser, or it can be post-treated according to its intended use, e.g. by drying or composting to use it as a soil improvement agent.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==
=== Origin and composition ===
Multiple organic materials can be combined in one digester, a practice called co-digestion. Co-digested materials include, amongst others, manure, food waste, energy crops, crop residues, and fats, oils, and greases (FOG) from restaurant grease traps.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Biomass is first separated from impurities as stones and glass. An agitator provides a good mixing between different biomass types to avoid strong changes in composition. The feed is a stirrable mixture and the dry matter content may be a maximum of 15-20% of the slurry. Co-substrates are often reduced in size by shredding before they are fed in order to make the contact surface of the biomass as large as possible.

For residual flows from the food industry, crop residues and manure, thermal and chemical pre-treatments are mainly applied. The most important effects of thermal pre-treatment are: reducing particle size, increasing solubility and improve the biodegradability. Additional advantages of thermal pre-treatment are: (1) higher loading of the digester is possible, (2) lower viscosity of the treated material which results in lower energy input for mixing the digester, (3) improved dewaterability of digestate and (4) sanitised product.

The following pre-treatments may be considered :

* [[Membrane filtration]]
*[[Sieving]]
* [[Sizing]] (e.g. chipping, grinding)
* Thermal pre-treatment

== Process and technologies ==
=== Process ===
There are three basic anaerobic digestion processes, namely psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic, which take place over different temperature ranges. Psychrophilic digestion is a low temperature (<20°C) process. Mesophilic digestion takes place between 20 and 45°C, which can take a month or two to complete, and thermophilic digestion between 45 and 65°C, which is faster, but its micro-organisms are more sensitive. The majority of the agricultural biogas plants are operated at mesophilic temperatures. Thermophilic temperatures are applied mainly in large-scale centralised biogas plants with co-digestion<ref>{{Cite web|year=2021|title=Anaerobic digestion|e-pub date=2021|date accessed=6/9/2021|url=https://www.eubia.org/cms/wiki-biomass/anaerobic-digestion/}}</ref>. The process of anaerobic digestion takes place through four successive stages: hydrolysis, fermentation, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Junye Wang|year=2014|title=Decentralized biogas technology of anaerobic digestion and farm ecosystem: opportunities and challenges|journal=Fronties in Energy Research|volume=2|page=|doi=10.3389/fenrg.2014.00010}}</ref> In the hydrolysis step, the feedstock is broken down into soluble substrates (e.g., sugar and amino acids) by enzymes. Fermentation involves the conversion of sugar, amino acids, and fatty acids into ammonia, organic acids, hydrogen (H2) and CO2. In the acetogenesis step, volatile fatty acids are broken down into acetic acids, CO2 and H2. Finally, methanogenesis step converts acetate, formaldeyde, and H2 to CH4 and water<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jay N. Meegoda, Brian Li, Kush Patel, Lily B. Wang|year=2018|title=A review of the Processes, Parameters, and Optimization of Anaerobic Digestion|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=15|page=|doi=10.3390/ijerph15102224}}</ref>.
[[File:Anaerobic stages.png|thumb|Simplified scheme of pathways in anaerobic digestion (not own work)]]

Usually, the produced biogas must be dried and drained for condense water and biological or chemical cleaned for H2S, NH3 and trace elements. Further upgrading of the biogas to increase the CH4 content could be realized by membrane separation of CO2 and pressurising the biogas.

A main distinction between anaerobic digestion (AD) technologies for treatment of municipal and industrial biodegradable wastes is the operating process solids content. '''Wet AD systems operate at low total solids (<10–20% TS) and dry systems have high operating solids (20–>40% TS)'''.<ref>{{Cite web|Author=Eleni Angelonidi, Stephen R. Smith|year=2015|title=A comparison of wet and dry anaerobic digestion processes for the treatment of municipal solid waste and food waste|e-pub date=09/11/2015|date accessed=09/03/2023|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/wej.12130#:~:text=A%20main%20distinction%20between%20anaerobic,%E2%80%93%3E40%25%20TS).}}</ref>
== Product ==
Anaerobic digestion produces two valuable outputs, namely biogas and digestate. Biogas is composed of methane (CH4), which is the primary component of natural gas, at a relatively high percentage (50 to 75%), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), water vapor, and trace amounts of other gases. The energy in biogas can be used like natural gas to provide heat, generate electricity, and power cooling systems. Biogas can also be purified by removing the inert or low-value constituents (CO2, water, H2S, etc.) to generate renewable natural gas (RNG). This can be sold and injected into the natural gas distribution system, compressed and used as vehicle fuel, or processed further to generate alternative transportation fuel or other advanced biochemicals and bioproducts.

The digestate can be used in many beneficial applications provided that is is appropriately treated post processing. This could be in form of animal bedding, nutreint-rich fertilizer, organic-rich compost, or as soil amendment.

=== Post-treatment ===
The remaining digestate can be post-treated according to its intended use, e.g. by drying or composting to use it as a soil improvement agent.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable mass [kg]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: biogas
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Renewable natrual gas (RNG)
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Anaerobic digestion#Biogas Plus|Biogas Plus]]
| The Netherlands
| -
| Compact Plus
| 9
| -
| -
| -
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|
|-
|[[Anaerobic digestion#Biorenewables Development Centre|Biorenewables Development Centre]]
|United Kingdom
| -
|Anaerobic digestion
|4
| -
| -
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|
|
|-
| [[Anaerobic digestion#BioRenGaz|BioRenGaz]]
| France
| -
| Bioreactor
| 7
| -
| -
| -
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Anaerobic digestion#Dranco|Dranco]]
|Belgium
|
|DRANCO Dry anaerobic digestion
| -
|5000
| -
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|
|
|
|-
|[[Anaerobic digestion#Planet Biogas|Planet Biogas]]
|Germany
| -
|PlanET
|9
| -
| -
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|
|}

=== Biogas Plus ===
{{Infobox provider-anaerobic digestion|Company=Biogas Plus|Webpage=https://www.biogasplus.nl|Country=The Netherlands|Reactor=Complete mix digester|Capacity=18.000 tons (input), 320.000 Nm3 green gas/year (output).|Feedstock=Animal Manure|Product=Green gas|TRL=9|Technology name=Compact Plus}}
Biogas Plus is a turnkey supplier of biogas installations. This biogas installation produces biogas through the fermentation of organic (residual) flows, such as manure, unpacked food, sewage treatment sludge or other products. The biogas is then upgraded to renewable gas (green gas / biomethane / RNG) or to green electricity and heat. Biogas Plus offers a variety of installation sizes able to meet the needs of a mid-size farm up to large-scale units (between 50.000 and 300.000 tons of input per year).

=== Biorenewables Development Centre ===
{{Infobox provider-anaerobic digestion|Company=Biorenewables Development Centre|Country=UK|Image=Cropped-logo1.png|Contact=Deborah Rathbone|Webpage=https://www.biorenewables.org/|Technology name=anaerobic digestion|TRL=4|Feedstock=food waste, agricultural wastes, industrial wastes|Reactor=up to 30L}}

The Biorenewables Development Centre )BDC) has anaerobic digestion (AD) facilities that enables new/potential users of AD to characterise their feedstock to establish its suitability for production of high biomethane yields, and also help existing users of AD systems to test modifications or additions to their system. Our facilities comprise;

* Custom built low (3-5%) and high (~25%) solids contents systems: 30 L reaction volume; pH- and temperature-controlled stirred digester units with integral dewatering system to facilitate the continuous addition of high volumes of dilute feedstocks.
* 24 unit biomethane potential analysis (BMP) system
* Hach Lange BOD Trak II for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) analysis
* Hach Lange DR3900 spectrophotometer with HT200 high temperature / high speed digestion unit for measurement of chemical oxygen demand (COD), organic acids, nitrogen, chloride etc
* A range of Hewlett Packard and SRI gas chromatography systems (TCD, FPD, FID and Methanizer detection systems) to measure gas composition
* Thermolyne muffle furnace
* Kern moisture balance
* Hach Lange TOC5 shaker
* Hach Lange Titralab AT1000 titration system
* Portable pH, DO and conductivity systems
* Robot Coupe Blixer 10 VV for sample homogenisation
* Gas detection / oxygen depletion detection system
=== BioRenGaz ===
{{Infobox provider-anaerobic digestion|Company=BioRenGaz|Country=France|Webpage=https://www.biorengaz.com/|Contact=contact@biorengaz.com|Image=BioRenGaz_icone.png|TRL=7|Technology name=Bioreactor}}

BioRenGaz has developed a new patented anaerobic digestion technology that is 4 times more efficient and much more compact than conventional biogas plants thanks to vertical silo design. The anaerobic filter uses a recycled and 100% renewable packing material to replace costly and polluting plastic packing. This medium provides an ecological habitat for the bacteria and enhances their performance. The solution is adapted for the treatment of liquid effluents and the great advantage, unlike other technologies, is that it can also valorize pulpy effluents like biowaste pulp. The bioreactors have lower operational costs and increased energy production by keeping the micro-organisms on the packing material, which allows producing 10% more biogas. The system is modular, so bioreactors can be built from a small scale and easily be expanded as needed. The Solution aims for the optimization of the economic and environmental model of energy and agronomic recovery of biowaste.

=== Dranco ===
{{Infobox provider-anaerobic digestion|Company=DRANCO nv|Country=Belgium|Contact=Bruno Mattheeuws (bm@dranco.be)|Webpage=https://www.dranco.be|TRL=Successful Deployment|Technology name=DRANCO Dry anaerobic digestion|Capacity=>5000|Feedstock=biowaste, SSO, MSW, residual waste, ...|Reactor=2500-5000m³|Image=Logo dranco.png|Product=Digestate and/or high quality compost + biogas}}
DRANCO nv has developed innovative and patented designs for biogas plants, with a pretreatment, digester concept and post-treatment adapted to each type of feedstock. Find out about our 30+ years of experience and our 35 references!

=== PlanET Biogas Group GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-anaerobic digestion|Company=PlanET Biogas Group GmbH|Webpage=https://www.planet-biogas.com|Country=Germany|Technology name=PlanET|TRL=9|Reactor=Complete mix digester (modular)|Feedstock=Animal manure, biogenic waste materials|Product=Green gas, heat & electricity}}
PlanET anaerobic digestion (AD) plants can convert almost all biogenic waste materials into energy, such as slaughterhouse waste, fish processing residuals, animal carcasses, expired food or off-specification batches used in food production as well as agricultural residues, fats and oils. PlanET Biogas’ portfolio covers the whole range of biogas technology and utilization: feeding technology, safety technology, energy concepts, hygienisation, and gas upgrading. PlanET Biogas offers its technology turn-key and provides all after-sale services including biological assistance as well as service and maintenance for all technical equipment. PlanET Biogas has completed 600 AD plants worldwide, from 40 kW liquid manure systems to 3 MW waste to energy plants.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[[File:Pilots4U Database Logo 0.png|thumb]]
Here we make the link to the Europe-wide network & database of open access multipurpose pilot and demo infrastructures for the European bio-economy.

If you are looking for shared facilities that exist for the technology of anaerobic digestion, here is the link to the selection from the Pilots4U database : [https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=101&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Solid state fermentation

2023-03-02T10:35:42Z

Tanja Meyer: /* EsenciaFoods */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Solid state fermentation (SSF)|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=[[Food waste]], [[garden and park waste]]|Product=Food products (e.g., citric acid, natto, sake, tempeh), biocides}}
<onlyinclude>Solid state fermentation (SSF) is a type of fermentation with a low water content in the substrate. The solid substrate is inoculated with the culture and the cultivation is mostly performed under controlled conditions, such as controlled temperature, light and humidity. Nutrient levels, C/N ratio, feedstock-to-inoculum ratio, pH and mixing can also be controlled.<ref name=":0" /> SSF is "a traditional cultivation technique of food technology and involves all cultivations of microorganisms on a solid substrate without free liquid phase."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Dr. Susanne Steudler, Dr. Anett Werner, Dr. Jay J. Cheng|year=2019|book_title=Solid state fermentation : research and industrial applications|publisher=Springer International Publishing|place=Cham|ISBN=978-3-030-23675-5}}</ref> Besides traditional food processing methods, solid state fermentation is also used for the industrial production of a diverse range of other products, such as enzymes, biogas, pigments, and antibiotics. SSF can be applied in many different fields, for example food and aroma production, production of medicines, waste treatment or environmental technology. One example of a traditional solid state fermentation is the production of Sake (a Japanese alcoholic beverage from rice). The polished and cooked rice serves as the solid substrate of the first fermentation step in the Sake production process. It is inoculated with Kōji-kin (''Aspergillus oryzae'') spores.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Genomics of Aspergillus oryzae: Learning from the History of Koji Mold and Exploration of Its Future|year=2008-8|author=Masayuki Machida, Osamu Yamada, Katsuya Gomi|journal=DNA Research: An International Journal for Rapid Publication of Reports on Genes and Genomes|volume=15|issue=4|page=173–183|doi=10.1093/dnares/dsn020}}</ref> ''A. orizae'' is a fungus which converts the starch from the rice to sugar. After this solid state fermentation, a liquid state fermentation step follows during which yeast converts the sugar to ethanol.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Solid state fermentation is especially suitable for the cultivation of filamentous organisms, like ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, but also for various yeasts and bacteria.<ref name=":0" /> A diversity of microorganisms can be used for SSF and therefore a wide range of substrates can be used as feedstock.

==== Food products ====
[[File:Tempeh tempe.jpg|alt=Picture showing fresh tempeh at the market in Jakarta, Indonesia – traditionally wrapped in banana leaves|thumb|Fresh tempeh at the market in Jakarta, Indonesia – traditionally wrapped in banana leaves]]
As described above, the feedstock can be a food product, as rice or wheat bran. Another traditional food product produced by SSF is Tempeh, cooked soy beans fermented by different ''Rhizopus'' fungi. Soy beans are also fermented by ''Bacillus subtilis ssp. natto'' to create a food product called Nattō. Other substrates can also be used, as tofu dregs (okara), coconut dregs, different cooked beans and peanuts.

==== Agro-industrial residues ====
Agro-industrial residues such as cassava bagasse are for example used for the production of citric acid via SSF.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Citric acid production by solid-state fermentation on a semi-pilot scale using different percentages of treated cassava bagasse|year=2005-12|author=F. C. Prado, L. P. S. Vandenberghe, A. L. Woiciechowski, J. A. Rodrígues-León, C. R. Soccol|journal=Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering|volume=22|issue=4|page=547–555|doi=10.1590/s0104-66322005000400007}}</ref> Citric acid is industrially produced by using the filamentous fungus ''Aspergillus niger''. A wide range of agro-industrial residues can be used for the production of citric acid, such as apple and grape pomace, carrot waste, carob pod, orange and pineapple waste, cassava bagasse, coffee husk, kiwifruit peel, mussel processing wastes, okara (soy residue), rice and wheat bran.<ref name=":1" />

==== Waste streams ====
Solid-state anaerobic digestion (SS-AD) is commonly used to treat waste streams with high solid content such as municipal solid waste and lignocellulosic biomass.<ref name=":0" />

==== Other ====
Wood

=== Pre-treatment ===

==== Additives ====
Biochar

==== Heat ====
Cooking

== Process and technologies ==

=== Solid state bioreactors ===
[[File:Tray bioreactor v2 SSF.png|thumb|Scheme of a tray bioreactor]]
In SSF, the bioreactor provides suitable environment for microorganism growth and biological activity. Bioreactors must be able to hold the media and be sealed well which prevents harmful environment substances from entering the bioreactor. Important parameters in bioreactor design include temperature, oxygen concentration, moisture gradients as well as mixing/agitation, aeration and heat transfer. SSF bioreactor design can be classified into four groups, which can be separated by aeration and mixing type:

* Group 1: unforced aeration, without mixing/agitation (static)
* Group 2: forced aeration, without mixing (static)
* Group 3: unforced aeration, with continuous or intermittent mixing/agitation
* Group 4: forced aeration, with continuous or intermittent mixing/agitation
[[File:Packed bed v2 SSF.png|thumb|Scheme of a packed-bed bioreactor]]

==== Group 1: Tray bioreactors ====
"Tray bioreactors consist of a chamber containing individual trays that can be made of different materials, such as wood, bamboo, metal, and plastic. The trays typically have open tops and perforated bottoms, and are stacked one above another with a space in between to increase the availability of air. The trays are static beds that are mixed infrequently or not at all. Air is provided into the chamber and circulated around the trays with controlled humidity and temperature."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=X. Ge, J. Vasco-Correa, Y. Li|year=2017|section_title=Solid-State Fermentation Bioreactors and Fundamentals|editor=Christian Larroche
Maria Ángeles Sanromán
Guocheng Du
Ashok Pandey|book_title=Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering|publisher=Elsevier|ISBN=9780444636638}}</ref>

==== Group 2: Packed-Bed Bioreactors ====
"Packed-bed bioreactors are typically tubular containers that are packed with particles of substrates and microorganisms and have a perforated bottom to support the packing materials. In a packed-bed bioreactor, packing materials are generally not mixed and forced aeration is provided. The specific design of packed-bed bioreactors varies in the following aspects:

1. The cross-section of the bioreactor may have different shapes.

2. The bioreactor can be vertical, horizontal, or at an angle.

3. Aeration may be provided from either the top or the bottom. Additional aeration can be supplied by inserting a perforated tube inside the bioreactor."<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Rotating drum v2 SSF.png|thumb|Scheme of a rotating drum bioreactor]]

==== Group 3: Rotating drum bioreactors ====
Rotating drum bioreactors mix intermittently without forced aeration, operating on continuous or semi-continuous mode. A rotating drum bioreactor is a horizontal cylinder. The drum is semi-filled with a bed of substrate. The fermented bed cannot be too high and this creates good oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer. Temperature control also depends on the mixing effect of the solid substrate.
[[File:Fluidized bedv2 SSF.png|thumb|Scheme of a gas-solid fluidized-bed bioreactor]]

==== Group 4: Fluidized-bed bioreactors ====
Typically, fluidized-bed reactors are constructed from a vertical chamber with a perforated base plate. Forced aeration is applied at the bottom chamber at sufficient speed to fluidize the solid substrate particles and cause mixing. Also, the bioreactor has an agitator, breaking up agglomerates that can form and settle to the bottom. The bed expands and so enough headspace is needed. The mixture of solid particles and gas will behave like a liquid. The fluidized-bed bioreactor provides a good mixing behavior of gas, solid and liquids.

== Products ==

=== Food products ===

* Citric acid<ref name=":1" />
*Nattō
*Sake
*Tempeh

=== Enzymes<ref>{{Cite journal|author=M.A. Lizardi-Jimenez, R. Hernandez-Martinez|year=2017|title=Solid state fermentation (SSF): diversity of applications to valorize waste and biomass|journal=3Biotech|volume=7|issue=1|page=44|doi=10.1007/s13205-017-0692-y}}</ref> ===

* Polygalacturonase
* α-Amylase
* Lipase
* Protease
* Laccase
*Cellulase
* Etc.

=== Lipids ===

=== Antioxidants ===

=== Biocides ===

=== Post-treatment ===
In order to maximize product yield, downstream strategies play an important role. The choice of downstream strategy is dependent on the type of product. For instance, if the product containts cellulase than the following downstream-based strategies can be used:<ref>{{Cite book|author=Darshan M. Rudakiya|year=2019|section_title=Strategies to Improve Solid-State Fermentation Technology|book_title=New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioenegineering|publisher=Elsevier}}</ref>

* [[Extraction]] (e.g., extraction buffer in case of extracellular cellulase production)
* Purification (e.g., protein precipitation methods, [[chromatography]] and [[Membrane filtration|filtration]])
* [[Crystallisation and precipitation|Crystallization]] (i.e., inactivation and stabilization)

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Food/Feed
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Biocides
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Solid state fermentation#Bosque Foods|Bosque Foods]]
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Solid state fermentation#Citribel|Citribel]]
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Solid state fermentation#EsenciaFoods|EsenciaFoods]]
|Germany, Spain
| -
|Mycelium solid state fermentation
|4
| -
| -
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|
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|[[Solid state fermentation#ICSN-CNRS|ICSN-CNRS]]
|France
| -
|Platotex
|4
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| -
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|}

=== Bosque Foods ===
{{Infobox provider-solid state fermentation}}
Using side streams from the Agri-food Industry allows us to upcycle low-value products into a super ingredient: '''Mycelium!''' We cultivate our pure Mycelium in unique incubators, harvest it and mix in '''natural ingredients''' and '''spices''' to turn it into our '''delicious whole-cuts'''. '''What’s best?''' This process takes less than 10 days, and can take place in an indoor vertical farming set-up, saving space, resources, and bringing it closer to you '''♥'''On your left is a '''mock-up version''' of our process: Agricultural byproduct is mixed with water and inoculated with our Fungi (blue glitter plays the part here!). We put this mixture in our special incubator for a few days, and…Ta-da! : pure '''Mycelium''', ready for harvest!

=== Citribel ===
{{Infobox provider-solid state fermentation}}
Citribel is the only genuinely circular producer of citric acid, citrates, and other high-value co-products through natural surface fermentation of sugar molasses. Sugar molasses, the sidestreams from sugar refineries, make up the primary raw material for our unique natural production process. The molasses serve as the breeding ground for our Citribel fungus. The fungus creates citric acid and mycelium in the fermentation process. Citrates and other components are produced during further downstream processing. We recycle and upcycle our resources in a myriad of ways, generating a multitude of high-quality circular components.

=== EsenciaFoods ===
{{Infobox provider-solid state fermentation|Company=Esencia Foods|Country=Germany, Berlin / Spain, Barcelona|Contact=hello@esenciafoods.co|Webpage=https://esenciafoods.co|Technology name=Mycelium solid state fermentation|TRL=4|Capacity=not relevant|Atmosphere=not relevant|pH=not relevant|Nutrients=not relevant|Pressure=not relevant|Temperature=not relevant|Feedstock=to be determined|Product=edible mycelium biomass|Image=Esencia_Mushroom_Salmon_Hat_-_Orange_-_With_text.png}}
Esencia Foods is Europe's first company recreating the pleasures of fish and seafood with mushroom mycelium fermentation. “My life is about food. As a scientist-chef hybridI want to go beyond creating an ‘alternative product’, but to build products that consumers crave because they are culinary highlights. We want to write a chapter in the History of Food”, says Chief Technology Officer, Bruno Scocozza. “Mycelium solid state fermentation is the perfect technology to build textures and tastes consumers love, while producing at price parity - to make a real impact.”

=== ICSN-CNRS ===
ICSN-CNRS developed a solid-state fermentation unit (called Platotex) that offers 2m(2) of cultivation surface that combines automatic sterilization, cultivation, and drying steps. Platotex is also able to support liquid-state fermentation.{{Infobox provider-solid state fermentation|Company=ICSN-CNRS|Webpage=http://pilotunit.com/technologies/innovative-technology/platotex|Country=France|Technology name=Platotex|TRL=4|Capacity=2 M2 cultivation surface}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B96%5D=96&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

File:Esencia Mushroom Salmon Hat - Orange - With text.png

2023-03-02T10:33:49Z

Tanja Meyer: Uploaded a work by EssenciaFood from EssenciaFood with UploadWizard

=={{int:filedesc}}==
{{Information
|description={{en|1=EssenciaFood}}
|date=2023-03-02
|source=EssenciaFood
|author=EssenciaFood
|permission=
|other versions=
}}

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{logo}}

This file was uploaded with the UploadWizard extension.

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Hydrolysis

2023-02-21T12:34:31Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Hysytech S.R.L. */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Hydrolysis|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Chemical_processes_and_technologies|Chemical processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass|Product=Sugars and organic acids}}
<onlyinclude>'''Hydrolysis''' (/haɪˈdrɒlɪsɪs/; from Ancient Greek ''hydro-'' 'water', and ''lysis'' 'to unbind') is a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions that use water as the reagent.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2002|title=Hydrolysis|e-pub date=2002|date accessed=2021|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis|Author=Wikipedia}}</ref> In lignocellulosic biomass, the cellulose and hemicellulose breaks down into individual sugars. Hemicellulose is easier to hydrolyse than cellulose.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass|year=2010-01-15|author=P. Lenihan, A. Orozco, E. O’Neill, M.N.M. Ahmad, D.W. Rooney, G.M. Walker|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|volume=156|issue=2|page=395–403|doi=10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.061}}</ref> The result of hydrolysing hemicellulose and cellulose are sugars (glucose, mannose, galactose, (C6) and xylose, arabinose (C5)) and organic acids (formic acid and acetic acid).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Sugars and Furfurals Formation|year=2020-04-17|author=Katarzyna Świątek, Stephanie Gaag, Andreas Klier, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, David Steinbach|journal=Catalysts|volume=10|issue=4|page=437|doi=10.3390/catal10040437}}</ref> </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Hydrolysis can be performed as a pretreatment on any biowaste with a high lignocellulose content. Lignocellulose is typically the nonedible part of a plant, composed of a complex of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. Suitable feedstocks include grasses, straw, leaves, stems, shells, manure, paper waste, and others. The ratio between cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin varies wildly depending on the specific feedstock.<ref name=":1" />

=== Structural features ===

==== Cellulose ====
''Explain structure of cellulose''

==== Hemicellulose ====
''Explain structure of hemi-cellulose''

==== Lignin ====
''Explain structure of Lignin''

== Process and technologies ==

=== Chemical hydrolysis===
Chemical pretreatments have been used extensively for removal of lignin surrounding cellulose and for destroying its crystalline structure. Even though chemical pretreatments are usually effective, they have disadvantages which should not be ignored [10]. These include use of specialized corrosion resistant equipment, need for extensive washing, and disposal of chemical wastes. Various chemical methods are discussed under several headings, namely, alkalis, acids, gases, oxidizing agents, cellulose solvents, extraction, and swelling agents.

==== Acid ====
'''Acid hydrolysis''' is a hydrolysis process in which a protic acid is used to catalyze the hydrolysis reaction. Acids are used mainly for hydrolysis of cellulose [10]. A strong acid, such as formic, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, or sulphuric acid can be used in concentrated or diluted form. '''Concentrated acid''' (10-30 %) can penetrate the lignin structure and break down the cellulose and hemicellulose to individual sugars at low temperature and with high yield. Downsides are the high acid consumption and high corrosion potential. These downsides are circumvented with the use of '''diluted acid''' (2-5 %). However, in the latter case, higher temperature is required, which can lead to side product formation such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Alessandra Verardi, Isabella De Bari, Emanuele Ricca and Vincenza Calabrò|year=2012|section_title=Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Status of Processes and Technologies and Future Perspectives|editor=Marco Aurelio Pinheiro Lima and Alexandra Pardo Policastro Natalense|book_title=Bioethanol|publisher=IntechOpen}}</ref>

Acid hydrolysis can be further improved by the addition of salts, such as metal salts or suphite salts. Metals such as aluminium, calcium, copper, iron and zincnc can be used to increase the sugar yield [6]. Similar to [[Pulping and fractionation#Sulphite pulping|sulphite pulping]], sulphites can be added to aid in lignin removal.

===== Sulfuric acid =====
''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== Hydrochloric acid =====
''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== Phosphoric acid =====
''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

==== Alkali ====
'''Alkaline hydrolysis''' refers to hydrolysis reactions using hydroxide, commonly from sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide. The hydroxide breaks down the lignin bonds to make the cellulose more accessible. The reaction proceeds at lower temperature and pressure and residual alkali can be recycled. However, the pretreatment does result in irrecoverable salts in the product.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pretreatment of lignocellulosic sugarcane leaves and tops for bioethanol production|year=2020-01-01|journal=Lignocellulosic Biomass to Liquid Biofuels|page=301–324|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-815936-1.00010-1|author=S. Niju, M. Swathika, M. Balajii|volume=}}</ref>

===== Sodium hydroxide =====
Dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment of lignocellulosic material causes swelling, leading to an increase in internal surface area, decrease in the degree of polymerization, decrease in crystallinity, separation of structural linkages between lignin and carbohydrates, and disruption of the lignin structure [10].

''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== Ammonia =====
Liquid or gaseous ammonia acts as a strong swelling agent for cellulose [1].

''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== Ammonium sulfite =====
Ammonium sulfite is used mainly in a conventional pulping process.

''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

==== Solvent ====
Solvents can be added to improve the hydrolysis process. This is similar to [[Pulping#Dissolving pulp and organosolv|organosolv pulping]], but without the delignification as goal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Biomass pretreatment: Fundamentals toward application|year=2011-11|author=Valery B. Agbor, Nazim Cicek, Richard Sparling, Alex Berlin, David B. Levin|journal=Biotechnology Advances|volume=29|issue=6|page=675–685|doi=10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.005}}</ref>

===== Organosolv (lignin hydrolysis) =====
Organosolv pretreatment is the process to extract lignin from lignocellulosic feedstocks with organic solvents or their aqueous solutions.

In an '''organosolv hydrolysis''' organic solvents are added to the process, usually performed at high temperatures (100-250 °C). This can be combined with a catalyst such as HCl or H2SO4.<ref name=":2" /> For example, in '''acid-acetone''' pre-treatment biowaste is treated with an acid such as phophoric acid and then mixed with pre-cooled acetone.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: Challenges and opportunities|year=2016-01-01|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=199|page=92–102|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.106|author=Amit K. Jaiswal, Rajeev Ravindran}}</ref>

===== Ionic Liquids=====
Ionic liquids are '''solvents''' that can be used for biomass pretreatment, fractionation, and dissolution. During ionic liquid pretreatment, a cellulose-rich fraction can be generated through the degradation and removal of a large portion of lignin and hemicellulose <ref>{{Cite web|Author=Moyer, P., Kim, K., Abdoulmoumine, N. et al.|year=2018|title=Structural changes in lignocellulosic biomass during activation with ionic liquids comprising 3-methylimidazolium cations and carboxylate anions|e-pub date=27/09/2018|date accessed=06/12/2021|url=https://biotechnologyforbiofuels.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13068-018-1263-0}}</ref>

==== Subcritical water ====
Subcritical water hydrolysis (SWH), also called h''ydrothermal liquefaction'', ''hydrothermolysis'', or ''aquathe''rmolysis, has potential for breaking down the cellulose and hemicellulose biopolymers into simple sugars and small molecules. The technique uses water at high temperatures and pressures to keep it in a liquid form. SWH can reduce reaction time and thereby degradation product formation, generates less waste water and lower corrosion requirements.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Subcritical water hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse: An approach on solid residues characterization|year=2016-02-01|author=D. Lachos-Perez, F. Martinez-Jimenez, C. A. Rezende, G. Tompsett, M. Timko, T. Forster-Carneiro|journal=The Journal of Supercritical Fluids|volume=108|page=69–78|doi=10.1016/j.supflu.2015.10.019}}</ref>

=== Enzymatic hydrolysis ===
Enzymatic hydrolysis is a catalytic decomposition of a chemical compound by reaction with water, such as the conversion of lignocellulosic materials, by the addition of specific enzymes.

==== Cellulase enzymes ====
The hydrolysis of cellulose in native lignocellulosic material is slow and is primarily governed by structural features of the lignocellulosic biomass:

1. cellulose present in biomass possesses highly resistant crystalline structure;

2. lignin surrounding the cellulose forms a physical barrier;

3. The sites available for enzymatic attack are limited.

The cellulose present in lignocellulosic materials is composed of crystalline and amorphous components. The amorphous component is more susceptible to enzymatic attack than the crystalline component. The presence of lignin forms a physical barrier for enzymatic attack; therefore, treatments causing disruption of the lignin seal will increase the accessibility of cellulose to enzyme molecules and eventually its hydrolysis rate. The limitation of available sites for enzymatic attack stems from the fact that the average size of the capillaries in biomass is too small to allow the entry of large enzyme molecules; and thus, enzymatic attack is confined to the external surface [10].

Pretreatment, therefore, is an essential prerequisite to enhance the susceptibility of lignocellulosic materilas to enzyme action. An ideal pretreatment would accomplish reduction in lignin content, concommitant with a reduction in crystallinity, and an increase in surface area. The variety of pretreatments can be classified into physical, chemical, and biological depending on the mode of their action [10].

......

==== Hemicellulase enzymes ====
........

==== Ligninolytic enzymes ====
.... (See reference 11)

=== Biological hydrolysis ===
Lignin degradation can also occur through the action of lignin degrading enzymes secreted by microorganisms (e.g. fungi).

== Product==
Hydrolysis is generally performed on cellulose and hemi-cellulose, which results in different sugars: glucose, mannose, and galactose as C6 sugars, and xylose and arabinose asC5 sugars. Next to these, organic acids are often formed in formic acid and acetic acid.

=== Post-treatment ===
Currently no post-treatment has been identified.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Catalyst loading [wt %]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| pH
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reactor
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Residence time [h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Hydrolysis#Biorenewables Development Centre|Biorenewables Development Centre]]
| United Kingdom
|
|Pre-treatment vessel
|5
|
|
|
|12
|Stainless vessel grade
|
|< 180
|
|
|-
| [[Hydrolysis#Hysytech S.R.L.|Hysytech S.R.L.]]
| Italy
|
|Compost hydrolysis
|7
|1 m3/h
|
|
|1
|Continuous reactor, Cone bottom
|
|>60
|
|
|-
|[[Hydrolysis#Lule.C3.A5 University of Technology LTU|Luleå University of Technology LTU]]
|Sweden
|
|Organosolv pre-treatment
|6-7
|0,7 l/min (biomass)
|≤0.25 % sulfuric acid
|
|30
|Continuous organosolv reactor
|
|≤ 230 °C
|
|
|-
|[[Hydrolysis#Valmet%20Oyj|Valmet Oyj]]
|Finland
|
|BioTrac
|9
|800 tonne/day
|
|
|
|Horizontal tube reactor
|
|
|
|
|}

=== Biorenewables Development Centre ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Biorenewables Development Center|Country=United Kingdom|Image=Cropped-logo1.png|Webpage=http://www.biorenewables.org|Contact=Mark Gronnow|Technology name=Pre-treatment vessel|TRL=5|Temperature=up to 180|Processable volume=100|Agitator=variable}}

The Biorenewables Development Centre (BDC) has a range of pre-processing equipment capable of processing a variety of biomass materials. Our custom-made pre-treatment vessel is used for biomass pre-treatments and enzymatic hydrolysis. Our pre-treatmnet vessel is a 100 L stainless steel vessel grade 316L capable of operating at up to 12 bar and around 180 °C, thereby allowing acid, base, peroxide, enzyme, heat, pressure and fibre expansion (aka steam explosion) treatments to be carried out. A variable speed agitator allows for good mixing of the solid and liquid fractions. The vessel is jacketed and heated with Texotherm HT22 oil from an external HTF250e Tricool Thermal Heater. This vessel can be used for the pre-treatment of different types of biomass (e.g. wheat straw, wood and Miscanthus) and the fibre expansion vessel is also capable of doing explosion (i.e. rapid release of the pressure inside the vessel to open the structure of biomass).

=== CENER (ES) ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=CENER BIO2C|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pressure, pH|Feedstock=High flexibility in feedstocks: lignocellulosic feedstocks such herbaceous and woody, considering as well the OFMSW, agri-food waste.|Other=More info: https://www.bio2c.es/biochemical-unit/|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Safety restrictions=no atex, maximum working pressure 2 bar.|Reactor=High solids enzymatic hydrolysis stirred tank reactor.|Processable volume=200L, 3000L|Temperature=20-80ºC (Ambient temperature up to 130 ºC (sterilizable))|Catalyst=Enzymes|Image=Logo-cener-bio2c-english-1.png|Atmosphere=Environment|Agitator=Coaxial Industrial mixer|Capacity=Enzymes|TRL=6-7|Technology name=BIO2C – Enzymatic Hydrolysis|Webpage=https://www.bio2c.es/pretreatment-unit/|Contact=Goizeder Barberena, info@cener.com|Country=Spain|Product=Hydrolysed product}}
'''CENER Biomass Department''' performs applied research activities in the field of biomass, providing R&D services and technical assistance to all agents of the sector. The area is focused on the development & optimization of production processes of bioproducts, solid biofuels, advanced liquid or gaseous biofuels, as well as biorefinery concepts. Indeed, the main pillars are focused on '''solid biofuels, bioprocesses and comprehensive sustainability assessment'''. The main infrastructures in this department include the '''Biomass Laboratory''' (biomass & biofuels characterization and process development at lab scale), as well as the '''Biorefinery and Bioenergy Centre (BIO2C)'''.

=== Hysytech S.R.L. ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Hysytech Srl|Controlled parameters=pH and Temperature|Feedstock=Compost|Safety restrictions=None|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Reactor=Continuous reactor. Cone bottom.|Processable volume=400|Temperature=>60|Atmosphere=Environment|Country=Italy|Catalyst=Base|Capacity=1 m3/h|Agitator=None. Pump recirculation|TRL=7|Technology name=Compost hydrolysis|Webpage=www.hysytech.com|Contact=massimiliano.antonini@hysytech.com; Simone.solaro@hysytech.com; freddy.liendo@hysytech.com|Product=Hydrolyzed product}}

=== Luleå University of Technology LTU ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Luleå University of Technology|Country=Sweden|Contact=Tobias Wretborn tobias.wretborn@ltu.se|Image=DownloadLTU.png|Webpage=https://www.ltu.se/|Processable volume=0,7 l/min (biomass)|Controlled parameters=Pressure, Temperature, Time, Solvent concentration, Solvent to biomass ratio|Atmosphere=Saturated, at pressures up to 30 bar|Capacity=0,7 l/min (biomass)|Reactor material=EN 1.4301|Agitator=Hydraulic augers|Temperature=≤ 230 °C|Catalyst=≤0.25 % sulfuric acid|TRL=6-7|Technology name=Organosolv pre-treatment|Product=Cellulose rich pulp, Lignin and Hemicellulose rich process liquor|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass|Reactor=Continuous organosolv reactor|Safety restrictions=not relevant|Other=not relevant}}
Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering: Humanity faces enormous challenges in the areas of energy, environment, raw materials, water resources and security. By research and education in the areas of mining, civil and environmental engineering, we take responsibility for the development of a sustainable society. We are about 400 people of about 50 nationalities, of which 200 are doctoral students and just over 50 professors. You will find us in the T-pavilion and the C-house on the university campus in Luleå. You will find our Lab activities in the F-house and the C-house. Our research and education are characterized by a strong experimental and applied profile with several large and well-equipped laboratories. All activities are quality assured by our dedicated professors and lecturers in an exclusive and successful collaboration with industry and the public sector. 65% of our research is externally funded and we have well-developed international collaborations with universities in all continents.
=== Valmet Oyj ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Valmet Oyj|Webpage=https://www.valmet.com/|Country=Finland|Technology name=BioTrac|Technology category=Chemical processes and technologies|TRL=9|Capacity=biomass feed up to 800 tonne/day|Reactor=Horizontal tube reactor|Temperature=High|Catalyst=Acidic conditions|Feedstock=All lignocellulosic biomass, including wood and forestry residues, wheat straw, corn stover and bagasse}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B85%5D=85&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />10. The Nature of Lignocellulosics and Their Pretreatments for Enzymatic Hydrolysis L. T. Fan, Young-Hyun Lee and M. M. Gharpuray Department of Chemical Engineering Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66506/U.S.A.

11. Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignin by ligninolytic enzymes and analysis of the hydrolyzed lignin products Sitong Zhang, Jianlong Xiao, Gang Wang, Guang Chen
[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Densification

2023-02-21T12:28:24Z

Tanja Meyer: /* WEIMA */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = All materials
| Product =Biomass with increased density (e.g. pellets or briquettes)
|Name=Densification|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Densification''' is a mechanical method to compress material with a low density, such as [[garden and park waste]] consisting of small pieces or sawdust, to consistent structures via pressure. Binder agents can be used to increase the cohesion of the particles. Densification overcomes biowaste issues with low densities, a low heating value per unit of volume, high dust levels, and a large variety in physical shapes. The process generally produces pellets or briquettes, which have a lower transportation cost and are easy to handle, which enables industrial processing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Treatment technologies for urban solid biowaste to create value products: a review with focus on low- and middle-income settings|year=2017-03|author=Christian Riuji Lohri, Stefan Diener, Imanol Zabaleta, Adeline Mertenat, Christian Zurbrügg|journal=Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology|volume=16|issue=1|page=81–130|doi=10.1007/s11157-017-9422-5}}</ref> [[Pyrolysis]] and [[torrefaction]] can also be seen as forms of densification.</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
Densification is used to pre-treat biomass or other materials such as wood or straw that consists of very small pieces or dust to make it available for processing or combustion. It can also be used as intermediate or final step in a process chain. Compressed compounds can contain various organic materials, including wood, straw, rice husk, bagasse, ground nut shells, municipal solid waste, agricultural waste and others.

=== Pre-treatment ===

* [[Drying]]
* [[Sizing|Grinding]]

Both the drying and grinding pre-treatment are often seen as part of the densification process and therefore no additional pre-treatment is required. The biomass can be pre-heated to increase the stability and density of the pellets or briquettes.<ref name=":0" />

== Process and technologies ==
For the densification process the biomass raw materials are dried and [[Sizing|ground]]. Next, the material is densified into pellets or briquettes via a pressure step. The product is then cooled, screened and bagged. For the densification step there are three main types of processes: extrusion, pelletising, and roll briquetting. In an extrusion process, the material is pushed through a screw or a piston to create small cylindrical shapes. In the pelletising process, the material is is forced through the holes of a perforated cylinder. Finally, for roll briquetting, the material falls between two rollers that rotate in opposite direction to create briquettes.<ref name=":0" />

==Product==
[[File:Wood pellets-small huddle PNr°0108.jpg|thumb|Pellets made of wood]]
The material will leave the densification step as pellets or briquettes. Briquettes are larger and can be made from biomass with larger particles and a higher moisture content without adding a binding agent.<ref name=":0" /> Densification is a pre-treatment process that make biomass dust or small pieces more suitable for following processes. It also is used to compress final products like powdered charcoal to produce pellets or briquettes for burning. The most common application of the product is for domestic heating or industrial fuel.

=== Post-treatment ===

* Cooling
* Screening and bagging

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Compression weight [t]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Format of densified product
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Densification#WEIMA|WEIMA]]
| Germany
| -
| TH Series
| 9
| -
|3900
|Cyclindrical, rectangular
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== CENER (ES) ===
{{Infobox provider-densification|Company=CENER BIO2C|Image=Logo-cener-bio2c-english-1.png|Country=Spain|Contact=Goizeder Barberena, info@cener.com|Webpage=https://www.bio2c.es/pretreatment-unit/|Technology name=BIO2C – Pelletising Plant|TRL=6-7|Capacity=200-700 kg/h production capacity|Compression weight=not relevant|Format of densified product=not relevant|Size (product)=6x16 mm to 6x39 mm|Other=Ad Hoc die designs: pellets diameter, compression ratio, numberof holes, etc. New roller design. More info: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSzeXOrNTnQ|Feedstock=Herbaceous (cereal straw, agro-residues…), woody (pine, poplar, beech, eucalyptus, pawlonia, olive tree pruning…), variety of organic wastes (including low density materials and materials with high content of fines and dust).|Product=Pellets}}
'''CENER Biomass Department''' performs applied research activities in the field of biomass, providing R&D services and technical assistance to all agents of the sector. The area is focused on the development & optimization of production processes of bioproducts, solid biofuels, advanced liquid or gaseous biofuels, as well as biorefinery concepts. Indeed, the main pillars are focused on '''solid biofuels, bioprocesses and comprehensive sustainability assessment'''. The main infrastructures in this department include the '''Biomass Laboratory''' (biomass & biofuels characterization and process development at lab scale), as well as the '''Biorefinery and Bioenergy Centre (BIO2C)'''.

===WEIMA===
{{Infobox provider-densification|Company=WEIMA|Country=Germany|Image=Weima.png|Contact=info@weima.com|Webpage=https://weima.com|TRL=9|Technology name=TH Series|Compression weight=3900|Size (product)=Variable length: 150x60-60x80|Feedstock=Wood chips|Format of densified product=Cyclindrical to rectangular|Product=Wood briquettes}}

WEIMA offers, among other things, shredders, briquette presses and packaging presses. The shredders and compactors are produced in Germany. At the sites in Ilsfeld, Abstatt (Baden-Württemberg) and Annaburg (Saxony-Anhalt), the 300-strong team builds more than 1,200 customer solutions per year on more than 44,000 m² for worldwide use.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Sizing

2023-02-21T12:20:32Z

Tanja Meyer: /* CENER (ES) */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = straws, wood, wastes
| Product =Flowable small-sized biomass
|Name= Sizing|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Sizing''' is a mechanical process that aims to reduce the particle size and crystallinity and to increase the specific surface area of biowaste to promote further processing of the substrate.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Quanguo Zhang, Chao He, Jingzheng Ren, Michael Goodsite|year=2021|book_title=Waste to renewable biohydrogen. Volume 1, Advances in theory and experiments|publisher=Elsevier Inc.|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-821659-0}}</ref> This is achieved by eliminating mass and heat transfer limitation during the required reaction. It is a very efficient technique, but a major drawback is the high energy input.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Muhammad H. Rashid|year=2015|book_title=Electric renewable energy systems|publisher=Elsevier Inc.|place=London, UK|ISBN=978-0-12-800636-8}}</ref> Moreover, sizing makes the biomass easier to handle and allows it to flow. Sizing includes chipping, extrusion, grinding, and milling as base technologies. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Sizing is a pre-treatment technology for nearly all biowaste materials that consist of large particles like straws, wood pieces, plant fibres and other materials. It is needed to prepare smaller particles that can be processed in further steps.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Sizing is often performed as a first step in the process and requires no other pre-treatment. It is, however, not uncommon to first perform a coarse grinding before a fine grinding into smaller particles. Moreover, extrusion and milling are commonly combined with another sizing pre-treatment such as grinding.

== Process and technologies==
Sizing technologies normally are divided into chipping, extrusion, grinding, and milling technologies:

=== Chipping ===
For chipping normally a chipper machine is used that consists of sharp cutting knives, which cut bigger parts into smaller chips. This is used e.g. for wood materials, straws, mixed garden residues and other feedstock that can be cut by a knife. Chippers are susceptible to knife wear from high soil content, metal contamination, rocks and stone, so the base feedstock normally needs to be cleaned before chipping. The size of the resulting materials is typically 10–30 mm after chipping.
=== Extrusion ===
Extrusion is a continuous process that can handle a wide range of feedstocks, including viscous and complex fluids, and powders. The feedstock is heated and forced through an opening called 'die'. The feedstock is forced through the die by one or two screws in a heated barrel, the extruder.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Clive Maier|year=1998|book_title=Polypropylene : the definitive user's guide and databook|publisher=Plastics Design Library|place=Norwich, NY|ISBN=978-0-8155-1867-9}}</ref>
=== Grinding ===
There are two types of grinding: coarse grinding, which can then be followed by fine grinding. Normally a grinder is used to crack bigger parts into smaller particles. The size of the resulting materials is typically 0.2–2 mm. Grinding is achieved by shearing and/or friction and the effect is achieved by multiple comminution in an increasingly narrowing grinding gap, which can usually be varied by axial displacement of a rotor or stator. The frequently tested process variables are screen size, angular velocity, time, feed rate, type, feed size, load, moisture content, and process.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tumuluru JS, Heikkila DJ|year=2019|title=Biomass Grinding Process Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology and a Hybrid Genetic Algorithm|journal=Bioengineering|volume=12|issue=6, no. 1|page=1-12|doi=10.3390/bioengineering6010012}}</ref>
=== Milling ===
[[File:Hammer mill open front full.jpg|alt=Hammer mill|thumb|Hammer mill]]
Milling combines several mechanical stresses, such as compression, friction, impact, and shear. The combination of these stresses reduce the particle size, crystallinity, and degree of polymerisation, making the biowaste more accessible for further processing. However, milling is energy intensive and has a high capital cost. The required energy can be reduced by combining milling with other processes.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ball milling as an important pretreatment technique in lignocellulose biorefineries: a review|year=2021-08-12|author=Yalew Woldeamanuel Sitotaw, Nigus G. Habtu, Abaynesh Yihdego Gebreyohannes, Suzana P. Nunes, Tom Van Gerven|journal=Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery|doi=10.1007/s13399-021-01800-7}}</ref>

== Product ==
Products of sizing processes are chips, small particles or meals that can directly be used for further processing.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Cooling system available
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Sizing#ANDRITZ|ANDRITZ]]
| Austria
| -
| Screening, separating, crushing, and sizing various biomass materials; ATEX shredders, crushers and crushing stations
| -
| -
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Sizing#Mastershred GmbH|Mastershred GmbH]]
| Germany
| -
| Mastershred
| -
| -
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Sizing#WEIMA|WEIMA]]
|Germany
| -
|Holzwolf
|9
| -
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== CENER (ES) ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=CENER BIO2C|Image=Logo-cener-bio2c-english-1.png|Country=Spain|Contact=Goizeder Barberena, info@cener.com|Webpage=https://www.bio2c.es/pretreatment-unit/|Technology name=BIO2C – Sizing Plant|TRL=6-7|Capacity=o Chipper: 22 kW; capacity up to 1000 kg/h.
o Chopper: 55KW; capacity up to 3000 kg/h
o Hammer mill 200-700 kg/h production capacity. Screen size 2-12 mm
o Disc mill 200-700 kg/h production capacity|Size (feedstock)=variable (up to logs, bales… )|Size (product)=variable (up to powder)|Other=More info: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSzeXOrNTnQ|Product=Chipped, chopped and milled biomass|Feedstock=Various Biomass Materiasl: Herbaceous (cereal straw, agro-residues…), woody (pine, poplar, beech, eucalyptus, pawlonia, olive tree pruning…), variety of organic wastes (including low density materials and materials with high content of fines and dust).}}

CENER Biomass Department performs applied research activities in the field of biomass, providing R&D services and technical assistance to all agents of the sector. The area is focused on the development & optimization of production processes of bioproducts, solid biofuels, advanced liquid or gaseous biofuels, as well as biorefinery concepts. Indeed, the main pillars are focused on solid biofuels, bioprocesses and comprehensive sustainability assessment. The main infrastructures in this department include the Biomass Laboratory (biomass & biofuels characterization and process development at lab scale), as well as the Biorefinery and Bioenergy Centre (BIO2C).

===ANDRITZ ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Contact=woodprocessing@andritz.com|Company=ANDRITZ|Country=Austria|Webpage=https://www.andritz.com/group-en|Technology name=Screening, separating, crushing, and sizing various biomass materials; ATEX shredders, crushers and crushing stations|Feedstock=Various biomass materials (e. g. stumps, wood waste, forest residuals, logs, pallets)|Product=}}
'''Andritz''' is an international technology group providing plants, systems, equipment, and services for various industries. The company is one of the technology and global market leaders in the hydropower business, the pulp and paper industry, the metal working and steel industries, and in solid/liquid separation in the municipal and industrial segments. The listed Group is headquartered in Graz, Austria. Since its foundation 170 years ago, Andritz has developed into a Group with approximately 27,400 employees, and more than 280 locations in over 40 countries worldwide.

===Mastershred GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=Mastershred GmbH|Country=Germany
|Contact=Raphael Barth, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-140, Email: barth(at)mastershred.de
Michael Schubert, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-70, Email: schubert(at)mastershred.de
|Webpage=https://mastershred.de/|Image=Mastershred Wort logo.png
|Technology name= Mastershred|Feedstock=mixed biowaste|Product=
- Bio-Liquid for methane production
- dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy|Size (feedstock)= }}

'''Mastershred''' offers a technology to valorize biowaste for energy supply. With a mobile compact plant in the size of a container they use novel shredding and squeezing process to produce three fractions from the biowaste:
*a bio-Liquid for methane production
*pressed material for composting, soil improvement or peat replacement
*dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy
===WEIMA===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=WEIMA|Country=Germany|Contact=info@weima.com|Webpage=https://weima.com|TRL=9|Technology name=Holzwolf|Feedstock=Wood|Product=Wood chips|Image=Weima.png|Size (feedstock)=1875x900x1630-3375x900x1630}}
WEIMA offers, among other things, shredders, briquette presses and packaging presses. The shredders and compactors are produced in Germany. At the sites in Ilsfeld, Abstatt (Baden-Württemberg) and Annaburg (Saxony-Anhalt), the 300-strong team builds more than 1,200 customer solutions per year on more than 44,000 m² for worldwide use.

==Open access pilot and demo facility providers==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B88%5D=88&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]
<references />

Sizing

2023-02-21T12:15:21Z

Tanja Meyer: /* CENER (ES) */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = straws, wood, wastes
| Product =Flowable small-sized biomass
|Name= Sizing|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Sizing''' is a mechanical process that aims to reduce the particle size and crystallinity and to increase the specific surface area of biowaste to promote further processing of the substrate.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Quanguo Zhang, Chao He, Jingzheng Ren, Michael Goodsite|year=2021|book_title=Waste to renewable biohydrogen. Volume 1, Advances in theory and experiments|publisher=Elsevier Inc.|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-821659-0}}</ref> This is achieved by eliminating mass and heat transfer limitation during the required reaction. It is a very efficient technique, but a major drawback is the high energy input.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Muhammad H. Rashid|year=2015|book_title=Electric renewable energy systems|publisher=Elsevier Inc.|place=London, UK|ISBN=978-0-12-800636-8}}</ref> Moreover, sizing makes the biomass easier to handle and allows it to flow. Sizing includes chipping, extrusion, grinding, and milling as base technologies. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Sizing is a pre-treatment technology for nearly all biowaste materials that consist of large particles like straws, wood pieces, plant fibres and other materials. It is needed to prepare smaller particles that can be processed in further steps.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Sizing is often performed as a first step in the process and requires no other pre-treatment. It is, however, not uncommon to first perform a coarse grinding before a fine grinding into smaller particles. Moreover, extrusion and milling are commonly combined with another sizing pre-treatment such as grinding.

== Process and technologies==
Sizing technologies normally are divided into chipping, extrusion, grinding, and milling technologies:

=== Chipping ===
For chipping normally a chipper machine is used that consists of sharp cutting knives, which cut bigger parts into smaller chips. This is used e.g. for wood materials, straws, mixed garden residues and other feedstock that can be cut by a knife. Chippers are susceptible to knife wear from high soil content, metal contamination, rocks and stone, so the base feedstock normally needs to be cleaned before chipping. The size of the resulting materials is typically 10–30 mm after chipping.
=== Extrusion ===
Extrusion is a continuous process that can handle a wide range of feedstocks, including viscous and complex fluids, and powders. The feedstock is heated and forced through an opening called 'die'. The feedstock is forced through the die by one or two screws in a heated barrel, the extruder.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Clive Maier|year=1998|book_title=Polypropylene : the definitive user's guide and databook|publisher=Plastics Design Library|place=Norwich, NY|ISBN=978-0-8155-1867-9}}</ref>
=== Grinding ===
There are two types of grinding: coarse grinding, which can then be followed by fine grinding. Normally a grinder is used to crack bigger parts into smaller particles. The size of the resulting materials is typically 0.2–2 mm. Grinding is achieved by shearing and/or friction and the effect is achieved by multiple comminution in an increasingly narrowing grinding gap, which can usually be varied by axial displacement of a rotor or stator. The frequently tested process variables are screen size, angular velocity, time, feed rate, type, feed size, load, moisture content, and process.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tumuluru JS, Heikkila DJ|year=2019|title=Biomass Grinding Process Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology and a Hybrid Genetic Algorithm|journal=Bioengineering|volume=12|issue=6, no. 1|page=1-12|doi=10.3390/bioengineering6010012}}</ref>
=== Milling ===
[[File:Hammer mill open front full.jpg|alt=Hammer mill|thumb|Hammer mill]]
Milling combines several mechanical stresses, such as compression, friction, impact, and shear. The combination of these stresses reduce the particle size, crystallinity, and degree of polymerisation, making the biowaste more accessible for further processing. However, milling is energy intensive and has a high capital cost. The required energy can be reduced by combining milling with other processes.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ball milling as an important pretreatment technique in lignocellulose biorefineries: a review|year=2021-08-12|author=Yalew Woldeamanuel Sitotaw, Nigus G. Habtu, Abaynesh Yihdego Gebreyohannes, Suzana P. Nunes, Tom Van Gerven|journal=Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery|doi=10.1007/s13399-021-01800-7}}</ref>

== Product ==
Products of sizing processes are chips, small particles or meals that can directly be used for further processing.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Cooling system available
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Sizing#ANDRITZ|ANDRITZ]]
| Austria
| -
| Screening, separating, crushing, and sizing various biomass materials; ATEX shredders, crushers and crushing stations
| -
| -
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Sizing#Mastershred GmbH|Mastershred GmbH]]
| Germany
| -
| Mastershred
| -
| -
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Sizing#WEIMA|WEIMA]]
|Germany
| -
|Holzwolf
|9
| -
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== CENER (ES) ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing}}

CENER Biomass Department performs applied research activities in the field of biomass, providing R&D services and technical assistance to all agents of the sector. The area is focused on the development & optimization of production processes of bioproducts, solid biofuels, advanced liquid or gaseous biofuels, as well as biorefinery concepts. Indeed, the main pillars are focused on solid biofuels, bioprocesses and comprehensive sustainability assessment. The main infrastructures in this department include the Biomass Laboratory (biomass & biofuels characterization and process development at lab scale), as well as the Biorefinery and Bioenergy Centre (BIO2C).

===ANDRITZ ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Contact=woodprocessing@andritz.com|Company=ANDRITZ|Country=Austria|Webpage=https://www.andritz.com/group-en|Technology name=Screening, separating, crushing, and sizing various biomass materials; ATEX shredders, crushers and crushing stations|Feedstock=Various biomass materials (e. g. stumps, wood waste, forest residuals, logs, pallets)|Product=}}
'''Andritz''' is an international technology group providing plants, systems, equipment, and services for various industries. The company is one of the technology and global market leaders in the hydropower business, the pulp and paper industry, the metal working and steel industries, and in solid/liquid separation in the municipal and industrial segments. The listed Group is headquartered in Graz, Austria. Since its foundation 170 years ago, Andritz has developed into a Group with approximately 27,400 employees, and more than 280 locations in over 40 countries worldwide.

===Mastershred GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=Mastershred GmbH|Country=Germany
|Contact=Raphael Barth, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-140, Email: barth(at)mastershred.de
Michael Schubert, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-70, Email: schubert(at)mastershred.de
|Webpage=https://mastershred.de/|Image=Mastershred Wort logo.png
|Technology name= Mastershred|Feedstock=mixed biowaste|Product=
- Bio-Liquid for methane production
- dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy|Size (feedstock)= }}

'''Mastershred''' offers a technology to valorize biowaste for energy supply. With a mobile compact plant in the size of a container they use novel shredding and squeezing process to produce three fractions from the biowaste:
*a bio-Liquid for methane production
*pressed material for composting, soil improvement or peat replacement
*dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy
===WEIMA===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=WEIMA|Country=Germany|Contact=info@weima.com|Webpage=https://weima.com|TRL=9|Technology name=Holzwolf|Feedstock=Wood|Product=Wood chips|Image=Weima.png|Size (feedstock)=1875x900x1630-3375x900x1630}}
WEIMA offers, among other things, shredders, briquette presses and packaging presses. The shredders and compactors are produced in Germany. At the sites in Ilsfeld, Abstatt (Baden-Württemberg) and Annaburg (Saxony-Anhalt), the 300-strong team builds more than 1,200 customer solutions per year on more than 44,000 m² for worldwide use.

==Open access pilot and demo facility providers==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B88%5D=88&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]
<references />

Sizing

2023-02-07T16:31:40Z

Tanja Meyer:

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = straws, wood, wastes
| Product =Flowable small-sized biomass
|Name= Sizing|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Sizing''' is a mechanical process that aims to reduce the particle size and crystallinity and to increase the specific surface area of biowaste to promote further processing of the substrate.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Quanguo Zhang, Chao He, Jingzheng Ren, Michael Goodsite|year=2021|book_title=Waste to renewable biohydrogen. Volume 1, Advances in theory and experiments|publisher=Elsevier Inc.|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-821659-0}}</ref> This is achieved by eliminating mass and heat transfer limitation during the required reaction. It is a very efficient technique, but a major drawback is the high energy input.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Muhammad H. Rashid|year=2015|book_title=Electric renewable energy systems|publisher=Elsevier Inc.|place=London, UK|ISBN=978-0-12-800636-8}}</ref> Moreover, sizing makes the biomass easier to handle and allows it to flow. Sizing includes chipping, extrusion, grinding, and milling as base technologies. </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Sizing is a pre-treatment technology for nearly all biowaste materials that consist of large particles like straws, wood pieces, plant fibres and other materials. It is needed to prepare smaller particles that can be processed in further steps.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Sizing is often performed as a first step in the process and requires no other pre-treatment. It is, however, not uncommon to first perform a coarse grinding before a fine grinding into smaller particles. Moreover, extrusion and milling are commonly combined with another sizing pre-treatment such as grinding.

== Process and technologies==
Sizing technologies normally are divided into chipping, extrusion, grinding, and milling technologies:

=== Chipping ===
For chipping normally a chipper machine is used that consists of sharp cutting knives, which cut bigger parts into smaller chips. This is used e.g. for wood materials, straws, mixed garden residues and other feedstock that can be cut by a knife. Chippers are susceptible to knife wear from high soil content, metal contamination, rocks and stone, so the base feedstock normally needs to be cleaned before chipping. The size of the resulting materials is typically 10–30 mm after chipping.
=== Extrusion ===
Extrusion is a continuous process that can handle a wide range of feedstocks, including viscous and complex fluids, and powders. The feedstock is heated and forced through an opening called 'die'. The feedstock is forced through the die by one or two screws in a heated barrel, the extruder.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Clive Maier|year=1998|book_title=Polypropylene : the definitive user's guide and databook|publisher=Plastics Design Library|place=Norwich, NY|ISBN=978-0-8155-1867-9}}</ref>
=== Grinding ===
There are two types of grinding: coarse grinding, which can then be followed by fine grinding. Normally a grinder is used to crack bigger parts into smaller particles. The size of the resulting materials is typically 0.2–2 mm. Grinding is achieved by shearing and/or friction and the effect is achieved by multiple comminution in an increasingly narrowing grinding gap, which can usually be varied by axial displacement of a rotor or stator. The frequently tested process variables are screen size, angular velocity, time, feed rate, type, feed size, load, moisture content, and process.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tumuluru JS, Heikkila DJ|year=2019|title=Biomass Grinding Process Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology and a Hybrid Genetic Algorithm|journal=Bioengineering|volume=12|issue=6, no. 1|page=1-12|doi=10.3390/bioengineering6010012}}</ref>
=== Milling ===
[[File:Hammer mill open front full.jpg|alt=Hammer mill|thumb|Hammer mill]]
Milling combines several mechanical stresses, such as compression, friction, impact, and shear. The combination of these stresses reduce the particle size, crystallinity, and degree of polymerisation, making the biowaste more accessible for further processing. However, milling is energy intensive and has a high capital cost. The required energy can be reduced by combining milling with other processes.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ball milling as an important pretreatment technique in lignocellulose biorefineries: a review|year=2021-08-12|author=Yalew Woldeamanuel Sitotaw, Nigus G. Habtu, Abaynesh Yihdego Gebreyohannes, Suzana P. Nunes, Tom Van Gerven|journal=Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery|doi=10.1007/s13399-021-01800-7}}</ref>

== Product ==
Products of sizing processes are chips, small particles or meals that can directly be used for further processing.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Cooling system available
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Sizing#ANDRITZ|ANDRITZ]]
| Austria
| -
| Screening, separating, crushing, and sizing various biomass materials; ATEX shredders, crushers and crushing stations
| -
| -
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Sizing#Mastershred GmbH|Mastershred GmbH]]
| Germany
| -
| Mastershred
| -
| -
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Sizing#WEIMA|WEIMA]]
|Germany
| -
|Holzwolf
|9
| -
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== CENER (ES) ===

=== ANDRITZ ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Contact=woodprocessing@andritz.com|Company=ANDRITZ|Country=Austria|Webpage=https://www.andritz.com/group-en|Technology name=Screening, separating, crushing, and sizing various biomass materials; ATEX shredders, crushers and crushing stations|Feedstock=Various biomass materials (e. g. stumps, wood waste, forest residuals, logs, pallets)|Product=}}
'''Andritz''' is an international technology group providing plants, systems, equipment, and services for various industries. The company is one of the technology and global market leaders in the hydropower business, the pulp and paper industry, the metal working and steel industries, and in solid/liquid separation in the municipal and industrial segments. The listed Group is headquartered in Graz, Austria. Since its foundation 170 years ago, Andritz has developed into a Group with approximately 27,400 employees, and more than 280 locations in over 40 countries worldwide.

=== Mastershred GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=Mastershred GmbH|Country=Germany
|Contact=Raphael Barth, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-140, Email: barth(at)mastershred.de
Michael Schubert, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-70, Email: schubert(at)mastershred.de
|Webpage=https://mastershred.de/|Image=Mastershred Wort logo.png
|Technology name= Mastershred|Feedstock=mixed biowaste|Product=
- Bio-Liquid for methane production
- dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy|Size (feedstock)= }}

'''Mastershred''' offers a technology to valorize biowaste for energy supply. With a mobile compact plant in the size of a container they use novel shredding and squeezing process to produce three fractions from the biowaste:
* a bio-Liquid for methane production
* pressed material for composting, soil improvement or peat replacement
* dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy
=== WEIMA ===
{{Infobox provider-sizing|Company=WEIMA|Country=Germany|Contact=info@weima.com|Webpage=https://weima.com|TRL=9|Technology name=Holzwolf|Feedstock=Wood|Product=Wood chips|Image=Weima.png|Size (feedstock)=1875x900x1630-3375x900x1630}}
WEIMA offers, among other things, shredders, briquette presses and packaging presses. The shredders and compactors are produced in Germany. At the sites in Ilsfeld, Abstatt (Baden-Württemberg) and Annaburg (Saxony-Anhalt), the 300-strong team builds more than 1,200 customer solutions per year on more than 44,000 m² for worldwide use.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B88%5D=88&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Anaerobic digestion

2023-02-06T13:19:40Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Biogas Plus */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Anaerobic digestion|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=[[Biowaste]] in general, [[Food waste]], [[Garden and park waste]] (wood, leaves)|Product=Biogas and digestate}}
<onlyinclude>'''Anaerobic digestion''' is a process through which micro-organisms break down organic matter, such as animal manure, wastewater biosolids, and food wastes, in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic digestion intended for biogas production takes place in a sealed tank (called an anaerobic digester), which is designed and constructed in various shapes and sizes specific to the site and feedstock conditions. These sealed vessels contain complex microbial communities that break down the waste and produce biogas and digestate (i.e., the solid and liquid material end-products of the process). The biogas can be used as a source of energy. The remaining digestate can be used as a fertiliser, or it can be post-treated according to its intended use, e.g. by drying or composting to use it as a soil improvement agent.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==
=== Origin and composition ===
Multiple organic materials can be combined in one digester, a practice called co-digestion. Co-digested materials include, amongst others, manure, food waste, energy crops, crop residues, and fats, oils, and greases (FOG) from restaurant grease traps.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Biomass is first separated from impurities as stones and glass. An agitator provides a good mixing between different biomass types to avoid strong changes in composition. The feed is a stirrable mixture and the dry matter content may be a maximum of 15-20% of the slurry. Co-substrates are often reduced in size by shredding before they are fed in order to make the contact surface of the biomass as large as possible.

For residual flows from the food industry, crop residues and manure, thermal and chemical pre-treatments are mainly applied. The most important effects of thermal pre-treatment are: reducing particle size, increasing solubility and improve the biodegradability. Additional advantages of thermal pre-treatment are: (1) higher loading of the digester is possible, (2) lower viscosity of the treated material which results in lower energy input for mixing the digester, (3) improved dewaterability of digestate and (4) sanitised product.

The following pre-treatments may be considered :

* [[Membrane filtration]]
*[[Sieving]]
* [[Sizing]] (e.g. chipping, grinding)
* Thermal pre-treatment

== Process and technologies ==
=== Process ===
There are three basic anaerobic digestion processes, namely psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic, which take place over different temperature ranges. Psychrophilic digestion is a low temperature (<20°C) process. Mesophilic digestion takes place between 20 and 45°C, which can take a month or two to complete, and thermophilic digestion between 45 and 65°C, which is faster, but its micro-organisms are more sensitive. The majority of the agricultural biogas plants are operated at mesophilic temperatures. Thermophilic temperatures are applied mainly in large-scale centralised biogas plants with co-digestion<ref>{{Cite web|year=2021|title=Anaerobic digestion|e-pub date=2021|date accessed=6/9/2021|url=https://www.eubia.org/cms/wiki-biomass/anaerobic-digestion/}}</ref>. The process of anaerobic digestion takes place through four successive stages: hydrolysis, fermentation, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Junye Wang|year=2014|title=Decentralized biogas technology of anaerobic digestion and farm ecosystem: opportunities and challenges|journal=Fronties in Energy Research|volume=2|page=|doi=10.3389/fenrg.2014.00010}}</ref> In the hydrolysis step, the feedstock is broken down into soluble substrates (e.g., sugar and amino acids) by enzymes. Fermentation involves the conversion of sugar, amino acids, and fatty acids into ammonia, organic acids, hydrogen (H2) and CO2. In the acetogenesis step, volatile fatty acids are broken down into acetic acids, CO2 and H2. Finally, methanogenesis step converts acetate, formaldeyde, and H2 to CH4 and water<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jay N. Meegoda, Brian Li, Kush Patel, Lily B. Wang|year=2018|title=A review of the Processes, Parameters, and Optimization of Anaerobic Digestion|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=15|page=|doi=10.3390/ijerph15102224}}</ref>.
[[File:Anaerobic stages.png|thumb|Simplified scheme of pathways in anaerobic digestion (not own work)]]

Usually, the produced biogas must be dried and drained for condense water and biological or chemical cleaned for H2S, NH3 and trace elements. Further upgrading of the biogas to increase the CH4 content could be realized by membrane separation of CO2 and pressurising the biogas.
== Product ==
Anaerobic digestion produces two valuable outputs, namely biogas and digestate. Biogas is composed of methane (CH4), which is the primary component of natural gas, at a relatively high percentage (50 to 75%), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), water vapor, and trace amounts of other gases. The energy in biogas can be used like natural gas to provide heat, generate electricity, and power cooling systems. Biogas can also be purified by removing the inert or low-value constituents (CO2, water, H2S, etc.) to generate renewable natural gas (RNG). This can be sold and injected into the natural gas distribution system, compressed and used as vehicle fuel, or processed further to generate alternative transportation fuel or other advanced biochemicals and bioproducts.

The digestate can be used in many beneficial applications provided that is is appropriately treated post processing. This could be in form of animal bedding, nutreint-rich fertilizer, organic-rich compost, or as soil amendment.

=== Post-treatment ===
The remaining digestate can be post-treated according to its intended use, e.g. by drying or composting to use it as a soil improvement agent.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable mass [kg]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: biogas
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Renewable natrual gas (RNG)
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Anaerobic digestion#Biogas Plus|Biogas Plus]]
| The Netherlands
| -
| Compact Plus
| 9
| -
| -
| -
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|
|-
| [[Anaerobic digestion#BioRenGaz|BioRenGaz]]
| France
| -
| Bioreactor
| 7
| -
| -
| -
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Anaerobic digestion#Dranco|Dranco]]
|Belgium
|
|DRANCO Dry anaerobic digestion
| -
|5000
| -
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|
|
|
|-
|[[Anaerobic digestion#Planet Biogas|Planet Biogas]]
|Germany
| -
|PlanET
|9
| -
| -
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|
|}

=== BDC ===
{{Infobox provider-anaerobic digestion|Company=BDC|Country=UK|Image=Cropped-logo1.png}}
Text field

=== Biogas Plus ===
{{Infobox provider-anaerobic digestion|Company=Biogas Plus|Webpage=https://www.biogasplus.nl|Country=The Netherlands|Reactor=Complete mix digester|Capacity=18.000 tons (input), 320.000 Nm3 green gas/year (output).|Feedstock=Animal Manure|Product=Green gas|TRL=9|Technology name=Compact Plus}}
Biogas Plus is a turnkey supplier of biogas installations. This biogas installation produces biogas through the fermentation of organic (residual) flows, such as manure, unpacked food, sewage treatment sludge or other products. The biogas is then upgraded to renewable gas (green gas / biomethane / RNG) or to green electricity and heat. Biogas Plus offers a variety of installation sizes able to meet the needs of a mid-size farm up to large-scale units (between 50.000 and 300.000 tons of input per year).

=== BioRenGaz ===
{{Infobox provider-anaerobic digestion|Company=BioRenGaz|Country=France|Webpage=https://www.biorengaz.com/|Contact=contact@biorengaz.com|Image=BioRenGaz_icone.png|TRL=7|Technology name=Bioreactor}}

BioRenGaz has developed a new patented anaerobic digestion technology that is 4 times more efficient and much more compact than conventional biogas plants thanks to vertical silo design. The anaerobic filter uses a recycled and 100% renewable packing material to replace costly and polluting plastic packing. This medium provides an ecological habitat for the bacteria and enhances their performance. The solution is adapted for the treatment of liquid effluents and the great advantage, unlike other technologies, is that it can also valorize pulpy effluents like biowaste pulp. The bioreactors have lower operational costs and increased energy production by keeping the micro-organisms on the packing material, which allows producing 10% more biogas. The system is modular, so bioreactors can be built from a small scale and easily be expanded as needed. The Solution aims for the optimization of the economic and environmental model of energy and agronomic recovery of biowaste.

=== Dranco ===
{{Infobox provider-anaerobic digestion|Company=DRANCO nv|Country=Belgium|Contact=Bruno Mattheeuws (bm@dranco.be)|Webpage=https://www.dranco.be|TRL=Successful Deployment|Technology name=DRANCO Dry anaerobic digestion|Capacity=>5000|Feedstock=biowaste, SSO, MSW, residual waste, ...|Reactor=2500-5000m³|Image=Logo dranco.png|Product=Digestate and/or high quality compost + biogas}}
DRANCO nv has developed innovative and patented designs for biogas plants, with a pretreatment, digester concept and post-treatment adapted to each type of feedstock. Find out about our 30+ years of experience and our 35 references!

=== PlanET Biogas Group GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-anaerobic digestion|Company=PlanET Biogas Group GmbH|Webpage=https://www.planet-biogas.com|Country=Germany|Technology name=PlanET|TRL=9|Reactor=Complete mix digester (modular)|Feedstock=Animal manure, biogenic waste materials|Product=Green gas, heat & electricity}}
PlanET anaerobic digestion (AD) plants can convert almost all biogenic waste materials into energy, such as slaughterhouse waste, fish processing residuals, animal carcasses, expired food or off-specification batches used in food production as well as agricultural residues, fats and oils. PlanET Biogas’ portfolio covers the whole range of biogas technology and utilization: feeding technology, safety technology, energy concepts, hygienisation, and gas upgrading. PlanET Biogas offers its technology turn-key and provides all after-sale services including biological assistance as well as service and maintenance for all technical equipment. PlanET Biogas has completed 600 AD plants worldwide, from 40 kW liquid manure systems to 3 MW waste to energy plants.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[[File:Pilots4U Database Logo 0.png|thumb]]
Here we make the link to the Europe-wide network & database of open access multipurpose pilot and demo infrastructures for the European bio-economy.

If you are looking for shared facilities that exist for the technology of anaerobic digestion, here is the link to the selection from the Pilots4U database : [https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=101&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Hydrolysis

2023-02-06T13:11:26Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Biorenewables Development Centre BDC */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Hydrolysis|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Chemical_processes_and_technologies|Chemical processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass|Product=Sugars and organic acids}}
<onlyinclude>'''Hydrolysis''' (/haɪˈdrɒlɪsɪs/; from Ancient Greek ''hydro-'' 'water', and ''lysis'' 'to unbind') is a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions that use water as the reagent.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2002|title=Hydrolysis|e-pub date=2002|date accessed=2021|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis|Author=Wikipedia}}</ref> In lignocellulosic biomass, the cellulose and hemicellulose breaks down into individual sugars. Hemicellulose is easier to hydrolyse than cellulose.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass|year=2010-01-15|author=P. Lenihan, A. Orozco, E. O’Neill, M.N.M. Ahmad, D.W. Rooney, G.M. Walker|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|volume=156|issue=2|page=395–403|doi=10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.061}}</ref> The result of hydrolysing hemicellulose and cellulose are sugars (glucose, mannose, galactose, (C6) and xylose, arabinose (C5)) and organic acids (formic acid and acetic acid).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Sugars and Furfurals Formation|year=2020-04-17|author=Katarzyna Świątek, Stephanie Gaag, Andreas Klier, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, David Steinbach|journal=Catalysts|volume=10|issue=4|page=437|doi=10.3390/catal10040437}}</ref> </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Hydrolysis can be performed as a pretreatment on any biowaste with a high lignocellulose content. Lignocellulose is typically the nonedible part of a plant, composed of a complex of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. Suitable feedstocks include grasses, straw, leaves, stems, shells, manure, paper waste, and others. The ratio between cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin varies wildly depending on the specific feedstock.<ref name=":1" />

=== Structural features ===

==== Cellulose ====
''Explain structure of cellulose''

==== Hemicellulose ====
''Explain structure of hemi-cellulose''

==== Lignin ====
''Explain structure of Lignin''

== Process and technologies ==

=== Chemical hydrolysis===
Chemical pretreatments have been used extensively for removal of lignin surrounding cellulose and for destroying its crystalline structure. Even though chemical pretreatments are usually effective, they have disadvantages which should not be ignored [10]. These include use of specialized corrosion resistant equipment, need for extensive washing, and disposal of chemical wastes. Various chemical methods are discussed under several headings, namely, alkalis, acids, gases, oxidizing agents, cellulose solvents, extraction, and swelling agents.

==== Acid ====
'''Acid hydrolysis''' is a hydrolysis process in which a protic acid is used to catalyze the hydrolysis reaction. Acids are used mainly for hydrolysis of cellulose [10]. A strong acid, such as formic, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, or sulphuric acid can be used in concentrated or diluted form. '''Concentrated acid''' (10-30 %) can penetrate the lignin structure and break down the cellulose and hemicellulose to individual sugars at low temperature and with high yield. Downsides are the high acid consumption and high corrosion potential. These downsides are circumvented with the use of '''diluted acid''' (2-5 %). However, in the latter case, higher temperature is required, which can lead to side product formation such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Alessandra Verardi, Isabella De Bari, Emanuele Ricca and Vincenza Calabrò|year=2012|section_title=Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Status of Processes and Technologies and Future Perspectives|editor=Marco Aurelio Pinheiro Lima and Alexandra Pardo Policastro Natalense|book_title=Bioethanol|publisher=IntechOpen}}</ref>

Acid hydrolysis can be further improved by the addition of salts, such as metal salts or suphite salts. Metals such as aluminium, calcium, copper, iron and zincnc can be used to increase the sugar yield [6]. Similar to [[Pulping and fractionation#Sulphite pulping|sulphite pulping]], sulphites can be added to aid in lignin removal.

===== Sulfuric acid =====
''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== Hydrochloric acid =====
''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== Phosphoric acid =====
''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

==== Alkali ====
'''Alkaline hydrolysis''' refers to hydrolysis reactions using hydroxide, commonly from sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide. The hydroxide breaks down the lignin bonds to make the cellulose more accessible. The reaction proceeds at lower temperature and pressure and residual alkali can be recycled. However, the pretreatment does result in irrecoverable salts in the product.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pretreatment of lignocellulosic sugarcane leaves and tops for bioethanol production|year=2020-01-01|journal=Lignocellulosic Biomass to Liquid Biofuels|page=301–324|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-815936-1.00010-1|author=S. Niju, M. Swathika, M. Balajii|volume=}}</ref>

===== Sodium hydroxide =====
Dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment of lignocellulosic material causes swelling, leading to an increase in internal surface area, decrease in the degree of polymerization, decrease in crystallinity, separation of structural linkages between lignin and carbohydrates, and disruption of the lignin structure [10].

''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== '''Ammonia''' =====
Liquid or gaseous ammonia acts as a strong swelling agent for cellulose [1].

''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== Ammonium sulfite =====
Ammonium sulfite is used mainly in a conventional pulping process.

''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

==== Solvent ====
Solvents can be added to improve the hydrolysis process. This is similar to [[Pulping#Dissolving pulp and organosolv|organosolv pulping]], but without the delignification as goal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Biomass pretreatment: Fundamentals toward application|year=2011-11|author=Valery B. Agbor, Nazim Cicek, Richard Sparling, Alex Berlin, David B. Levin|journal=Biotechnology Advances|volume=29|issue=6|page=675–685|doi=10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.005}}</ref>

===== Organosolv (lignin hydrolysis) =====
Organosolv pretreatment is the process to extract lignin from lignocellulosic feedstocks with organic solvents or their aqueous solutions.

In an '''organosolv hydrolysis''' organic solvents are added to the process, usually performed at high temperatures (100-250 °C). This can be combined with a catalyst such as HCl or H2SO4.<ref name=":2" /> For example, in '''acid-acetone''' pre-treatment biowaste is treated with an acid such as phophoric acid and then mixed with pre-cooled acetone.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: Challenges and opportunities|year=2016-01-01|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=199|page=92–102|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.106|author=Amit K. Jaiswal, Rajeev Ravindran}}</ref>

===== Ionic Liquids=====
Ionic liquids are '''solvents''' that can be used for biomass pretreatment, fractionation, and dissolution. During ionic liquid pretreatment, a cellulose-rich fraction can be generated through the degradation and removal of a large portion of lignin and hemicellulose <ref>{{Cite web|Author=Moyer, P., Kim, K., Abdoulmoumine, N. et al.|year=2018|title=Structural changes in lignocellulosic biomass during activation with ionic liquids comprising 3-methylimidazolium cations and carboxylate anions|e-pub date=27/09/2018|date accessed=06/12/2021|url=https://biotechnologyforbiofuels.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13068-018-1263-0}}</ref>

==== Subcritical water ====
Subcritical water hydrolysis (SWH), also called h''ydrothermal liquefaction'', ''hydrothermolysis'', or ''aquathe''rmolysis, has potential for breaking down the cellulose and hemicellulose biopolymers into simple sugars and small molecules. The technique uses water at high temperatures and pressures to keep it in a liquid form. SWH can reduce reaction time and thereby degradation product formation, generates less waste water and lower corrosion requirements.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Subcritical water hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse: An approach on solid residues characterization|year=2016-02-01|author=D. Lachos-Perez, F. Martinez-Jimenez, C. A. Rezende, G. Tompsett, M. Timko, T. Forster-Carneiro|journal=The Journal of Supercritical Fluids|volume=108|page=69–78|doi=10.1016/j.supflu.2015.10.019}}</ref>

=== Enzymatic hydrolysis ===
Enzymatic hydrolysis is a catalytic decomposition of a chemical compound by reaction with water, such as the conversion of lignocellulosic materials, by the addition of specific enzymes.

==== Cellulase enzymes ====
The hydrolysis of cellulose in native lignocellulosic material is slow and is primarily governed by structural features of the lignocellulosic biomass:

1. cellulose present in biomass possesses highly resistant crystalline structure;

2. lignin surrounding the cellulose forms a physical barrier;

3. The sites available for enzymatic attack are limited.

The cellulose present in lignocellulosic materials is composed of crystalline and amorphous components. The amorphous component is more susceptible to enzymatic attack than the crystalline component. The presence of lignin forms a physical barrier for enzymatic attack; therefore, treatments causing disruption of the lignin seal will increase the accessibility of cellulose to enzyme molecules and eventually its hydrolysis rate. The limitation of available sites for enzymatic attack stems from the fact that the average size of the capillaries in biomass is too small to allow the entry of large enzyme molecules; and thus, enzymatic attack is confined to the external surface [10].

Pretreatment, therefore, is an essential prerequisite to enhance the susceptibility of lignocellulosic materilas to enzyme action. An ideal pretreatment would accomplish reduction in lignin content, concommitant with a reduction in crystallinity, and an increase in surface area. The variety of pretreatments can be classified into physical, chemical, and biological depending on the mode of their action [10].

......

==== Hemicellulase enzymes ====
........

==== Ligninolytic enzymes ====
.... (See reference 11)

=== Biological hydrolysis ===
Lignin degradation can also occur through the action of lignin degrading enzymes secreted by microorganisms (e.g. fungi).

== Product==
Hydrolysis is generally performed on cellulose and hemi-cellulose, which results in different sugars: glucose, mannose, and galactose as C6 sugars, and xylose and arabinose asC5 sugars. Next to these, organic acids are often formed in formic acid and acetic acid.

=== Post-treatment ===
Currently no post-treatment has been identified.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Catalyst loading [wt %]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| pH
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reactor
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Residence time [h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Hydrolysis#Biorenewables Development Centre BDC|Biorenewables Development Centre BDC]]
| United Kingdom
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Hydrolysis#Hysytech S.R.L.|Hysytech S.R.L.]]
| Italy
|
|Compost hydrolysis
|7
|1 m3/h
|
|
|1
|Continuous reactor, Cone bottom
|
|>60
|
|
|-
|[[Hydrolysis#Lule.C3.A5 University of Technology LTU|Luleå University of Technology LTU]]
|Sweden
|
|Organosolv pre-treatment
|6-7
|0,7 l/min (biomass)
|≤0.25 % sulfuric acid
|
|30
|Continuous organosolv reactor
|
|≤ 230 °C
|
|
|-
|[[Hydrolysis#Valmet%20Oyj|Valmet Oyj]]
|Finland
|
|BioTrac
|9
|800 tonne/day
|
|
|
|Horizontal tube reactor
|
|
|
|
|}

=== Biorenewables Development Centre BDC ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Biorenewables Development Center|Country=United Kingdom|Image=Cropped-logo1.png|Webpage=http://www.biorenewables.org|Reactor material=not relevant}}

The Biorenewables Development Centre (BDC) is an open-access R&D biorefinery centre, based at the University of York, working at the interface between academia and industry to convert plants, microbes and biowastes into profitable biorenewable products. With biologists, chemists, and business development specialists the BDC team offers a unique combination of multi-disciplinary expertise coupled with pilot-scale processing capabilities in one coordinated centre. Covering a broad spectrum of biorefining technologies, from feedstock assessment to product evaluation, the team specialise in making the most out of '''biorenewable''' [[Materials|'''materials''']]; helping ideas to survive the valley of death; and de-risking the innovation process.

=== Hysytech S.R.L. ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Hysytech Srl|Controlled parameters=pH and Temperature|Feedstock=Compost|Safety restrictions=None|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Reactor=Continuous reactor. Cone bottom.|Processable volume=400|Temperature=>60|Atmosphere=Environment|Country=Italy|Catalyst=Base|Capacity=1 m3/h|Agitator=None. Pump recirculation|TRL=7|Technology name=Compost hydrolysis|Webpage=www.hysytech.com|Contact=massimiliano.antonini@hysytech.com; Simone.solaro@hysytech.com; freddy.liendo@hysytech.com|Product=Hydrolyzed product}}

=== Luleå University of Technology LTU ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Luleå University of Technology|Country=Sweden|Contact=Tobias Wretborn tobias.wretborn@ltu.se|Image=DownloadLTU.png|Webpage=https://www.ltu.se/|Processable volume=0,7 l/min (biomass)|Controlled parameters=Pressure, Temperature, Time, Solvent concentration, Solvent to biomass ratio|Atmosphere=Saturated, at pressures up to 30 bar|Capacity=0,7 l/min (biomass)|Reactor material=EN 1.4301|Agitator=Hydraulic augers|Temperature=≤ 230 °C|Catalyst=≤0.25 % sulfuric acid|TRL=6-7|Technology name=Organosolv pre-treatment|Product=Cellulose rich pulp, Lignin and Hemicellulose rich process liquor|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass|Reactor=Continuous organosolv reactor|Safety restrictions=not relevant|Other=not relevant}}
Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering: Humanity faces enormous challenges in the areas of energy, environment, raw materials, water resources and security. By research and education in the areas of mining, civil and environmental engineering, we take responsibility for the development of a sustainable society. We are about 400 people of about 50 nationalities, of which 200 are doctoral students and just over 50 professors. You will find us in the T-pavilion and the C-house on the university campus in Luleå. You will find our Lab activities in the F-house and the C-house. Our research and education are characterized by a strong experimental and applied profile with several large and well-equipped laboratories. All activities are quality assured by our dedicated professors and lecturers in an exclusive and successful collaboration with industry and the public sector. 65% of our research is externally funded and we have well-developed international collaborations with universities in all continents.
=== Valmet Oyj ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Valmet Oyj|Webpage=https://www.valmet.com/|Country=Finland|Technology name=BioTrac|Technology category=Chemical processes and technologies|TRL=9|Capacity=biomass feed up to 800 tonne/day|Reactor=Horizontal tube reactor|Temperature=High|Catalyst=Acidic conditions|Feedstock=All lignocellulosic biomass, including wood and forestry residues, wheat straw, corn stover and bagasse}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B85%5D=85&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />10. The Nature of Lignocellulosics and Their Pretreatments for Enzymatic Hydrolysis L. T. Fan, Young-Hyun Lee and M. M. Gharpuray Department of Chemical Engineering Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66506/U.S.A.

11. Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignin by ligninolytic enzymes and analysis of the hydrolyzed lignin products Sitong Zhang, Jianlong Xiao, Gang Wang, Guang Chen
[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Drying

2023-01-30T09:38:57Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Andritz */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = Biowaste including liquids
| Product = Dry biomass
|Name=Drying|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>

'''Drying''' technologies are based on the vaporisation/evaporation or sublimation of different liquids or solids under different gas atmospheres and physical conditions resulting in dry products or products with a desired humidity.

</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===

=== Pre-treatment ===
In view of the energy costs involved in drying, this technology is of limited use in pre-treatment. The need to dry biomass feedstocks before they can for example be gasified, can place a large energy and capital cost burden on small-to-medium scale biomass gasification plants for the production of heat and power. Drying may not always be unavoidable, but as biomass moisture content to the gasifier increases, the quality of the product gas deteriorates along with the overall performance of the whole system.

== Process and technologies ==

=== Air drying ===
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an oxygen atmosphere. The exchange of oxygen with low humidity accelerates this process, but may lead to an (unwanted) oxidation of the product.

=== Nitrogen drying ===
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an nitrogen atmosphere. The exchange of nitrogen accelerates this process. Since nitrogen is an inert gas, unwanted reactions such as oxidation of the product are avoided.

=== Freeze drying ===
Also known as lyophilisation. The technology represents a low temperature and pressure dehydration process that involves freezing the product, lowering pressure ("vacuum"), then removing the ice by sublimation and condensing.

=== Thermal drying ===
Process that involves the vaporisation/evaporation of liquids through the application of heat under different atmospheres. With increasing application of heat, the process can be accelerated. Very high temperatures may lead to unwanted reactions of the product. Examples for thermal drying technologies are flash (pneumatic) drying, radiative drying, solar drying, drum drying, and supercritical drying.

=== Vacuum drying ===
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under a vacuum atmosphere. The vacuum atmosphere allows the evaporation of liquids at lower temperatures than under atmospheric pressure.

== Product ==

=== Post-treatment ===
Drying is a widely used process in industry worldwide, with many different reasons: to save weight, to make transport easier, to extend the shelf life of food, to obtain a product that can be further processed, etc.

The importance of drying efficiency has increased significantly due to high energy costs and increasingly stringent customer quality requirements.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| City
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable mass [kg]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [Bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[[Drying#Company_1|Company 1]]
|Germany
|Cologne
|Freeze drying
|Powerdry 5000
|9
|0.00138
|100
|1
| -20
|0.0004
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
|-
|[[Drying#Company_2|Company 2]]
|France
|Paris
|Nitrogen drying
|Nitrodry
|9
|0.003
|0.5
|0.5
|20
|1
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
|}

=== CENER (ES) ===
{{Infobox provider-drying|Company=CENER BIO2C|Capacity=Burner power: 580 KW; 200 – 700|Processable mass=200 – 700|Evaporable substances=not available|Product=Dried Biomass|Feedstock=Various Biomass Materiasl: Herbaceous (cereal straw, agro-residues…), woody (pine, poplar, beech, eucalyptus, pawlonia, olive tree pruning…), variety of organic wastes (including low density materials and materials with high content of fines and dust).|Other=More info: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSzeXOrNTnQ|Temperature=Hot gas flow: 6000 kg/h at 300ºC|Processable volume=not relevant|Country=Spain|Pressure=not available|Atmosphere=trommel-type rotary dryer|TRL=6-7|Technology name=BIO2C – DryingPlant|Webpage=Pretreatment Unit - Cener BIO2C|Contact=Goizeder Barberena, info@cener.com|Image=Logo-cener-bio2c-english-1.png}}
'''CENER Biomass Department''' performs applied research activities in the field of biomass, providing R&D services and technical assistance to all agents of the sector. The area is focused on the development & optimization of production processes of bioproducts, solid biofuels, advanced liquid or gaseous biofuels, as well as biorefinery concepts. Indeed, the main pillars are focused on '''solid biofuels, bioprocesses and comprehensive sustainability assessment'''. The main infrastructures in this department include the '''Biomass Laboratory''' (biomass & biofuels characterization and process development at lab scale), as well as the '''Biorefinery and Bioenergy Centre (BIO2C)'''.

=== Andritz ===
{{Infobox provider-drying|Company= Andritz|Country=Austria, Sweden
|Contact=Andritz AB, Sweden, Kvarnvägen, SE-351 87 Växjö; Email: flakt.drying{at}andritz.com
|Webpage=https://www.andritz.com|Image=Anditz Logo.png
|Technology name= ANDRITZ |TRL= Commercial |Capacity= |Feedstock=mixed biomass, sawdust|Product=dried biomass}}

'''Andritz''' is an international technology group providing plants, systems, equipment, and services for various industries. The company is one of the technology and global market leaders in the hydropower business, the pulp and paper industry, the metal working and steel industries, and in solid/liquid separation in the municipal and industrial segments. The listed Group is headquartered in Graz, Austria. Since its foundation 170 years ago, Andritz has developed into a Group with approximately 27,400 employees, and more than 280 locations in over 40 countries worldwide.

ANDRITZ offers several different drying technologies to match the application and heat source available, mainly for pulp and paper industries. The different technologies are:
* Rotary drum
* Belt dryer
* Pneumatic
* Fluidbed
Information: [https://www.andritz.com/products-en/group/pulp-and-paper/power-generation/biomass-handling-systems/biomass-drying Andritz biomass drying]

=== Dorset Group ===
{{Infobox provider-drying|Company= Dorset Group|Country=The Netherlands
|Contact=Dorset Green Machines BV, Weverij 26, 7122 MS Aalten, The Netherlands; Email: gm[at]dorset.nu
|Webpage=https://www.dorset.nu|Image=Dorset Group logo.jpg
|Technology name= Dorset Drying|TRL= Commercial |Capacity= |Feedstock=mixed biomass, sawdust|Product=dried biomass}}

'''Dorset''' was founded in 1984 for the import of Daltec feeding systems for pig feeding. In late eighties and early nineties more divisions were founded that started the development and production of a variety of machinery and electronic products. Today the group consists of two divisions, each with their own development and production. The group is globally active with a headquarters in the Netherlands.

Dorset offers drying technologies for several biomass streams like digestate, sewage sludge or mixed biomass. It has a lot of experience with drying several biomass materials incl. grass, compost, fats and food residues. The warm air required for the use of a conveyor belt dryer, can be supplied by the use of either warm stable air or air heated in another way.

Information: [https://www.dorset.nu/green-machines/products/dorset-dryers/ Dorset dryers], [https://www.dorset.nu/green-machines/solutions/drying-biomass/ Biomass solutions]

=== Mastershred GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-drying|Company=Mastershred GmbH|Country=Germany
|Contact=Raphael Barth, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-140, Email: barth(at)mastershred.de
Michael Schubert, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-70, Email: schubert(at)mastershred.de
|Webpage=https://mastershred.de/|Image=Mastershred Wort logo.png
|Technology name= Mastershred |TRL= |Capacity= |Feedstock=mixed biowaste|Product=
- Bio-Liquid for methane production
- dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy}}

'''Mastershred''' offers a technology to valorize biowaste for energy supply. With a mobile compact plant in the size of a container they use novel shredding and squeezing process to produce three fractions from the biowaste:
* a bio-Liquid for methane production
* pressed material for composting, soil improvement or peat replacement
* dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B77%5D=77&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Drying)]

[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B78%5D=78&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Evaporation)]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Drying

2023-01-30T09:37:41Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Andritz */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = Biowaste including liquids
| Product = Dry biomass
|Name=Drying|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>

'''Drying''' technologies are based on the vaporisation/evaporation or sublimation of different liquids or solids under different gas atmospheres and physical conditions resulting in dry products or products with a desired humidity.

</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===

=== Pre-treatment ===
In view of the energy costs involved in drying, this technology is of limited use in pre-treatment. The need to dry biomass feedstocks before they can for example be gasified, can place a large energy and capital cost burden on small-to-medium scale biomass gasification plants for the production of heat and power. Drying may not always be unavoidable, but as biomass moisture content to the gasifier increases, the quality of the product gas deteriorates along with the overall performance of the whole system.

== Process and technologies ==

=== Air drying ===
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an oxygen atmosphere. The exchange of oxygen with low humidity accelerates this process, but may lead to an (unwanted) oxidation of the product.

=== Nitrogen drying ===
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an nitrogen atmosphere. The exchange of nitrogen accelerates this process. Since nitrogen is an inert gas, unwanted reactions such as oxidation of the product are avoided.

=== Freeze drying ===
Also known as lyophilisation. The technology represents a low temperature and pressure dehydration process that involves freezing the product, lowering pressure ("vacuum"), then removing the ice by sublimation and condensing.

=== Thermal drying ===
Process that involves the vaporisation/evaporation of liquids through the application of heat under different atmospheres. With increasing application of heat, the process can be accelerated. Very high temperatures may lead to unwanted reactions of the product. Examples for thermal drying technologies are flash (pneumatic) drying, radiative drying, solar drying, drum drying, and supercritical drying.

=== Vacuum drying ===
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under a vacuum atmosphere. The vacuum atmosphere allows the evaporation of liquids at lower temperatures than under atmospheric pressure.

== Product ==

=== Post-treatment ===
Drying is a widely used process in industry worldwide, with many different reasons: to save weight, to make transport easier, to extend the shelf life of food, to obtain a product that can be further processed, etc.

The importance of drying efficiency has increased significantly due to high energy costs and increasingly stringent customer quality requirements.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| City
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable mass [kg]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [Bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[[Drying#Company_1|Company 1]]
|Germany
|Cologne
|Freeze drying
|Powerdry 5000
|9
|0.00138
|100
|1
| -20
|0.0004
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
|-
|[[Drying#Company_2|Company 2]]
|France
|Paris
|Nitrogen drying
|Nitrodry
|9
|0.003
|0.5
|0.5
|20
|1
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
|}

CENER (ES)
{{Infobox provider-drying|Company=CENER BIO2C|Capacity=Burner power: 580 KW; 200 – 700|Processable mass=200 – 700|Evaporable substances=not available|Product=Dried Biomass|Feedstock=Various Biomass Materiasl: Herbaceous (cereal straw, agro-residues…), woody (pine, poplar, beech, eucalyptus, pawlonia, olive tree pruning…), variety of organic wastes (including low density materials and materials with high content of fines and dust).|Other=More info: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSzeXOrNTnQ|Temperature=Hot gas flow: 6000 kg/h at 300ºC|Processable volume=not relevant|Country=Spain|Pressure=not available|Atmosphere=trommel-type rotary dryer|TRL=6-7|Technology name=BIO2C – DryingPlant|Webpage=Pretreatment Unit - Cener BIO2C|Contact=Goizeder Barberena, info@cener.com|Image=Logo-cener-bio2c-english-1.png}}
'''CENER Biomass Department''' performs applied research activities in the field of biomass, providing R&D services and technical assistance to all agents of the sector. The area is focused on the development & optimization of production processes of bioproducts, solid biofuels, advanced liquid or gaseous biofuels, as well as biorefinery concepts. Indeed, the main pillars are focused on '''solid biofuels, bioprocesses and comprehensive sustainability assessment'''. The main infrastructures in this department include the '''Biomass Laboratory''' (biomass & biofuels characterization and process development at lab scale), as well as the '''Biorefinery and Bioenergy Centre (BIO2C)'''.

=== Andritz ===
{{Infobox provider-drying|Company= Andritz|Country=Austria, Sweden
|Contact=Andritz AB, Sweden, Kvarnvägen, SE-351 87 Växjö; Email: flakt.drying{at}andritz.com
|Webpage=https://www.andritz.com|Image=Anditz Logo.png
|Technology name= ANDRITZ |TRL= Commercial |Capacity= |Feedstock=mixed biomass, sawdust|Product=dried biomass}}

'''Andritz''' is an international technology group providing plants, systems, equipment, and services for various industries. The company is one of the technology and global market leaders in the hydropower business, the pulp and paper industry, the metal working and steel industries, and in solid/liquid separation in the municipal and industrial segments. The listed Group is headquartered in Graz, Austria. Since its foundation 170 years ago, Andritz has developed into a Group with approximately 27,400 employees, and more than 280 locations in over 40 countries worldwide.

ANDRITZ offers several different drying technologies to match the application and heat source available, mainly for pulp and paper industries. The different technologies are:
* Rotary drum
* Belt dryer
* Pneumatic
* Fluidbed
Information: [https://www.andritz.com/products-en/group/pulp-and-paper/power-generation/biomass-handling-systems/biomass-drying Andritz biomass drying]

=== Dorset Group ===
{{Infobox provider-drying|Company= Dorset Group|Country=The Netherlands
|Contact=Dorset Green Machines BV, Weverij 26, 7122 MS Aalten, The Netherlands; Email: gm[at]dorset.nu
|Webpage=https://www.dorset.nu|Image=Dorset Group logo.jpg
|Technology name= Dorset Drying|TRL= Commercial |Capacity= |Feedstock=mixed biomass, sawdust|Product=dried biomass}}

'''Dorset''' was founded in 1984 for the import of Daltec feeding systems for pig feeding. In late eighties and early nineties more divisions were founded that started the development and production of a variety of machinery and electronic products. Today the group consists of two divisions, each with their own development and production. The group is globally active with a headquarters in the Netherlands.

Dorset offers drying technologies for several biomass streams like digestate, sewage sludge or mixed biomass. It has a lot of experience with drying several biomass materials incl. grass, compost, fats and food residues. The warm air required for the use of a conveyor belt dryer, can be supplied by the use of either warm stable air or air heated in another way.

Information: [https://www.dorset.nu/green-machines/products/dorset-dryers/ Dorset dryers], [https://www.dorset.nu/green-machines/solutions/drying-biomass/ Biomass solutions]

=== Mastershred GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-drying|Company=Mastershred GmbH|Country=Germany
|Contact=Raphael Barth, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-140, Email: barth(at)mastershred.de
Michael Schubert, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-70, Email: schubert(at)mastershred.de
|Webpage=https://mastershred.de/|Image=Mastershred Wort logo.png
|Technology name= Mastershred |TRL= |Capacity= |Feedstock=mixed biowaste|Product=
- Bio-Liquid for methane production
- dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy}}

'''Mastershred''' offers a technology to valorize biowaste for energy supply. With a mobile compact plant in the size of a container they use novel shredding and squeezing process to produce three fractions from the biowaste:
* a bio-Liquid for methane production
* pressed material for composting, soil improvement or peat replacement
* dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B77%5D=77&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Drying)]

[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B78%5D=78&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Evaporation)]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Torrefaction

2023-01-30T09:30:03Z

Tanja Meyer: /* CENER (ES) */

{{Infobox technology
|Name=Torrefaction
|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Thermochemical_processes_and_technologies|Thermochemical processes and technologies]])
|Feedstock =[[Garden and park waste]] (lignocellulosic biomass)
|Product =Bio-coal
}}

<onlyinclude>'''Torrefaction''' is a thermochemical treatment applied to upgrade lignocellulosic biomass into a solid bioenergy carrier (torrefied biomass) with superior properties in terms of logistics (handling, transport, and storage) and end use (combustion, [[gasification]], and chemical processing). The word "torrefaction" is derived from the French verb ''torrefier'', which means roasting (as in the roasting of coffee beans). As in most thermochemical treatments, torrefaction results in a combination of products, namely, solid torrefied biomass, condensable liquids, and permanent gases.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
In general, woody biomass and other lignocellulosic biomass are used for torrefaction. Heat transfer to the biomass lies at the heart of the torrefaction process as the temperature of the biomass must be increased sufficiently to allow the thermochemical degradation reactions to take place. In case biomass is not predried, moisture evaporation creates an additional heat demand. Since the heat requirement for drying is much larger than for torrefaction, and the heat used in drying the biomass cannot be readily recovered, applying dry torrefaction for upgrading biomass feedstock with high inherent moisture levels is typically less attractive. For this reason, moisture content of incoming biomass should normally not exceed 15%.

=== Pre-treatment ===

* [[Drying]]

== Process and technologies ==

=== Torrefaction process ===
In torrefaction, the feedstock is subjected to thermal treatment at a relatively low temperature of 200°C-300°C in the absence or reduced oxygen level. Torrefaction could be wet or dry. During wet torrefaction, a hot compressed water is used in heating the biomass. During dry torrefaction, direct heating or hot inert gas (e.g. argon, helium and neon) is normally applied. The latter has been the most common practice for commercial purposes.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adekunle A. Adeleke, Jamiu K. Odusote, Peter P. Ikubanni, Olumuyiwa A. Lasode, Madhurai Malathi, Dayanand Paswan|year=2020|title=Essential basics on biomass torrefaction, densification and utilization|journal=International Journal of Energy Research|volume=45|page=1375-1395|doi=10.1002/er.5884}}</ref>

During torrefaction, as the temperature of the biomass is increased, the evaporation of physically bound water starts as the temperature approaches 100°C. At more elevated temperatures above 160°C, the structural biopolymer constituents (i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) within the biomass begin to degrade, forming gases and vapours. Hemicellulose typically decomposes at temperatures above 220°C, whereas cellulose starts to decompose at a higher temperature, typically above 300°C.

=== Torrefaction technologies ===

* Rotary drum reactor
* Screw reactor
* Multiple Hearth Furnaces (MHF)
* Torbed reactor
* Moving bed reactor
* Belt reacor
* Microwaves reactor

== Product ==
Torrefaction has been employed to improve on biomass properties, such as lower moisture content, higher energy density, improved hydrophobicity, and better grindability.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Properties of biomass before and after torrefaction
!Raw biomass
!Torrefied biomass
|-
|Higher moisture
|Lower moisture
|-
|Higher O/C and H/C ratios
|Lower O/C and H/C ratios
|-
|Lower heating value
|higher heating value
|-
|Hygroscopic
|Hydrophobic
|-
|Poor grindability
|Better grindability
|-
|Non uniform properties
|More uniform properties
|-
|Energy density: 1 MJ/kg
|Energy density: 1.28 MJ/kg
|}
Torrefaction process essentially aimed at making biomass suitable for subsequent processes such as [[pyrolysis]], [[hydrolysis]] and [[densification]]. Densification is one of the most prominent paths for processing torrefied biomass. Densification involves applying mechanical force on biomass to compact it into solid particles of uniform size such as pellets, briquettes and logs. Another area of application of torrefied biomass is in iron making. Biomass has the potential to cause reduction in fossil fuel usage in blast furnaces either as metallurgical coke production, iron ore agglomeration or pulverised coal in tuyere injection.

=== Post-treatment ===

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Heating
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reactor
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
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| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
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=== Perpetual Next (Torr-Coal) (NL) ===
{{Infobox provider-torrefaction|Company=Torrcoal B.V.|Webpage=https://www.torrcoal.com|Country=Netherlands (Sittard-Geleen)|TRL=7-8|Technology name=Torr-coal|Capacity=4500 kg/h. 30.000 ton/y output|Reactor=Rotary drum|Temperature=280-310|Feedstock=Wood, agro-residuals and non-recyclable waste|Product=Bio-charcoal}}

=== BioEndev (SE) ===

=== CENER (ES) ===
{{Infobox provider-torrefaction|Company=CENER BIO2C|Country=Spain|Webpage=Pretreatment Unit - Cener BIO2C
https://www.bio2c.es/pretreatment-unit/|Contact=Goizeder Barberena
info@cener.com|Feedstock=Herbaceous (cereal straw, agro-residues…), woody (pine, poplar, beech, eucalyptus, pawlonia, olive tree pruning…), variety of organic wastes (including low density materials and materials with high content of fines and dust).|Product=Bio-charcoal (Black pellets)|Technology name=BIO2C - Torrefaction Pilot Plant|TRL=6-7|Atmosphere=not relevant|Temperature=240-310|Capacity=150 - 350|Reactor=Internally rotating shaft indirectly heated reactor using thermal oil (250-300ºC)|Other=The plant is very flexible regarding raw material particle size distribution (0,25-40 mm) and bulk density (50-500 kg/m3)|Image=Logo-cener-bio2c-english-1.png}}

'''CENER Biomass Department''' performs applied research activities in the field of biomass, providing R&D services and technical assistance to all agents of the sector. The area is focused on the development & optimization of production processes of bioproducts, solid biofuels, advanced liquid or gaseous biofuels, as well as biorefinery concepts. Indeed, the main pillars are focused on '''solid biofuels, bioprocesses and comprehensive sustainability assessment'''. The main infrastructures in this department include the '''Biomass Laboratory''' (biomass & biofuels characterization and process development at lab scale), as well as the '''Biorefinery and Bioenergy Centre (BIO2C)'''.

=== Blackwood Technology (Former Topell Energy) ===
{{Infobox provider-torrefaction|Company=Blackwood Technology|Webpage=https://www.blackwood-technology.com|Country=Netherlands (Duiven)|TRL=8-9|Technology name=FlashTor torrefaction technology|Capacity=8000|Reactor=Toroidal fluidised bed reactor|Product=Bio-charcoal (Blackwood pellets)}}

=== Andritz/ECN (DK) ===

=== Thermya/Areva (FR) ===

=== River Basin Energy (NL) ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Sieving

2023-01-30T09:26:21Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Technology providers */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = all solid materials
| Category = [[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])
| Product = separated products
|Name= Sieving}}
<onlyinclude>'''Sieving''' is a simple technique for classifying and separating particles of different sizes. Sieving has been around since the time of the ancient Egyptians and can be considered the backbone of particle size technology. Sieving’s continuing popularity is due to the technique’s fundamentally simple principle and methodology, historical reference, and cost effectiveness. Several instrument components involved in a sieve analysis can be quality controlled, making the technique applicable to various industries including pharmaceutical, industrial, agricultural, and chemical. In food industries sieves (often vibrating) are used to prevent the contamination of the product by foreign bodies. The main method is separation of product(s) into different fractions according to the particle size. Particles with a size bigger than the mesh of the used sieve will be withheld and smaller particles will fall through.
</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
[[File:Sieving.png|thumb|Sieving process]]
=== Origin and composition ===
The sieving method is used to separate different components from a solid mixture via separating particles of different sizes. The feedstock composition therefore is a mixture of materials of different particle size e.g. coming from a [[sizing]] pro-treatment or a [[drying|drying process]].

=== Pre-treatment ===
For sieving no specific pre-treatment is needed since it is used to separate different fraction within a process chain. Sometimes it is combined with other separation technologies or the particle mixtures need to be [[drying|dry]].

==Process and technologies==
While sieving may appear rudimentary compared to more modern instrumental particle sizing techniques, it still requires several important considerations to obtain the best repeatable and precise results. Several factors must be considered when developing a robust sieving method or performing a routine quality analysis. Sample size, sieving duration, controlled agitation parameters and end point determination are all critical method variables which need to be addressed.

=== Sieve analysis ===
[[File:Sieving method.png|thumb|Sieving analysis]]
A '''sieve analysis''' (or '''gradation test''') is a practice to assess the particle size distribution (also called ''gradation'') of a granular material by allowing the material to pass through a series of sieves of progressively smaller mesh size and weighing the amount of material that is stopped by each sieve as a fraction of the whole mass.

Several mechanisms are used to disperse the sample and transport it through the screens (i.e. vibration, air entrainment or flowing liquid). While considered relatively low resolution, sieving’s practical applications lend itself well to quality control specifications.

==Products==
Since sieving only is a method to classify particles by size there is no specific product from this technology. The process results in more homogenous material composition in the different fractions that can be used for further processing.

=== Post-treatment ===
The post-treatment of the different products are depending on the next steps within the production chain.

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pore size [µm]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== CENER (ES) ===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=CENER BIO2C|CENER BIO2C=Pre-processing (Separation technologies), Post-processing (Separation technologies)|Country=Spain|Contact=Goizeder Barberena, info@cener.com|Image=Logo-cener-bio2c-english-1.png|Webpage=Pretreatment Unit - Cener BIO2C|Technology name=BIO2C – Sieving equipment|TRL=9|Pore size=Tamices de malla de 63, 125, 250, 500, 710 micras, 1, 1.4, 2, 2.5 y 3.15 mm de luz y 200mm de diámetro.|Sieve type=Vibratory|Capacity=3|Sieve material=not relevant|Surface area=not relevant|Other=More info: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSzeXOrNTnQ|Feedstock=Various Biomass Materials: Herbaceous (cereal straw, agro-residues…), woody (pine, poplar, beech, eucalyptus, pawlonia, olive tree pruning…), variety of organic wastes (including low density materials and materials with high content of fines and dust).|Product=Separated/fractionated product according to size}}
'''CENER Biomass Department''' performs applied research activities in the field of biomass, providing R&D services and technical assistance to all agents of the sector. The area is focused on the development & optimization of production processes of bioproducts, solid biofuels, advanced liquid or gaseous biofuels, as well as biorefinery concepts. Indeed, the main pillars are focused on '''solid biofuels, bioprocesses and comprehensive sustainability assessment'''. The main infrastructures in this department include the '''Biomass Laboratory''' (biomass & biofuels characterization and process development at lab scale), as well as the '''Biorefinery and Bioenergy Centre (BIO2C)'''.

===Genesis Process Solutions===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=Genesis Process Solutions|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=info@genesisps.co.uk|Webpage=https://www.genesisps.co.uk|Technology name=Farleygreene Sieving Technology|TRL=9|Pore size=63-16000|Sieve material=Stainless steel, Magnetic, Nylon, Polyester, Phosphor Bronze, Perforated, Wedgewire|Surface area=0.03-1.8|Sieve type=Modular, Tipping, Vibratory|Product=Fractionated product according size|Image=Genesis-Process-Solutions.png}}
Genesis Process Solutions was established in 2007 with the aim of bringing new concepts and innovative thinking to the bulk materials handling industry. Founded by two former Brabender Technologie employees, Neil Eardley and Phil Cameron, experience of the equipment and the various industries is the key to our success. With a combined experience of over forty years in the powder handling industry, it is the ideal platform on which to base the company strategy. We strive on giving the best possible service and therefore, so much experience of the Brabender equipment is vital. Our aim is to meet customer demands for high service levels combined with the ability to provide the right solutions for an ever increasingly difficult market place.

Since we started in 2007, we have continued the good work of Brabender along with growing at a steady rate and bringing new products - such as Krause flexible silos - to the market place. We work with many blue chip companies as well as companies with one person, this way we can cover as many of the different sectors within industry as possible. Recently added to our excellent portfolio are three companies : Sinfimasa (screw conveyors), Liftvrac (tubular belt conveyor) and most recently Bay Plastics Machinery (strand pelletizers for plastics).

=== FRITSCH GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=FRITSCH GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=Stefan Fröhlich (consultation@fritsch.de)|Webpage=https://www.fritsch-international.com|Technology name=ANALYSETTE|TRL=9|Capacity=0.02 - 15 kg|Pore size=20 um- 125 mm|Sieve type=Vibratory|Sieve material=High alloy corrosion-resistant steel|Surface area=100 - 450 mm|Feedstock=Not Disclosed|Product=Separated/fractionated product according to size|Image=LogoFritsch 4c high resolution.jpg}}
FRITSCH GmbH is a medium-sized family business in its fourth generation and was founded in 1920. It is globally active with subsidiaries in Russia, Singapore, China and the US. FRITSCH offers three sieve shakers, namely the ANALYSETTE 3 PRO, ANALYSETTE SPARTAN, and ANALYSETTE 18. The ANALYSETTE 3 PRO and SPARTAN have a two-dimensional sieving action and the ANALYSETTE 18 has a three-dimensional action. All three products accept dry and wet feedstocks and can be used as testing equipment in accordance with DIN EN ISO 9001.

=== RETSCH GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=RETSCH GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=Not Provided|Webpage=https://www.retsch.com/|Technology name=RETSCH|TRL=9|Capacity=0.03 - 25|Pore size=10 um - 125 mm|Sieve material=High alloy corrosion-resistant steel|Sieve type=Vibratory, air jet, horizontal, tap|Surface area=100 - 450 mm|Feedstock=Not Provided|Product=Separated/fractionated product according to size}}
RETSCH GmbH was founded in 1915 by F. Kurt Retsch. A few years later he registered his first patent in grinding technology: a mortar grinder that became famous worldwide as the RETSCH mill. Today RETSCH is the leading solution provider for size reduction and particle sizing technology with subsidiaries in the US, China, Japan, India, South Africa, France, Italy, Russia, UK, and Thailand.

RESCH offers various vibratory sieve shakers (AS200, AS300, AS450) that vary in capacity and measuring range, as well as a horizontal sieve shaker (AS 400), a tap sieve shaker (AS200 tap) and an air jet sieving machine (AS 200 jet). All instruments can be used as testing equipment in accordance with DIN EN ISO 9000 ff.

=== W.S. Tyler ===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=W.S. Tyler|Country=U.S.|Contact=Not Provided|Webpage=https://wstyler.com/|Technology name=RO-TAP|TRL=9|Pore size=20 um - 100 mm|Capacity=Not Provided|Sieve material=Stainless steel|Sieve type=Tap|Surface area=200 or 300 mm|Feedstock=Not Provided|Product=Separated/fractionated product according to size}}
W.S. Tyler is a leader in fields ranging from particle analysis, industrial woven wire, and filtration to architectural mesh. The company was founded by Washington S. Tyler in 1872 and first went by the name of Cleveland Wire Works. In 1990, The Particle Analysis & Fine Screening Division was introduced as an independent profit center of W.S. Tyler. Shortly after, this product group formed a partnership with Haver & Boecker.

There are 3 different types of mechanical sieve shakers that W.S. Tyler offers. The RX-29/30 single stack tapping machines for 8 and 12-inch sieves, the RX-812 oscillating shaker, and the RX-94, a double stack tapping machine for 8-inch sieves. There are also three different types of electromagnetic sieve shakers, namely the E pure, E Premium and E Premium Remote sieves. Only the E Premium Remote offers the possibility for wet sieving.

=== Sweco Europe S.A. ===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=Sweco Europe S.A.|Country=Belgium|Webpage=http://sweco.com/|Contact=Not Provided|Technology name=ATLAS Gyratory Sifter|TRL=9|Capacity=Not Provided|Pore size=Not Provided|Sieve material=Stainless steel|Sieve type=Horizontal|Surface area=3 - 49|Feedstock=Inputs from industries including chemical, food, plastics, agriculture, and minerals|Product=Separated/fractionated product according to size}}
SWECO is a business unit of M-I L.L.C. and leading manufacturer of customized industrial separation equipment. SWECO has 9 manufacturing or service facilities and over 100 sales offices worldwide. Headquartered in Florence, USA, SWECO also maintains manufacturing or service facilities in Belgium, Scotland, Italy, India, China and Singapore, a joint venture in Mexico, and a licensee in Australia.

=== Russell Finex Limited ===
{{Infobox provider-particle classification, sieving|Company=Russel Finex N.V.|Country=Belgium|Contact=Not Provided|Webpage=https://www.russelfinex.com|Technology name=The Finex Separator|TRL=9|Capacity=1360|Pore size=Not Provided|Sieve material=Stainless steel|Sieve type=Virbatory|Surface area=0.76 - 1.5|Feedstock=Inputs from food & beverage, chemicals|Product=Separated/fractionated product according to size}}
Established in 1934, Russel Finex has enjoyed 85 years of successful growth to become an international group employing over 250 employees. It is globally active in the field of fine mesh separation technology, designing and manufacturing vibratory sieves, separators, ultrasonic mesh deblending systems and liquid filters for use throughout the processing industries. Russel Finex has subsidiaries in the UK, USA, Belgium, India and China.
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=105&field_technology_area_target_id%5B92%5D=92&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
* [[:en:Sieving| Sieving]] in Wikipedia
*[https://www.particletechlabs.com/analytical-testing/particle-size-distribution-analyses/sieve-analysis#:~:text=Sieving%20has%20been%20around%20since,backbone%20of%20particle%20size%20technology.&text=A%20sieve%20analysis%20consists%20of,separate%20or%20classify%20a%20sample. Sieve analysis]

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Hydrolysis

2023-01-13T14:38:53Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Biorenewables Development Centre BDC */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Hydrolysis|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Chemical_processes_and_technologies|Chemical processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass|Product=Sugars and organic acids}}
<onlyinclude>'''Hydrolysis''' (/haɪˈdrɒlɪsɪs/; from Ancient Greek ''hydro-'' 'water', and ''lysis'' 'to unbind') is a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions that use water as the reagent.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2002|title=Hydrolysis|e-pub date=2002|date accessed=2021|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis|Author=Wikipedia}}</ref> In lignocellulosic biomass, the cellulose and hemicellulose breaks down into individual sugars. Hemicellulose is easier to hydrolyse than cellulose.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass|year=2010-01-15|author=P. Lenihan, A. Orozco, E. O’Neill, M.N.M. Ahmad, D.W. Rooney, G.M. Walker|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|volume=156|issue=2|page=395–403|doi=10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.061}}</ref> The result of hydrolysing hemicellulose and cellulose are sugars (glucose, mannose, galactose, (C6) and xylose, arabinose (C5)) and organic acids (formic acid and acetic acid).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Sugars and Furfurals Formation|year=2020-04-17|author=Katarzyna Świątek, Stephanie Gaag, Andreas Klier, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, David Steinbach|journal=Catalysts|volume=10|issue=4|page=437|doi=10.3390/catal10040437}}</ref> </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Hydrolysis can be performed as a pretreatment on any biowaste with a high lignocellulose content. Lignocellulose is typically the nonedible part of a plant, composed of a complex of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. Suitable feedstocks include grasses, straw, leaves, stems, shells, manure, paper waste, and others. The ratio between cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin varies wildly depending on the specific feedstock.<ref name=":1" />

=== Structural features ===

==== Cellulose ====
''Explain structure of cellulose''

==== Hemicellulose ====
''Explain structure of hemi-cellulose''

==== Lignin ====
''Explain structure of Lignin''

== Process and technologies ==

=== Chemical hydrolysis===
Chemical pretreatments have been used extensively for removal of lignin surrounding cellulose and for destroying its crystalline structure. Even though chemical pretreatments are usually effective, they have disadvantages which should not be ignored [10]. These include use of specialized corrosion resistant equipment, need for extensive washing, and disposal of chemical wastes. Various chemical methods are discussed under several headings, namely, alkalis, acids, gases, oxidizing agents, cellulose solvents, extraction, and swelling agents.

==== Acid ====
'''Acid hydrolysis''' is a hydrolysis process in which a protic acid is used to catalyze the hydrolysis reaction. Acids are used mainly for hydrolysis of cellulose [10]. A strong acid, such as formic, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, or sulphuric acid can be used in concentrated or diluted form. '''Concentrated acid''' (10-30 %) can penetrate the lignin structure and break down the cellulose and hemicellulose to individual sugars at low temperature and with high yield. Downsides are the high acid consumption and high corrosion potential. These downsides are circumvented with the use of '''diluted acid''' (2-5 %). However, in the latter case, higher temperature is required, which can lead to side product formation such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Alessandra Verardi, Isabella De Bari, Emanuele Ricca and Vincenza Calabrò|year=2012|section_title=Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Status of Processes and Technologies and Future Perspectives|editor=Marco Aurelio Pinheiro Lima and Alexandra Pardo Policastro Natalense|book_title=Bioethanol|publisher=IntechOpen}}</ref>

Acid hydrolysis can be further improved by the addition of salts, such as metal salts or suphite salts. Metals such as aluminium, calcium, copper, iron and zincnc can be used to increase the sugar yield [6]. Similar to [[Pulping and fractionation#Sulphite pulping|sulphite pulping]], sulphites can be added to aid in lignin removal.

===== Sulfuric acid =====
''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== Hydrochloric acid =====
''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== Phosphoric acid =====
''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

==== Alkali ====
'''Alkaline hydrolysis''' refers to hydrolysis reactions using hydroxide, commonly from sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide. The hydroxide breaks down the lignin bonds to make the cellulose more accessible. The reaction proceeds at lower temperature and pressure and residual alkali can be recycled. However, the pretreatment does result in irrecoverable salts in the product.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pretreatment of lignocellulosic sugarcane leaves and tops for bioethanol production|year=2020-01-01|journal=Lignocellulosic Biomass to Liquid Biofuels|page=301–324|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-815936-1.00010-1|author=S. Niju, M. Swathika, M. Balajii|volume=}}</ref>

===== Sodium hydroxide =====
Dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment of lignocellulosic material causes swelling, leading to an increase in internal surface area, decrease in the degree of polymerization, decrease in crystallinity, separation of structural linkages between lignin and carbohydrates, and disruption of the lignin structure [10].

''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== '''Ammonia''' =====
Liquid or gaseous ammonia acts as a strong swelling agent for cellulose [1].

''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== Ammonium sulfite =====
Ammonium sulfite is used mainly in a conventional pulping process.

''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

==== Solvent ====
Solvents can be added to improve the hydrolysis process. This is similar to [[Pulping#Dissolving pulp and organosolv|organosolv pulping]], but without the delignification as goal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Biomass pretreatment: Fundamentals toward application|year=2011-11|author=Valery B. Agbor, Nazim Cicek, Richard Sparling, Alex Berlin, David B. Levin|journal=Biotechnology Advances|volume=29|issue=6|page=675–685|doi=10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.005}}</ref>

===== Organosolv (lignin hydrolysis) =====
Organosolv pretreatment is the process to extract lignin from lignocellulosic feedstocks with organic solvents or their aqueous solutions.

In an '''organosolv hydrolysis''' organic solvents are added to the process, usually performed at high temperatures (100-250 °C). This can be combined with a catalyst such as HCl or H2SO4.<ref name=":2" /> For example, in '''acid-acetone''' pre-treatment biowaste is treated with an acid such as phophoric acid and then mixed with pre-cooled acetone.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: Challenges and opportunities|year=2016-01-01|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=199|page=92–102|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.106|author=Amit K. Jaiswal, Rajeev Ravindran}}</ref>

===== Ionic Liquids=====
Ionic liquids are '''solvents''' that can be used for biomass pretreatment, fractionation, and dissolution. During ionic liquid pretreatment, a cellulose-rich fraction can be generated through the degradation and removal of a large portion of lignin and hemicellulose <ref>{{Cite web|Author=Moyer, P., Kim, K., Abdoulmoumine, N. et al.|year=2018|title=Structural changes in lignocellulosic biomass during activation with ionic liquids comprising 3-methylimidazolium cations and carboxylate anions|e-pub date=27/09/2018|date accessed=06/12/2021|url=https://biotechnologyforbiofuels.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13068-018-1263-0}}</ref>

==== Subcritical water ====
Subcritical water hydrolysis (SWH), also called h''ydrothermal liquefaction'', ''hydrothermolysis'', or ''aquathe''rmolysis, has potential for breaking down the cellulose and hemicellulose biopolymers into simple sugars and small molecules. The technique uses water at high temperatures and pressures to keep it in a liquid form. SWH can reduce reaction time and thereby degradation product formation, generates less waste water and lower corrosion requirements.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Subcritical water hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse: An approach on solid residues characterization|year=2016-02-01|author=D. Lachos-Perez, F. Martinez-Jimenez, C. A. Rezende, G. Tompsett, M. Timko, T. Forster-Carneiro|journal=The Journal of Supercritical Fluids|volume=108|page=69–78|doi=10.1016/j.supflu.2015.10.019}}</ref>

=== Enzymatic hydrolysis ===
Enzymatic hydrolysis is a catalytic decomposition of a chemical compound by reaction with water, such as the conversion of lignocellulosic materials, by the addition of specific enzymes.

==== Cellulase enzymes ====
The hydrolysis of cellulose in native lignocellulosic material is slow and is primarily governed by structural features of the lignocellulosic biomass:

1. cellulose present in biomass possesses highly resistant crystalline structure;

2. lignin surrounding the cellulose forms a physical barrier;

3. The sites available for enzymatic attack are limited.

The cellulose present in lignocellulosic materials is composed of crystalline and amorphous components. The amorphous component is more susceptible to enzymatic attack than the crystalline component. The presence of lignin forms a physical barrier for enzymatic attack; therefore, treatments causing disruption of the lignin seal will increase the accessibility of cellulose to enzyme molecules and eventually its hydrolysis rate. The limitation of available sites for enzymatic attack stems from the fact that the average size of the capillaries in biomass is too small to allow the entry of large enzyme molecules; and thus, enzymatic attack is confined to the external surface [10].

Pretreatment, therefore, is an essential prerequisite to enhance the susceptibility of lignocellulosic materilas to enzyme action. An ideal pretreatment would accomplish reduction in lignin content, concommitant with a reduction in crystallinity, and an increase in surface area. The variety of pretreatments can be classified into physical, chemical, and biological depending on the mode of their action [10].

......

==== Hemicellulase enzymes ====
........

==== Ligninolytic enzymes ====
.... (See reference 11)

=== Biological hydrolysis ===
Lignin degradation can also occur through the action of lignin degrading enzymes secreted by microorganisms (e.g. fungi).

== Product==
Hydrolysis is generally performed on cellulose and hemi-cellulose, which results in different sugars: glucose, mannose, and galactose as C6 sugars, and xylose and arabinose asC5 sugars. Next to these, organic acids are often formed in formic acid and acetic acid.

=== Post-treatment ===
Currently no post-treatment has been identified.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Catalyst loading [wt %]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| pH
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reactor
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Residence time [h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
|
|
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
|
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|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Biorenewables Development Centre BDC ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Biorenewables Development Center|Country=United Kingdom|Image=Cropped-logo1.png|Webpage=http://www.biorenewables.org}}
The Biorenewables Development Centre (BDC) is an open-access R&D biorefinery centre, based at the University of York, working at the interface between academia and industry to convert plants, microbes and biowastes into profitable biorenewable products. With biologists, chemists, and business development specialists the BDC team offers a unique combination of multi-disciplinary expertise coupled with pilot-scale processing capabilities in one coordinated centre. Covering a broad spectrum of biorefining technologies, from feedstock assessment to product evaluation, the team specialise in making the most out of biorenewable materials; helping ideas to survive the valley of death; and de-risking the innovation process.

=== Hysytech S.R.L. ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Hysytech Srl|Controlled parameters=pH and Temperature|Feedstock=Compost|Safety restrictions=None|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Reactor=Continuous reactor. Cone bottom.|Processable volume=400|Temperature=>60|Atmosphere=Environment|Country=Italy|Catalyst=Base|Capacity=1 m3/h|Agitator=None. Pump recirculation|TRL=7|Technology name=Compost hydrolysis|Webpage=www.hysytech.com|Contact=massimiliano.antonini@hysytech.com; Simone.solaro@hysytech.com; freddy.liendo@hysytech.com|Product=Hydrolyzed product}}

=== Luleå University of Technology LTU ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Luleå University of Technology|Country=Sweden|Contact=Tobias Wretborn tobias.wretborn@ltu.se|Image=DownloadLTU.png|Webpage=https://www.ltu.se/|Processable volume=0,7 l/min (biomass)|Controlled parameters=Pressure, Temperature, Time, Solvent concentration, Solvent to biomass ratio|Atmosphere=Saturated, at pressures up to 30 bar|Capacity=0,7 l/min (biomass)|Reactor material=EN 1.4301|Agitator=Hydraulic augers|Temperature=≤ 230 °C|Catalyst=≤0.25 % sulfuric acid|TRL=6-7|Technology name=Organosolv pre-treatment|Product=Cellulose rich pulp, Lignin and Hemicellulose rich process liquor|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass|Reactor=Continuous organosolv reactor|Safety restrictions=not relevant|Other=not relevant}}
Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering: Humanity faces enormous challenges in the areas of energy, environment, raw materials, water resources and security. By research and education in the areas of mining, civil and environmental engineering, we take responsibility for the development of a sustainable society. We are about 400 people of about 50 nationalities, of which 200 are doctoral students and just over 50 professors. You will find us in the T-pavilion and the C-house on the university campus in Luleå. You will find our Lab activities in the F-house and the C-house. Our research and education are characterized by a strong experimental and applied profile with several large and well-equipped laboratories. All activities are quality assured by our dedicated professors and lecturers in an exclusive and successful collaboration with industry and the public sector. 65% of our research is externally funded and we have well-developed international collaborations with universities in all continents.

=== CropEnergies ===
Might be post-processing, they produce ethyl acetate from bio-ethanol, see also http://ethanolproducer.com/articles/18920/cropenergies-to-produce-renewable-ethyle-acetate)

=== NextChem ===

=== Valmet Oyj ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Valmet Oyj|Webpage=https://www.valmet.com/|Country=Finland|Technology name=BioTrac|Technology category=Chemical processes and technologies|TRL=9|Capacity=biomass feed up to 800 tonne/day|Reactor=Horizontal tube reactor|Temperature=High|Catalyst=Acidic conditions|Feedstock=All lignocellulosic biomass, including wood and forestry residues, wheat straw, corn stover and bagasse}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B85%5D=85&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />10. The Nature of Lignocellulosics and Their Pretreatments for Enzymatic Hydrolysis L. T. Fan, Young-Hyun Lee and M. M. Gharpuray Department of Chemical Engineering Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66506/U.S.A.

11. Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignin by ligninolytic enzymes and analysis of the hydrolyzed lignin products Sitong Zhang, Jianlong Xiao, Gang Wang, Guang Chen
[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Hydrolysis

2023-01-13T14:37:51Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Biorenewables Development Centre BDC */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Hydrolysis|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Chemical_processes_and_technologies|Chemical processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass|Product=Sugars and organic acids}}
<onlyinclude>'''Hydrolysis''' (/haɪˈdrɒlɪsɪs/; from Ancient Greek ''hydro-'' 'water', and ''lysis'' 'to unbind') is a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions that use water as the reagent.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2002|title=Hydrolysis|e-pub date=2002|date accessed=2021|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis|Author=Wikipedia}}</ref> In lignocellulosic biomass, the cellulose and hemicellulose breaks down into individual sugars. Hemicellulose is easier to hydrolyse than cellulose.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass|year=2010-01-15|author=P. Lenihan, A. Orozco, E. O’Neill, M.N.M. Ahmad, D.W. Rooney, G.M. Walker|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|volume=156|issue=2|page=395–403|doi=10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.061}}</ref> The result of hydrolysing hemicellulose and cellulose are sugars (glucose, mannose, galactose, (C6) and xylose, arabinose (C5)) and organic acids (formic acid and acetic acid).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Sugars and Furfurals Formation|year=2020-04-17|author=Katarzyna Świątek, Stephanie Gaag, Andreas Klier, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, David Steinbach|journal=Catalysts|volume=10|issue=4|page=437|doi=10.3390/catal10040437}}</ref> </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Hydrolysis can be performed as a pretreatment on any biowaste with a high lignocellulose content. Lignocellulose is typically the nonedible part of a plant, composed of a complex of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. Suitable feedstocks include grasses, straw, leaves, stems, shells, manure, paper waste, and others. The ratio between cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin varies wildly depending on the specific feedstock.<ref name=":1" />

=== Structural features ===

==== Cellulose ====
''Explain structure of cellulose''

==== Hemicellulose ====
''Explain structure of hemi-cellulose''

==== Lignin ====
''Explain structure of Lignin''

== Process and technologies ==

=== Chemical hydrolysis===
Chemical pretreatments have been used extensively for removal of lignin surrounding cellulose and for destroying its crystalline structure. Even though chemical pretreatments are usually effective, they have disadvantages which should not be ignored [10]. These include use of specialized corrosion resistant equipment, need for extensive washing, and disposal of chemical wastes. Various chemical methods are discussed under several headings, namely, alkalis, acids, gases, oxidizing agents, cellulose solvents, extraction, and swelling agents.

==== Acid ====
'''Acid hydrolysis''' is a hydrolysis process in which a protic acid is used to catalyze the hydrolysis reaction. Acids are used mainly for hydrolysis of cellulose [10]. A strong acid, such as formic, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, or sulphuric acid can be used in concentrated or diluted form. '''Concentrated acid''' (10-30 %) can penetrate the lignin structure and break down the cellulose and hemicellulose to individual sugars at low temperature and with high yield. Downsides are the high acid consumption and high corrosion potential. These downsides are circumvented with the use of '''diluted acid''' (2-5 %). However, in the latter case, higher temperature is required, which can lead to side product formation such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Alessandra Verardi, Isabella De Bari, Emanuele Ricca and Vincenza Calabrò|year=2012|section_title=Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Status of Processes and Technologies and Future Perspectives|editor=Marco Aurelio Pinheiro Lima and Alexandra Pardo Policastro Natalense|book_title=Bioethanol|publisher=IntechOpen}}</ref>

Acid hydrolysis can be further improved by the addition of salts, such as metal salts or suphite salts. Metals such as aluminium, calcium, copper, iron and zincnc can be used to increase the sugar yield [6]. Similar to [[Pulping and fractionation#Sulphite pulping|sulphite pulping]], sulphites can be added to aid in lignin removal.

===== Sulfuric acid =====
''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== Hydrochloric acid =====
''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== Phosphoric acid =====
''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

==== Alkali ====
'''Alkaline hydrolysis''' refers to hydrolysis reactions using hydroxide, commonly from sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide. The hydroxide breaks down the lignin bonds to make the cellulose more accessible. The reaction proceeds at lower temperature and pressure and residual alkali can be recycled. However, the pretreatment does result in irrecoverable salts in the product.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pretreatment of lignocellulosic sugarcane leaves and tops for bioethanol production|year=2020-01-01|journal=Lignocellulosic Biomass to Liquid Biofuels|page=301–324|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-815936-1.00010-1|author=S. Niju, M. Swathika, M. Balajii|volume=}}</ref>

===== Sodium hydroxide =====
Dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment of lignocellulosic material causes swelling, leading to an increase in internal surface area, decrease in the degree of polymerization, decrease in crystallinity, separation of structural linkages between lignin and carbohydrates, and disruption of the lignin structure [10].

''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== '''Ammonia''' =====
Liquid or gaseous ammonia acts as a strong swelling agent for cellulose [1].

''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== Ammonium sulfite =====
Ammonium sulfite is used mainly in a conventional pulping process.

''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

==== Solvent ====
Solvents can be added to improve the hydrolysis process. This is similar to [[Pulping#Dissolving pulp and organosolv|organosolv pulping]], but without the delignification as goal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Biomass pretreatment: Fundamentals toward application|year=2011-11|author=Valery B. Agbor, Nazim Cicek, Richard Sparling, Alex Berlin, David B. Levin|journal=Biotechnology Advances|volume=29|issue=6|page=675–685|doi=10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.005}}</ref>

===== Organosolv (lignin hydrolysis) =====
Organosolv pretreatment is the process to extract lignin from lignocellulosic feedstocks with organic solvents or their aqueous solutions.

In an '''organosolv hydrolysis''' organic solvents are added to the process, usually performed at high temperatures (100-250 °C). This can be combined with a catalyst such as HCl or H2SO4.<ref name=":2" /> For example, in '''acid-acetone''' pre-treatment biowaste is treated with an acid such as phophoric acid and then mixed with pre-cooled acetone.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: Challenges and opportunities|year=2016-01-01|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=199|page=92–102|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.106|author=Amit K. Jaiswal, Rajeev Ravindran}}</ref>

===== Ionic Liquids=====
Ionic liquids are '''solvents''' that can be used for biomass pretreatment, fractionation, and dissolution. During ionic liquid pretreatment, a cellulose-rich fraction can be generated through the degradation and removal of a large portion of lignin and hemicellulose <ref>{{Cite web|Author=Moyer, P., Kim, K., Abdoulmoumine, N. et al.|year=2018|title=Structural changes in lignocellulosic biomass during activation with ionic liquids comprising 3-methylimidazolium cations and carboxylate anions|e-pub date=27/09/2018|date accessed=06/12/2021|url=https://biotechnologyforbiofuels.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13068-018-1263-0}}</ref>

==== Subcritical water ====
Subcritical water hydrolysis (SWH), also called h''ydrothermal liquefaction'', ''hydrothermolysis'', or ''aquathe''rmolysis, has potential for breaking down the cellulose and hemicellulose biopolymers into simple sugars and small molecules. The technique uses water at high temperatures and pressures to keep it in a liquid form. SWH can reduce reaction time and thereby degradation product formation, generates less waste water and lower corrosion requirements.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Subcritical water hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse: An approach on solid residues characterization|year=2016-02-01|author=D. Lachos-Perez, F. Martinez-Jimenez, C. A. Rezende, G. Tompsett, M. Timko, T. Forster-Carneiro|journal=The Journal of Supercritical Fluids|volume=108|page=69–78|doi=10.1016/j.supflu.2015.10.019}}</ref>

=== Enzymatic hydrolysis ===
Enzymatic hydrolysis is a catalytic decomposition of a chemical compound by reaction with water, such as the conversion of lignocellulosic materials, by the addition of specific enzymes.

==== Cellulase enzymes ====
The hydrolysis of cellulose in native lignocellulosic material is slow and is primarily governed by structural features of the lignocellulosic biomass:

1. cellulose present in biomass possesses highly resistant crystalline structure;

2. lignin surrounding the cellulose forms a physical barrier;

3. The sites available for enzymatic attack are limited.

The cellulose present in lignocellulosic materials is composed of crystalline and amorphous components. The amorphous component is more susceptible to enzymatic attack than the crystalline component. The presence of lignin forms a physical barrier for enzymatic attack; therefore, treatments causing disruption of the lignin seal will increase the accessibility of cellulose to enzyme molecules and eventually its hydrolysis rate. The limitation of available sites for enzymatic attack stems from the fact that the average size of the capillaries in biomass is too small to allow the entry of large enzyme molecules; and thus, enzymatic attack is confined to the external surface [10].

Pretreatment, therefore, is an essential prerequisite to enhance the susceptibility of lignocellulosic materilas to enzyme action. An ideal pretreatment would accomplish reduction in lignin content, concommitant with a reduction in crystallinity, and an increase in surface area. The variety of pretreatments can be classified into physical, chemical, and biological depending on the mode of their action [10].

......

==== Hemicellulase enzymes ====
........

==== Ligninolytic enzymes ====
.... (See reference 11)

=== Biological hydrolysis ===
Lignin degradation can also occur through the action of lignin degrading enzymes secreted by microorganisms (e.g. fungi).

== Product==
Hydrolysis is generally performed on cellulose and hemi-cellulose, which results in different sugars: glucose, mannose, and galactose as C6 sugars, and xylose and arabinose asC5 sugars. Next to these, organic acids are often formed in formic acid and acetic acid.

=== Post-treatment ===
Currently no post-treatment has been identified.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Catalyst loading [wt %]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| pH
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reactor
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Residence time [h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
|
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| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
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|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}

=== Biorenewables Development Centre BDC ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Biorenewables Development Center|Country=United Kingdom|Image=Cropped-logo1.png|Webpage=http://www.biorenewables.org}}

=== Hysytech S.R.L. ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Hysytech Srl|Controlled parameters=pH and Temperature|Feedstock=Compost|Safety restrictions=None|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Reactor=Continuous reactor. Cone bottom.|Processable volume=400|Temperature=>60|Atmosphere=Environment|Country=Italy|Catalyst=Base|Capacity=1 m3/h|Agitator=None. Pump recirculation|TRL=7|Technology name=Compost hydrolysis|Webpage=www.hysytech.com|Contact=massimiliano.antonini@hysytech.com; Simone.solaro@hysytech.com; freddy.liendo@hysytech.com|Product=Hydrolyzed product}}

=== Luleå University of Technology LTU ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Luleå University of Technology|Country=Sweden|Contact=Tobias Wretborn tobias.wretborn@ltu.se|Image=DownloadLTU.png|Webpage=https://www.ltu.se/|Processable volume=0,7 l/min (biomass)|Controlled parameters=Pressure, Temperature, Time, Solvent concentration, Solvent to biomass ratio|Atmosphere=Saturated, at pressures up to 30 bar|Capacity=0,7 l/min (biomass)|Reactor material=EN 1.4301|Agitator=Hydraulic augers|Temperature=≤ 230 °C|Catalyst=≤0.25 % sulfuric acid|TRL=6-7|Technology name=Organosolv pre-treatment|Product=Cellulose rich pulp, Lignin and Hemicellulose rich process liquor|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass|Reactor=Continuous organosolv reactor|Safety restrictions=not relevant|Other=not relevant}}
Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering: Humanity faces enormous challenges in the areas of energy, environment, raw materials, water resources and security. By research and education in the areas of mining, civil and environmental engineering, we take responsibility for the development of a sustainable society. We are about 400 people of about 50 nationalities, of which 200 are doctoral students and just over 50 professors. You will find us in the T-pavilion and the C-house on the university campus in Luleå. You will find our Lab activities in the F-house and the C-house. Our research and education are characterized by a strong experimental and applied profile with several large and well-equipped laboratories. All activities are quality assured by our dedicated professors and lecturers in an exclusive and successful collaboration with industry and the public sector. 65% of our research is externally funded and we have well-developed international collaborations with universities in all continents.

=== CropEnergies ===
Might be post-processing, they produce ethyl acetate from bio-ethanol, see also http://ethanolproducer.com/articles/18920/cropenergies-to-produce-renewable-ethyle-acetate)

=== NextChem ===

=== Valmet Oyj ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Valmet Oyj|Webpage=https://www.valmet.com/|Country=Finland|Technology name=BioTrac|Technology category=Chemical processes and technologies|TRL=9|Capacity=biomass feed up to 800 tonne/day|Reactor=Horizontal tube reactor|Temperature=High|Catalyst=Acidic conditions|Feedstock=All lignocellulosic biomass, including wood and forestry residues, wheat straw, corn stover and bagasse}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B85%5D=85&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />10. The Nature of Lignocellulosics and Their Pretreatments for Enzymatic Hydrolysis L. T. Fan, Young-Hyun Lee and M. M. Gharpuray Department of Chemical Engineering Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66506/U.S.A.

11. Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignin by ligninolytic enzymes and analysis of the hydrolyzed lignin products Sitong Zhang, Jianlong Xiao, Gang Wang, Guang Chen
[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Hydrolysis

2023-01-13T14:28:53Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Hysytech S.R.L. */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Hydrolysis|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Chemical_processes_and_technologies|Chemical processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass|Product=Sugars and organic acids}}
<onlyinclude>'''Hydrolysis''' (/haɪˈdrɒlɪsɪs/; from Ancient Greek ''hydro-'' 'water', and ''lysis'' 'to unbind') is a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions that use water as the reagent.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2002|title=Hydrolysis|e-pub date=2002|date accessed=2021|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis|Author=Wikipedia}}</ref> In lignocellulosic biomass, the cellulose and hemicellulose breaks down into individual sugars. Hemicellulose is easier to hydrolyse than cellulose.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass|year=2010-01-15|author=P. Lenihan, A. Orozco, E. O’Neill, M.N.M. Ahmad, D.W. Rooney, G.M. Walker|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|volume=156|issue=2|page=395–403|doi=10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.061}}</ref> The result of hydrolysing hemicellulose and cellulose are sugars (glucose, mannose, galactose, (C6) and xylose, arabinose (C5)) and organic acids (formic acid and acetic acid).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Sugars and Furfurals Formation|year=2020-04-17|author=Katarzyna Świątek, Stephanie Gaag, Andreas Klier, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, David Steinbach|journal=Catalysts|volume=10|issue=4|page=437|doi=10.3390/catal10040437}}</ref> </onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Origin and composition ===
Hydrolysis can be performed as a pretreatment on any biowaste with a high lignocellulose content. Lignocellulose is typically the nonedible part of a plant, composed of a complex of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. Suitable feedstocks include grasses, straw, leaves, stems, shells, manure, paper waste, and others. The ratio between cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin varies wildly depending on the specific feedstock.<ref name=":1" />

=== Structural features ===

==== Cellulose ====
''Explain structure of cellulose''

==== Hemicellulose ====
''Explain structure of hemi-cellulose''

==== Lignin ====
''Explain structure of Lignin''

== Process and technologies ==

=== Chemical hydrolysis===
Chemical pretreatments have been used extensively for removal of lignin surrounding cellulose and for destroying its crystalline structure. Even though chemical pretreatments are usually effective, they have disadvantages which should not be ignored [10]. These include use of specialized corrosion resistant equipment, need for extensive washing, and disposal of chemical wastes. Various chemical methods are discussed under several headings, namely, alkalis, acids, gases, oxidizing agents, cellulose solvents, extraction, and swelling agents.

==== Acid ====
'''Acid hydrolysis''' is a hydrolysis process in which a protic acid is used to catalyze the hydrolysis reaction. Acids are used mainly for hydrolysis of cellulose [10]. A strong acid, such as formic, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, or sulphuric acid can be used in concentrated or diluted form. '''Concentrated acid''' (10-30 %) can penetrate the lignin structure and break down the cellulose and hemicellulose to individual sugars at low temperature and with high yield. Downsides are the high acid consumption and high corrosion potential. These downsides are circumvented with the use of '''diluted acid''' (2-5 %). However, in the latter case, higher temperature is required, which can lead to side product formation such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Alessandra Verardi, Isabella De Bari, Emanuele Ricca and Vincenza Calabrò|year=2012|section_title=Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Status of Processes and Technologies and Future Perspectives|editor=Marco Aurelio Pinheiro Lima and Alexandra Pardo Policastro Natalense|book_title=Bioethanol|publisher=IntechOpen}}</ref>

Acid hydrolysis can be further improved by the addition of salts, such as metal salts or suphite salts. Metals such as aluminium, calcium, copper, iron and zincnc can be used to increase the sugar yield [6]. Similar to [[Pulping and fractionation#Sulphite pulping|sulphite pulping]], sulphites can be added to aid in lignin removal.

===== Sulfuric acid =====
''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== Hydrochloric acid =====
''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== Phosphoric acid =====
''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

==== Alkali ====
'''Alkaline hydrolysis''' refers to hydrolysis reactions using hydroxide, commonly from sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide. The hydroxide breaks down the lignin bonds to make the cellulose more accessible. The reaction proceeds at lower temperature and pressure and residual alkali can be recycled. However, the pretreatment does result in irrecoverable salts in the product.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pretreatment of lignocellulosic sugarcane leaves and tops for bioethanol production|year=2020-01-01|journal=Lignocellulosic Biomass to Liquid Biofuels|page=301–324|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-815936-1.00010-1|author=S. Niju, M. Swathika, M. Balajii|volume=}}</ref>

===== Sodium hydroxide =====
Dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment of lignocellulosic material causes swelling, leading to an increase in internal surface area, decrease in the degree of polymerization, decrease in crystallinity, separation of structural linkages between lignin and carbohydrates, and disruption of the lignin structure [10].

''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== '''Ammonia''' =====
Liquid or gaseous ammonia acts as a strong swelling agent for cellulose [1].

''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

===== Ammonium sulfite =====
Ammonium sulfite is used mainly in a conventional pulping process.

''Elaborate more the reactions conditions and give some examples from literature.''

==== Solvent ====
Solvents can be added to improve the hydrolysis process. This is similar to [[Pulping#Dissolving pulp and organosolv|organosolv pulping]], but without the delignification as goal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Biomass pretreatment: Fundamentals toward application|year=2011-11|author=Valery B. Agbor, Nazim Cicek, Richard Sparling, Alex Berlin, David B. Levin|journal=Biotechnology Advances|volume=29|issue=6|page=675–685|doi=10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.005}}</ref>

===== Organosolv (lignin hydrolysis) =====
Organosolv pretreatment is the process to extract lignin from lignocellulosic feedstocks with organic solvents or their aqueous solutions.

In an '''organosolv hydrolysis''' organic solvents are added to the process, usually performed at high temperatures (100-250 °C). This can be combined with a catalyst such as HCl or H2SO4.<ref name=":2" /> For example, in '''acid-acetone''' pre-treatment biowaste is treated with an acid such as phophoric acid and then mixed with pre-cooled acetone.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: Challenges and opportunities|year=2016-01-01|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=199|page=92–102|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.106|author=Amit K. Jaiswal, Rajeev Ravindran}}</ref>

===== Ionic Liquids=====
Ionic liquids are '''solvents''' that can be used for biomass pretreatment, fractionation, and dissolution. During ionic liquid pretreatment, a cellulose-rich fraction can be generated through the degradation and removal of a large portion of lignin and hemicellulose <ref>{{Cite web|Author=Moyer, P., Kim, K., Abdoulmoumine, N. et al.|year=2018|title=Structural changes in lignocellulosic biomass during activation with ionic liquids comprising 3-methylimidazolium cations and carboxylate anions|e-pub date=27/09/2018|date accessed=06/12/2021|url=https://biotechnologyforbiofuels.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13068-018-1263-0}}</ref>

==== Subcritical water ====
Subcritical water hydrolysis (SWH), also called h''ydrothermal liquefaction'', ''hydrothermolysis'', or ''aquathe''rmolysis, has potential for breaking down the cellulose and hemicellulose biopolymers into simple sugars and small molecules. The technique uses water at high temperatures and pressures to keep it in a liquid form. SWH can reduce reaction time and thereby degradation product formation, generates less waste water and lower corrosion requirements.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Subcritical water hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse: An approach on solid residues characterization|year=2016-02-01|author=D. Lachos-Perez, F. Martinez-Jimenez, C. A. Rezende, G. Tompsett, M. Timko, T. Forster-Carneiro|journal=The Journal of Supercritical Fluids|volume=108|page=69–78|doi=10.1016/j.supflu.2015.10.019}}</ref>

=== Enzymatic hydrolysis ===
Enzymatic hydrolysis is a catalytic decomposition of a chemical compound by reaction with water, such as the conversion of lignocellulosic materials, by the addition of specific enzymes.

==== Cellulase enzymes ====
The hydrolysis of cellulose in native lignocellulosic material is slow and is primarily governed by structural features of the lignocellulosic biomass:

1. cellulose present in biomass possesses highly resistant crystalline structure;

2. lignin surrounding the cellulose forms a physical barrier;

3. The sites available for enzymatic attack are limited.

The cellulose present in lignocellulosic materials is composed of crystalline and amorphous components. The amorphous component is more susceptible to enzymatic attack than the crystalline component. The presence of lignin forms a physical barrier for enzymatic attack; therefore, treatments causing disruption of the lignin seal will increase the accessibility of cellulose to enzyme molecules and eventually its hydrolysis rate. The limitation of available sites for enzymatic attack stems from the fact that the average size of the capillaries in biomass is too small to allow the entry of large enzyme molecules; and thus, enzymatic attack is confined to the external surface [10].

Pretreatment, therefore, is an essential prerequisite to enhance the susceptibility of lignocellulosic materilas to enzyme action. An ideal pretreatment would accomplish reduction in lignin content, concommitant with a reduction in crystallinity, and an increase in surface area. The variety of pretreatments can be classified into physical, chemical, and biological depending on the mode of their action [10].

......

==== Hemicellulase enzymes ====
........

==== Ligninolytic enzymes ====
.... (See reference 11)

=== Biological hydrolysis ===
Lignin degradation can also occur through the action of lignin degrading enzymes secreted by microorganisms (e.g. fungi).

== Product==
Hydrolysis is generally performed on cellulose and hemi-cellulose, which results in different sugars: glucose, mannose, and galactose as C6 sugars, and xylose and arabinose asC5 sugars. Next to these, organic acids are often formed in formic acid and acetic acid.

=== Post-treatment ===
Currently no post-treatment has been identified.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Catalyst loading [wt %]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| pH
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reactor
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Residence time [h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
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!
!
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|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
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| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
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=== Biorenewables Development Centre BDC ===

=== Hysytech S.R.L. ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Hysytech Srl|Controlled parameters=pH and Temperature|Feedstock=Compost|Safety restrictions=None|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Reactor=Continuous reactor. Cone bottom.|Processable volume=400|Temperature=>60|Atmosphere=Environment|Country=Italy|Catalyst=Base|Capacity=1 m3/h|Agitator=None. Pump recirculation|TRL=7|Technology name=Compost hydrolysis|Webpage=www.hysytech.com|Contact=massimiliano.antonini@hysytech.com; Simone.solaro@hysytech.com; freddy.liendo@hysytech.com|Product=Hydrolyzed product}}

=== Luleå University of Technology LTU ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Luleå University of Technology|Country=Sweden|Contact=Tobias Wretborn tobias.wretborn@ltu.se|Image=DownloadLTU.png|Webpage=https://www.ltu.se/|Processable volume=0,7 l/min (biomass)|Controlled parameters=Pressure, Temperature, Time, Solvent concentration, Solvent to biomass ratio|Atmosphere=Saturated, at pressures up to 30 bar|Capacity=0,7 l/min (biomass)|Reactor material=EN 1.4301|Agitator=Hydraulic augers|Temperature=≤ 230 °C|Catalyst=≤0.25 % sulfuric acid|TRL=6-7|Technology name=Organosolv pre-treatment|Product=Cellulose rich pulp, Lignin and Hemicellulose rich process liquor|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass|Reactor=Continuous organosolv reactor|Safety restrictions=not relevant|Other=not relevant}}
Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering: Humanity faces enormous challenges in the areas of energy, environment, raw materials, water resources and security. By research and education in the areas of mining, civil and environmental engineering, we take responsibility for the development of a sustainable society. We are about 400 people of about 50 nationalities, of which 200 are doctoral students and just over 50 professors. You will find us in the T-pavilion and the C-house on the university campus in Luleå. You will find our Lab activities in the F-house and the C-house. Our research and education are characterized by a strong experimental and applied profile with several large and well-equipped laboratories. All activities are quality assured by our dedicated professors and lecturers in an exclusive and successful collaboration with industry and the public sector. 65% of our research is externally funded and we have well-developed international collaborations with universities in all continents.

=== CropEnergies ===
Might be post-processing, they produce ethyl acetate from bio-ethanol, see also http://ethanolproducer.com/articles/18920/cropenergies-to-produce-renewable-ethyle-acetate)

=== NextChem ===

=== Valmet Oyj ===
{{Infobox provider-hydrolysis|Company=Valmet Oyj|Webpage=https://www.valmet.com/|Country=Finland|Technology name=BioTrac|Technology category=Chemical processes and technologies|TRL=9|Capacity=biomass feed up to 800 tonne/day|Reactor=Horizontal tube reactor|Temperature=High|Catalyst=Acidic conditions|Feedstock=All lignocellulosic biomass, including wood and forestry residues, wheat straw, corn stover and bagasse}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B85%5D=85&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />10. The Nature of Lignocellulosics and Their Pretreatments for Enzymatic Hydrolysis L. T. Fan, Young-Hyun Lee and M. M. Gharpuray Department of Chemical Engineering Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66506/U.S.A.

11. Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignin by ligninolytic enzymes and analysis of the hydrolyzed lignin products Sitong Zhang, Jianlong Xiao, Gang Wang, Guang Chen
[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Anaerobic digestion

2023-01-13T14:01:55Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Biogas Plus */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Anaerobic digestion|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=[[Biowaste]] in general, [[Food waste]], [[Garden and park waste]] (wood, leaves)|Product=Biogas and digestate}}
<onlyinclude>'''Anaerobic digestion''' is a process through which micro-organisms break down organic matter, such as animal manure, wastewater biosolids, and food wastes, in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic digestion intended for biogas production takes place in a sealed tank (called an anaerobic digester), which is designed and constructed in various shapes and sizes specific to the site and feedstock conditions. These sealed vessels contain complex microbial communities that break down the waste and produce biogas and digestate (i.e., the solid and liquid material end-products of the process). The biogas can be used as a source of energy. The remaining digestate can be used as a fertiliser, or it can be post-treated according to its intended use, e.g. by drying or composting to use it as a soil improvement agent.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==
=== Origin and composition ===
Multiple organic materials can be combined in one digester, a practice called co-digestion. Co-digested materials include, amongst others, manure, food waste, energy crops, crop residues, and fats, oils, and greases (FOG) from restaurant grease traps.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Biomass is first separated from impurities as stones and glass. An agitator provides a good mixing between different biomass types to avoid strong changes in composition. The feed is a stirrable mixture and the dry matter content may be a maximum of 15-20% of the slurry. Co-substrates are often reduced in size by shredding before they are fed in order to make the contact surface of the biomass as large as possible.

For residual flows from the food industry, crop residues and manure, thermal and chemical pre-treatments are mainly applied. The most important effects of thermal pre-treatment are: reducing particle size, increasing solubility and improve the biodegradability. Additional advantages of thermal pre-treatment are: (1) higher loading of the digester is possible, (2) lower viscosity of the treated material which results in lower energy input for mixing the digester, (3) improved dewaterability of digestate and (4) sanitised product.

The following pre-treatments may be considered :

* [[Membrane filtration]]
*[[Sieving]]
* [[Sizing]] (e.g. chipping, grinding)
* Thermal pre-treatment

== Process and technologies ==
=== Process ===
There are three basic anaerobic digestion processes, namely psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic, which take place over different temperature ranges. Psychrophilic digestion is a low temperature (<20°C) process. Mesophilic digestion takes place between 20 and 45°C, which can take a month or two to complete, and thermophilic digestion between 45 and 65°C, which is faster, but its micro-organisms are more sensitive. The majority of the agricultural biogas plants are operated at mesophilic temperatures. Thermophilic temperatures are applied mainly in large-scale centralised biogas plants with co-digestion<ref>{{Cite web|year=2021|title=Anaerobic digestion|e-pub date=2021|date accessed=6/9/2021|url=https://www.eubia.org/cms/wiki-biomass/anaerobic-digestion/}}</ref>. The process of anaerobic digestion takes place through four successive stages: hydrolysis, fermentation, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Junye Wang|year=2014|title=Decentralized biogas technology of anaerobic digestion and farm ecosystem: opportunities and challenges|journal=Fronties in Energy Research|volume=2|page=|doi=10.3389/fenrg.2014.00010}}</ref> In the hydrolysis step, the feedstock is broken down into soluble substrates (e.g., sugar and amino acids) by enzymes. Fermentation involves the conversion of sugar, amino acids, and fatty acids into ammonia, organic acids, hydrogen (H2) and CO2. In the acetogenesis step, volatile fatty acids are broken down into acetic acids, CO2 and H2. Finally, methanogenesis step converts acetate, formaldeyde, and H2 to CH4 and water<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jay N. Meegoda, Brian Li, Kush Patel, Lily B. Wang|year=2018|title=A review of the Processes, Parameters, and Optimization of Anaerobic Digestion|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=15|page=|doi=10.3390/ijerph15102224}}</ref>.
[[File:Anaerobic stages.png|thumb|Simplified scheme of pathways in anaerobic digestion (not own work)]]

Usually, the produced biogas must be dried and drained for condense water and biological or chemical cleaned for H2S, NH3 and trace elements. Further upgrading of the biogas to increase the CH4 content could be realized by membrane separation of CO2 and pressurising the biogas.
== Product ==
Anaerobic digestion produces two valuable outputs, namely biogas and digestate. Biogas is composed of methane (CH4), which is the primary component of natural gas, at a relatively high percentage (50 to 75%), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), water vapor, and trace amounts of other gases. The energy in biogas can be used like natural gas to provide heat, generate electricity, and power cooling systems. Biogas can also be purified by removing the inert or low-value constituents (CO2, water, H2S, etc.) to generate renewable natural gas (RNG). This can be sold and injected into the natural gas distribution system, compressed and used as vehicle fuel, or processed further to generate alternative transportation fuel or other advanced biochemicals and bioproducts.

The digestate can be used in many beneficial applications provided that is is appropriately treated post processing. This could be in form of animal bedding, nutreint-rich fertilizer, organic-rich compost, or as soil amendment.

=== Post-treatment ===
The remaining digestate can be post-treated according to its intended use, e.g. by drying or composting to use it as a soil improvement agent.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable mass [kg]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: biogas
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Product: Renewable natrual gas (RNG)
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Anaerobic digestion#Biogas Plus|Biogas Plus]]
| The Netherlands
| -
| Compact Plus
| 9
| -
| -
| -
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| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
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| [[Anaerobic digestion#BioRenGaz|BioRenGaz]]
| France
| -
| Bioreactor
| 7
| -
| -
| -
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|-
|[[Anaerobic digestion#Dranco|Dranco]]
|Belgium
|
|DRANCO Dry anaerobic digestion
| -
|5000
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=== Biorenewables Development Centre BDC ===
{{Infobox provider-anaerobic digestion|Company=Biorenewables Development Centre|Image=Cropped-logo1.png|Country=United Kingdom|Webpage=http://www.biorenewables.org|Contact=Anna Alessi}}
The Biorenewables Development Centre (BDC) is an open-access R&D biorefinery centre, based at the University of York, working at the interface between academia and industry to convert plants, microbes and biowastes into profitable biorenewable products. With biologists, chemists, and business development specialists the BDC team offers a unique combination of multi-disciplinary expertise coupled with pilot-scale processing capabilities in one coordinated centre. Covering a broad spectrum of biorefining technologies, from feedstock assessment to product evaluation, the team specialise in making the most out of biorenewable materials; helping ideas to survive the valley of death; and de-risking the innovation process.

=== Biogas Plus ===
{{Infobox provider-anaerobic digestion|Company=Biogas Plus|Webpage=https://www.biogasplus.nl|Country=The Netherlands|Reactor=Complete mix digester|Capacity=18.000 tons (input), 320.000 Nm3 green gas/year (output).|Feedstock=Animal Manure|Product=Green gas|TRL=9|Technology name=Compact Plus}}
Biogas Plus is a turnkey supplier of biogas installations. This biogas installation produces biogas through the fermentation of organic (residual) flows, such as manure, unpacked food, sewage treatment sludge or other products. The biogas is then upgraded to renewable gas (green gas / biomethane / RNG) or to green electricity and heat. Biogas Plus offers a variety of installation sizes able to meet the needs of a mid-size farm up to large-scale units (between 50.000 and 300.000 tons of input per year).

=== BioRenGaz ===
{{Infobox provider-anaerobic digestion|Company=BioRenGaz|Country=France|Webpage=https://www.biorengaz.com/|Contact=contact@biorengaz.com|Image=BioRenGaz_icone.png|TRL=7|Technology name=Bioreactor}}

BioRenGaz has developed a new patented anaerobic digestion technology that is 4 times more efficient and much more compact than conventional biogas plants thanks to vertical silo design. The anaerobic filter uses a recycled and 100% renewable packing material to replace costly and polluting plastic packing. This medium provides an ecological habitat for the bacteria and enhances their performance. The solution is adapted for the treatment of liquid effluents and the great advantage, unlike other technologies, is that it can also valorize pulpy effluents like biowaste pulp. The bioreactors have lower operational costs and increased energy production by keeping the micro-organisms on the packing material, which allows producing 10% more biogas. The system is modular, so bioreactors can be built from a small scale and easily be expanded as needed. The Solution aims for the optimization of the economic and environmental model of energy and agronomic recovery of biowaste.

=== Dranco ===
{{Infobox provider-anaerobic digestion|Company=DRANCO nv|Country=Belgium|Contact=Bruno Mattheeuws (bm@dranco.be)|Webpage=https://www.dranco.be|TRL=Successful Deployment|Technology name=DRANCO Dry anaerobic digestion|Capacity=>5000|Feedstock=biowaste, SSO, MSW, residual waste, ...|Reactor=2500-5000m³|Image=Logo dranco.png|Product=Digestate and/or high quality compost + biogas}}
DRANCO nv has developed innovative and patented designs for biogas plants, with a pretreatment, digester concept and post-treatment adapted to each type of feedstock. Find out about our 30+ years of experience and our 35 references!

=== Envitec ===

=== Fiberight ===

=== Host ===

=== PlanET Biogas ===
{{Infobox provider-anaerobic digestion|Company=PlanET Biogas Group GmbH|Webpage=https://www.planet-biogas.com|Country=Germany|Technology name=PlanET|TRL=9|Reactor=Complete mix digester (modular)|Feedstock=Animal manure, biogenic waste materials|Product=Green gas, heat & electricity}}
PlanET anaerobic digestion (AD) plants can convert almost all biogenic waste materials into energy, such as slaughterhouse waste, fish processing residuals, animal carcasses, expired food or off-specification batches used in food production as well as agricultural residues, fats and oils. PlanET Biogas’ portfolio covers the whole range of biogas technology and utilization: feeding technology, safety technology, energy concepts, hygienisation, and gas upgrading. PlanET Biogas offers its technology turn-key and provides all after-sale services including biological assistance as well as service and maintenance for all technical equipment. PlanET Biogas has completed 600 AD plants worldwide, from 40 kW liquid manure systems to 3 MW waste to energy plants.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[[File:Pilots4U Database Logo 0.png|thumb]]
Here we make the link to the Europe-wide network & database of open access multipurpose pilot and demo infrastructures for the European bio-economy.

If you are looking for shared facilities that exist for the technology of anaerobic digestion, here is the link to the selection from the Pilots4U database : [https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=101&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Microwave treatment

2023-01-13T12:39:59Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Biowave Technologies */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Food and kitchen waste]] (lignocellulosic materials), [[Garden and park waste]] (lignocellulosic materials)
| Product =Fermentable sugar
|Name=Microwave pre-treatment|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>For '''microwave''' (MW) treatment electromagnetic radiation is used to induce thermal and non-thermal effects that drive physical, chemical or biological reactions<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Ethaib, S., Omar, R., Kamal, S. M. M., Biak, D. R. A.|year=2015|title=MICROWAVE-ASSISTED PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSICBIOMASS: A REVIEW|journal=Journal of Engineering Science and Technology|volume=January (2015)|page=97-109}}</ref>. As a rapid and effective heating source with both thermal and non-thermal effects, MW can directly interact with the material, thereby accelerating chemical, physical, and biologic reactions.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jian Xu|year=2014|section_title=Microwave Pretreatment|editor=Ashok Pandey, Sangeeta Negi, Parmeswaran Binod, Christian Larroche|book_title=Pretreatment of Biomass: Processes and Technologies|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam}}</ref> Microwave treatment causes a rise in the temperature within a penetrated medium as a result of rapid changes of the electromagnetic field at high frequency.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Anthony R. Bird, Amparo Lopez-Rubio, Ashok K. Shrestha, Michael J. Gidley|year=2009|section_title=Resistant Starch in Vitro and in Vivo: Factors Determining Yield, Structure, and Physiological Relevance|editor=Stefan Kasapis, Ian T. Norton, Johan B. Ubbink|book_title=Modern Biopolymer Science|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-374195-0}}</ref> The technology is usually applied in food drying or to break down the structure of lignocellulosic biowaste leading to the release of different substances, such as fermentable sugars. </onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==
===Origin and composition===
Microwave irradiation has been successfully used in the pretreatment of several biowaste streams, including agricultural residues, woody biomass, grass, energy plants, and industrial residuals.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ashok Pandey, Sangeeta Negi, Parameswaran Binod, Christian Larroche|year=2014|section_title=Chapter 9 - Microwave Pretreatment|book_title=Pretreatment of biomass : processes and technologies|publisher=Elsevier BV|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-800396-1}}</ref>
=== Pre-treatment ===

*[[Sizing]]
**[[Sizing#Chipping|Chipping]]
**[[Sizing#Grinding|Grinding]]

==Process and technologies==
The breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass into its monomers and oligomers is induced via molecular collision due to dielectric polarisation<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Microwave heating processing as alternative of pretreatment in second-generation biorefinery: An overview|year=2017-03|author=Alejandra Aguilar-Reynosa, Aloia Romaní, Rosa Ma. Rodríguez-Jasso, Cristóbal N. Aguilar, Gil Garrote, Héctor A. Ruiz|journal=Energy Conversion and Management|volume=136|page=50–65|doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.004}}</ref>. Compared to other thermal treatments, the technology brings several advantages, such as reduced plant footprint, higher throughput, higher reaction rates, as well as higher yield and purity<ref name=":0" />. However, a disadvantage is the unequal distribution of the applied microwave power through non-homogeneous material (such as differences in composition, geometry, or size) as well as local overheating through resonance (electromagnetic wave reflection and formation of standing waves) and low penetration for bulk materials <ref name=":1" />.

The process can also be combined with chemicals such as [[Hydrolysis#Alkali|alkaline]] (to remove lignin), [[Hydrolysis#Acid Acid|acid]] (to remove hemicellulose), ammonia, and [[Hydrolysis#Metal_salts|metal salts]]<ref name=":0" />.

==Product==
*Fermentable sugar (e.g. for bio-alcohol production)

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Industrial fermentation]]
* [[Solid state fermentation]]

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Frequency [GHz]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Power [W]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Penetration depth [cm]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
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| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
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| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
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=== Biorenewables Development Centre ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=Biorenewables Development Centre|Image=Cropped-logo1.png|Country=United Kingdom|Webpage=http://www.biorenewables.org|Contact=Anna Alessi}}
The Biorenewables Development Centre (BDC) is an open-access R&D biorefinery centre, based at the University of York, working at the interface between academia and industry to convert plants, microbes and biowastes into profitable biorenewable products. With biologists, chemists, and business development specialists the BDC team offers a unique combination of multi-disciplinary expertise coupled with pilot-scale processing capabilities in one coordinated centre. Covering a broad spectrum of biorefining technologies, from feedstock assessment to product evaluation, the team specialise in making the most out of biorenewable materials; helping ideas to survive the valley of death; and de-risking the innovation process.

=== Biowave Technologies ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=Biowave Technologies|Country=Ireland|Contact=info@biowave-tech.com|Webpage=www.biowave-tech.com|Technology name=Microwave pre-treatment|Frequency=0.915|Capacity=500-8000|Power=30,000-300,000|Feedstock=Dairy processing waste, FOG waste, waste activated sludge, agricultural residues, food waste|Product=Digestible feedstock for AD|Image=navygreenlogo.png|TRL=7|Processable volume=500-8000}}
Biowave Technologies transform organic waste streams into renewable energy resources.
=== Endeavour Energia Srl ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=Endeavour Energia Srl|Country=Italy|Webpage=http://www.endeavoursrl.com/|Technology name=Endeavour Microwave Gasification|TRL=6|Capacity=100|Power=100 - 200 k|Temperature=>1400|Feedstock=Rice and wheat husks, anaerobic digestion digestate, animal litter, woody biomass.|Product=Syngas and biochar}}

Endeavor Srl. was born in 2015 as an innovative start-up with a clear project: to design and build a plant capable of transforming biomass and waste into electrical and thermal energy through an innovative and patented technology based on microwaves.

The Endeavour Microwave Gasification technology by Endeavour Energia S.r.l. can be used to upgrade waste and biomass feeds, such as rice and wheat husks, woody biomass, sludge from anaerobic digestion and litter from animal farms to electricity, heat, and biochar. According to Endeavour, the technology is characterized by the use of microwave-assisted high temperature gasification (>1400 °C) together with a simplified filtering system in a setup that does not generate waste in need of disposal.

=== MEAM International ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=MEAM International|Country=Belgium|Webpage=https://meam-international.com/|Technology name=MEAM Dry S48 HR|Frequency=2.45|Power=48 k|Temperature=Max 70|Capacity=5000|Feedstock=Different industrial food and non-food applications.|Product=Drying, conditioning, heating.}}

MEAM was founded over 10 years ago by the electronic engineer specializing in high-power EM energy Carlo Groffils. Since then, MEAM has become an international player with offices in Belgium and the Netherlands and successfully delivered over 350 microwave projects to both large and small enterprises. MEAM's focus lies today on the food industry, as well as industrial microwave processing of wood, glass and plastics, and water and solvent-based paint, coating and drying in technical applications.

MEAM has developed an adapted continuous system, the MEAM DRY S48 HR, where the S stands for Sheet and HR for Heat Recovery, respectively. Depending on the process, it is possible to recover the heat from the cooling water or exhaust air to defrost or preheat the product.

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Steam explosion

2023-01-12T14:52:54Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Biorenewables Development Centre BDC */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product =Lignocellulosic hydrolysate
|Name= Steam explosion|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Steam explosion''' is a physicochemical method to break the lignocellulose structure by using high-pressure steam to disrupt the bonding between polymeric components (lignin, cellulose) and decompression. It can be used to pre-treat the lignocellulosic biomass to improve subsequent processes, such as [[Hydrolysis#Enzymatic hydrolysis|enzymatic hydrolysis]].</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
Steam explosion is used to pre-treat lignocellulosic biomass such as wood, straw and lignocellulosic wastes for industrial processes. Normally, the material enters the steam explosion process as [[Sizing|chips]], pellets or ground material.

=== Pre-treatment ===

* [[Sizing]]

== Process and technologies ==
Lignocellulosic biomass, such as wood, exists of composite materials with high mechanical strength composed of cellulose fibres, lignin polymers as a matrix and hemicelluloses in a tightly packed cellular structure of fibres that form fibre bundles. Their natural function is to bear high mechanical loads, and to resist chemical and enzymatic degradation through microorganisms. Steam explosion breaks this structure down to enable these chemical and enzymatic [[Conversion|conversions]]. It converts biomass in a steam atmosphere at elevated temperatures ranging from 140 to 240 °C. The steam pressure is rapidly reduced to atmospheric pressure, whereby a mechanical disruption of biomass occurs. In steam explosion, the lignocellulosic biomass is treated with a high-pressure, hot steam for some time and then the vessel is rapidly depressurised to atmospheric pressure. With this explosive decompression and high temperature it causes degradation of hemicellulose, which is extracted as a water-soluble fraction. The cellulose is largely preserved in its original form, and only slight depolymerisation occurs at mild reaction condition. The Lignin undergoes depolymerisation by cleavage of β–O–4 linkages, and condensation of the fragments occurs to form a more stable polymer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Steam Explosion - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/steam-explosion|date accessed=2021-08-30}}</ref>

Steam explosion was introduced and patented as a biomass pre-treatment process in 1926 by Mason et al. (1926)<ref>W.H. Mason WH (1926): ''Process and apparatus for disintegration of wood and the like.'' US Patent:<tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan></tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan></tcxspan></tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan></tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan></tcxspan></tcxspan></tcxspan> 1926.</ref>. The patent describes a steam explosion process for the pre-treatment of wood where wood chips are fed from a bin through a screw loading valve. The chips are then steam heated at a temperature of about 285°C and a pressure of 3.5 MPa for about 2 min. The pressure is increased rapidly to about 7 MPa (70 bar) for about 5 s, and the chips are then discharged and explode at atmospheric pressure into a pulp. The sudden pressure release defibrillates the cellulose bundles, and this result in a better accessibility of the cellulose for [[hydrolysis]]<ref name=":0">David Steinbach, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, Jonas Storz (2020): ''Is Steam Explosion a Promising Pretreatment for Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass?'' Process 8, 1626;, p. 75–104. ([https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/8/12/1626 pdf])</ref> or [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]].<ref name=":1">M. Tanahashi (1990): ''Characterization and degradation mechanisms of wood components by steam explosion and utilization of exploded wood.'' Wood Research 77, 1990: p. 49-117. ([https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39187461.pdf pdf])</ref><ref name=":2">Wolfgang Stelte: ''Steam explosion for biomass pre-treatment.'' Danish Technological Institute</ref><ref name=":3">Kun Wang, Jinghuan Chen, Shao-Ni Sun, Run-Cang Sun: ''Steam Explosion.'' In: ''Pretreatment of Biomass.'' Elsevier, 2015, p. 75–104. ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282595810 pdf])</ref>

==Product==
Steam explosion is a pre-treatment process that makes biomass more suitable for following processes, such as [[Hydrolysis#Enzymatic hydrolysis|enzymatic hydrolysis]], [[Hydrolysis#Acid|acid hydrolysis]]<ref name=":0" /> or [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]]. Depending on residence time and temperature, steam explosion can result in anything from small cracks in the wood structure, to total defibrillation of the wood fibers.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Hydrolysis]]
* [[Industrial fermentation|Fermentation]]

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
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!
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!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
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| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
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| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
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===ENEA===
{{Infobox provider-steam explosion|Company=ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development|Country=Italy|Webpage=https://www.enea.it/en|Technology name=Steam Explosion|TRL=5|Capacity=300|Feedstock=each kind of lignocellulosic material|Product=2nd generation sugars, soluble hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin|Contact=Isabella De Bari,
isabella.debari@enea.it|Image=LogoENEA.png|Cellulose yield=80-90 %|Pressure:=15 bar|Hemicellulose yield=90-95 %|Temperature=200 °C|Other=catalyzed by 1-2% H2SO4}}

ENEA is a public Agency targeted to research, innovation technology and advanced services in the fields of energy, environment and sustainable economic development. Its activities are devoted to basic, mission oriented and industrial research, dissemination and transfer of research results, providing public and private partners with high-tech services. ENEA has approximately 2700 employees operating in ten Research Centers located across Italy. The ENEA Research Centre “La Trisaia” (south of Italy) has complete platforms for the conversion of biomass/wastes, comprising a number of bench scale, pilot and demonstrative scale plants for biomass pretreatment, gasification, pyrolysis, biotechnological conversions and downstream processing. One main research focus is the development of new technologies for pretreatment, fractionation, separation, purification and conversion of biomass into so-called biobased products of industrial interest. The final objective is to support the development of new models of biorefineries, integrated with the agro-industrial processes that generate high value materials respecting the vocation and territorial sustainability.

=== Arbaflame ===

=== Biorenewables Development Centre BDC ===
{{Infobox provider-steam explosion|Company=Biorenewables Development Centre|Country=United Kingdom|Webpage=http://www.biorenewables.org|Technology name=Fibre expansion|Contact=Mark Gronnow, info@biorenewables.org|Feedstock=any lignocellulosic materials (straws, bagasse, willow, miscanthus etc)|Product=pre-treated biomass|TRL=4-7|Cellulose yield=up to 90|Pressure:=up to 12 bar|Image=Cropped-logo1.png|Hemicellulose yield=up to 90|Temperature=up to 190°C|Other=use under alkaline and acid conditions|Capacity=100 L}}
The Biorenewables Development Centre (BDC) is an open-access R&D biorefinery centre, based at the University of York, working at the interface between academia and industry to convert plants, microbes and biowastes into profitable biorenewable products. With biologists, chemists, and business development specialists the BDC team offers a unique combination of multi-disciplinary expertise coupled with pilot-scale processing capabilities in one coordinated centre. Covering a broad spectrum of biorefining technologies, from feedstock assessment to product evaluation, the team specialise in making the most out of biorenewable materials; helping ideas to survive the valley of death; and de-risking the innovation process.

=== Politecnico de Torino - Envipark ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B99%5D=99&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

File:Cropped-logo1.png

2023-01-12T14:51:06Z

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Steam explosion

2023-01-12T14:48:42Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Biorenewables Development Centre */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product =Lignocellulosic hydrolysate
|Name= Steam explosion|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Steam explosion''' is a physicochemical method to break the lignocellulose structure by using high-pressure steam to disrupt the bonding between polymeric components (lignin, cellulose) and decompression. It can be used to pre-treat the lignocellulosic biomass to improve subsequent processes, such as [[Hydrolysis#Enzymatic hydrolysis|enzymatic hydrolysis]].</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
Steam explosion is used to pre-treat lignocellulosic biomass such as wood, straw and lignocellulosic wastes for industrial processes. Normally, the material enters the steam explosion process as [[Sizing|chips]], pellets or ground material.

=== Pre-treatment ===

* [[Sizing]]

== Process and technologies ==
Lignocellulosic biomass, such as wood, exists of composite materials with high mechanical strength composed of cellulose fibres, lignin polymers as a matrix and hemicelluloses in a tightly packed cellular structure of fibres that form fibre bundles. Their natural function is to bear high mechanical loads, and to resist chemical and enzymatic degradation through microorganisms. Steam explosion breaks this structure down to enable these chemical and enzymatic [[Conversion|conversions]]. It converts biomass in a steam atmosphere at elevated temperatures ranging from 140 to 240 °C. The steam pressure is rapidly reduced to atmospheric pressure, whereby a mechanical disruption of biomass occurs. In steam explosion, the lignocellulosic biomass is treated with a high-pressure, hot steam for some time and then the vessel is rapidly depressurised to atmospheric pressure. With this explosive decompression and high temperature it causes degradation of hemicellulose, which is extracted as a water-soluble fraction. The cellulose is largely preserved in its original form, and only slight depolymerisation occurs at mild reaction condition. The Lignin undergoes depolymerisation by cleavage of β–O–4 linkages, and condensation of the fragments occurs to form a more stable polymer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Steam Explosion - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/steam-explosion|date accessed=2021-08-30}}</ref>

Steam explosion was introduced and patented as a biomass pre-treatment process in 1926 by Mason et al. (1926)<ref>W.H. Mason WH (1926): ''Process and apparatus for disintegration of wood and the like.'' US Patent:<tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan></tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan></tcxspan></tcxspan> 1926.</ref>. The patent describes a steam explosion process for the pre-treatment of wood where wood chips are fed from a bin through a screw loading valve. The chips are then steam heated at a temperature of about 285°C and a pressure of 3.5 MPa for about 2 min. The pressure is increased rapidly to about 7 MPa (70 bar) for about 5 s, and the chips are then discharged and explode at atmospheric pressure into a pulp. The sudden pressure release defibrillates the cellulose bundles, and this result in a better accessibility of the cellulose for [[hydrolysis]]<ref name=":0">David Steinbach, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, Jonas Storz (2020): ''Is Steam Explosion a Promising Pretreatment for Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass?'' Process 8, 1626;, p. 75–104. ([https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/8/12/1626 pdf])</ref> or [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]].<ref name=":1">M. Tanahashi (1990): ''Characterization and degradation mechanisms of wood components by steam explosion and utilization of exploded wood.'' Wood Research 77, 1990: p. 49-117. ([https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39187461.pdf pdf])</ref><ref name=":2">Wolfgang Stelte: ''Steam explosion for biomass pre-treatment.'' Danish Technological Institute</ref><ref name=":3">Kun Wang, Jinghuan Chen, Shao-Ni Sun, Run-Cang Sun: ''Steam Explosion.'' In: ''Pretreatment of Biomass.'' Elsevier, 2015, p. 75–104. ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282595810 pdf])</ref>

==Product==
Steam explosion is a pre-treatment process that makes biomass more suitable for following processes, such as [[Hydrolysis#Enzymatic hydrolysis|enzymatic hydrolysis]], [[Hydrolysis#Acid|acid hydrolysis]]<ref name=":0" /> or [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]]. Depending on residence time and temperature, steam explosion can result in anything from small cracks in the wood structure, to total defibrillation of the wood fibers.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Hydrolysis]]
* [[Industrial fermentation|Fermentation]]

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
===ENEA===
{{Infobox provider-steam explosion|Company=ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development|Country=Italy|Webpage=https://www.enea.it/en|Technology name=Steam Explosion|TRL=5|Capacity=300|Feedstock=each kind of lignocellulosic material|Product=2nd generation sugars, soluble hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin|Contact=Isabella De Bari,
isabella.debari@enea.it|Image=LogoENEA.png|Cellulose yield=80-90 %|Pressure:=15 bar|Hemicellulose yield=90-95 %|Temperature=200 °C|Other=catalyzed by 1-2% H2SO4}}

ENEA is a public Agency targeted to research, innovation technology and advanced services in the fields of energy, environment and sustainable economic development. Its activities are devoted to basic, mission oriented and industrial research, dissemination and transfer of research results, providing public and private partners with high-tech services. ENEA has approximately 2700 employees operating in ten Research Centers located across Italy. The ENEA Research Centre “La Trisaia” (south of Italy) has complete platforms for the conversion of biomass/wastes, comprising a number of bench scale, pilot and demonstrative scale plants for biomass pretreatment, gasification, pyrolysis, biotechnological conversions and downstream processing. One main research focus is the development of new technologies for pretreatment, fractionation, separation, purification and conversion of biomass into so-called biobased products of industrial interest. The final objective is to support the development of new models of biorefineries, integrated with the agro-industrial processes that generate high value materials respecting the vocation and territorial sustainability.

=== Arbaflame ===

=== Biorenewables Development Centre BDC ===
{{Infobox provider-steam explosion|Company=Biorenewables Development Centre|Country=United Kingdom|Webpage=http://www.biorenewables.org|Technology name=Fibre expansion|Contact=Mark Gronnow, info@biorenewables.org|Feedstock=any lignocellulosic materials (straws, bagasse, willow, miscanthus etc)|Product=pre-treated biomass|TRL=4-7|Cellulose yield=up to 90%|Pressure:=up to 12 bar|Image=100 L|Hemicellulose yield=up to 90%|Temperature=up to 190°C|Other=use under alkaline and acid conditions|Capacity=100 L}}
The Biorenewables Development Centre (BDC) is an open-access R&D biorefinery centre, based at the University of York, working at the interface between academia and industry to convert plants, microbes and biowastes into profitable biorenewable products. With biologists, chemists, and business development specialists the BDC team offers a unique combination of multi-disciplinary expertise coupled with pilot-scale processing capabilities in one coordinated centre. Covering a broad spectrum of biorefining technologies, from feedstock assessment to product evaluation, the team specialise in making the most out of biorenewable materials; helping ideas to survive the valley of death; and de-risking the innovation process.

=== Politecnico de Torino - Envipark ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B99%5D=99&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Steam explosion

2022-12-22T11:28:49Z

Tanja Meyer: /* BDC */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product =Lignocellulosic hydrolysate
|Name= Steam explosion|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Steam explosion''' is a physicochemical method to break the lignocellulose structure by using high-pressure steam to disrupt the bonding between polymeric components (lignin, cellulose) and decompression. It can be used to pre-treat the lignocellulosic biomass to improve subsequent processes, such as [[Hydrolysis#Enzymatic hydrolysis|enzymatic hydrolysis]].</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
Steam explosion is used to pre-treat lignocellulosic biomass such as wood, straw and lignocellulosic wastes for industrial processes. Normally, the material enters the steam explosion process as [[Sizing|chips]], pellets or ground material.

=== Pre-treatment ===

* [[Sizing]]

== Process and technologies ==
Lignocellulosic biomass, such as wood, exists of composite materials with high mechanical strength composed of cellulose fibres, lignin polymers as a matrix and hemicelluloses in a tightly packed cellular structure of fibres that form fibre bundles. Their natural function is to bear high mechanical loads, and to resist chemical and enzymatic degradation through microorganisms. Steam explosion breaks this structure down to enable these chemical and enzymatic [[Conversion|conversions]]. It converts biomass in a steam atmosphere at elevated temperatures ranging from 140 to 240 °C. The steam pressure is rapidly reduced to atmospheric pressure, whereby a mechanical disruption of biomass occurs. In steam explosion, the lignocellulosic biomass is treated with a high-pressure, hot steam for some time and then the vessel is rapidly depressurised to atmospheric pressure. With this explosive decompression and high temperature it causes degradation of hemicellulose, which is extracted as a water-soluble fraction. The cellulose is largely preserved in its original form, and only slight depolymerisation occurs at mild reaction condition. The Lignin undergoes depolymerisation by cleavage of β–O–4 linkages, and condensation of the fragments occurs to form a more stable polymer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Steam Explosion - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/steam-explosion|date accessed=2021-08-30}}</ref>

Steam explosion was introduced and patented as a biomass pre-treatment process in 1926 by Mason et al. (1926)<ref>W.H. Mason WH (1926): ''Process and apparatus for disintegration of wood and the like.'' US Patent:<tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call <tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> via 3CX"><tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan></tcxspan> 1926.</ref>. The patent describes a steam explosion process for the pre-treatment of wood where wood chips are fed from a bin through a screw loading valve. The chips are then steam heated at a temperature of about 285°C and a pressure of 3.5 MPa for about 2 min. The pressure is increased rapidly to about 7 MPa (70 bar) for about 5 s, and the chips are then discharged and explode at atmospheric pressure into a pulp. The sudden pressure release defibrillates the cellulose bundles, and this result in a better accessibility of the cellulose for [[hydrolysis]]<ref name=":0">David Steinbach, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, Jonas Storz (2020): ''Is Steam Explosion a Promising Pretreatment for Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass?'' Process 8, 1626;, p. 75–104. ([https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/8/12/1626 pdf])</ref> or [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]].<ref name=":1">M. Tanahashi (1990): ''Characterization and degradation mechanisms of wood components by steam explosion and utilization of exploded wood.'' Wood Research 77, 1990: p. 49-117. ([https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39187461.pdf pdf])</ref><ref name=":2">Wolfgang Stelte: ''Steam explosion for biomass pre-treatment.'' Danish Technological Institute</ref><ref name=":3">Kun Wang, Jinghuan Chen, Shao-Ni Sun, Run-Cang Sun: ''Steam Explosion.'' In: ''Pretreatment of Biomass.'' Elsevier, 2015, p. 75–104. ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282595810 pdf])</ref>

==Product==
Steam explosion is a pre-treatment process that makes biomass more suitable for following processes, such as [[Hydrolysis#Enzymatic hydrolysis|enzymatic hydrolysis]], [[Hydrolysis#Acid|acid hydrolysis]]<ref name=":0" /> or [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]]. Depending on residence time and temperature, steam explosion can result in anything from small cracks in the wood structure, to total defibrillation of the wood fibers.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Hydrolysis]]
* [[Industrial fermentation|Fermentation]]

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
===ENEA===
{{Infobox provider-steam explosion|Company=ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development|Country=Italy|Webpage=https://www.enea.it/en|Technology name=Steam Explosion|TRL=5|Capacity=300|Feedstock=each kind of lignocellulosic material|Product=2nd generation sugars, soluble hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin|Contact=Isabella De Bari,
isabella.debari@enea.it|Image=LogoENEA.png|Cellulose yield=80-90 %|Pressure:=15 bar|Hemicellulose yield=90-95 %|Temperature=200 °C|Other=catalyzed by 1-2% H2SO4}}

ENEA is a public Agency targeted to research, innovation technology and advanced services in the fields of energy, environment and sustainable economic development. Its activities are devoted to basic, mission oriented and industrial research, dissemination and transfer of research results, providing public and private partners with high-tech services. ENEA has approximately 2700 employees operating in ten Research Centers located across Italy. The ENEA Research Centre “La Trisaia” (south of Italy) has complete platforms for the conversion of biomass/wastes, comprising a number of bench scale, pilot and demonstrative scale plants for biomass pretreatment, gasification, pyrolysis, biotechnological conversions and downstream processing. One main research focus is the development of new technologies for pretreatment, fractionation, separation, purification and conversion of biomass into so-called biobased products of industrial interest. The final objective is to support the development of new models of biorefineries, integrated with the agro-industrial processes that generate high value materials respecting the vocation and territorial sustainability.

=== Arbaflame ===

=== Biorenewables Development Centre ===
{{Infobox provider-steam explosion|Company=Biorenewables Development Centre|Country=United Kingdom|Webpage=http://www.biorenewables.org|Technology name=Steam explosion|Contact=Anna Alessi; biorenewables@york.ac.uk}}
The Biorenewables Development Centre (BDC) is an open-access R&D biorefinery centre, based at the University of York, working at the interface between academia and industry to convert plants, microbes and biowastes into profitable biorenewable products. With biologists, chemists, and business development specialists the BDC team offers a unique combination of multi-disciplinary expertise coupled with pilot-scale processing capabilities in one coordinated centre. Covering a broad spectrum of biorefining technologies, from feedstock assessment to product evaluation, the team specialise in making the most out of biorenewable materials; helping ideas to survive the valley of death; and de-risking the innovation process.

=== Politecnico de Torino - Envipark ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B99%5D=99&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Steam explosion

2022-12-19T09:51:09Z

Tanja Meyer: /* ENEA */

{{Infobox technology
| Feedstock = [[Garden and park waste]]
| Product =Lignocellulosic hydrolysate
|Name= Steam explosion|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Steam explosion''' is a physicochemical method to break the lignocellulose structure by using high-pressure steam to disrupt the bonding between polymeric components (lignin, cellulose) and decompression. It can be used to pre-treat the lignocellulosic biomass to improve subsequent processes, such as [[Hydrolysis#Enzymatic hydrolysis|enzymatic hydrolysis]].</onlyinclude>

==Feedstock==

=== Origin and composition ===
Steam explosion is used to pre-treat lignocellulosic biomass such as wood, straw and lignocellulosic wastes for industrial processes. Normally, the material enters the steam explosion process as [[Sizing|chips]], pellets or ground material.

=== Pre-treatment ===

* [[Sizing]]

== Process and technologies ==
Lignocellulosic biomass, such as wood, exists of composite materials with high mechanical strength composed of cellulose fibres, lignin polymers as a matrix and hemicelluloses in a tightly packed cellular structure of fibres that form fibre bundles. Their natural function is to bear high mechanical loads, and to resist chemical and enzymatic degradation through microorganisms. Steam explosion breaks this structure down to enable these chemical and enzymatic [[Conversion|conversions]]. It converts biomass in a steam atmosphere at elevated temperatures ranging from 140 to 240 °C. The steam pressure is rapidly reduced to atmospheric pressure, whereby a mechanical disruption of biomass occurs. In steam explosion, the lignocellulosic biomass is treated with a high-pressure, hot steam for some time and then the vessel is rapidly depressurised to atmospheric pressure. With this explosive decompression and high temperature it causes degradation of hemicellulose, which is extracted as a water-soluble fraction. The cellulose is largely preserved in its original form, and only slight depolymerisation occurs at mild reaction condition. The Lignin undergoes depolymerisation by cleavage of β–O–4 linkages, and condensation of the fragments occurs to form a more stable polymer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Steam Explosion - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/steam-explosion|date accessed=2021-08-30}}</ref>

Steam explosion was introduced and patented as a biomass pre-treatment process in 1926 by Mason et al. (1926)<ref>W.H. Mason WH (1926): ''Process and apparatus for disintegration of wood and the like.'' US Patent:<tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> 1926.</ref>. The patent describes a steam explosion process for the pre-treatment of wood where wood chips are fed from a bin through a screw loading valve. The chips are then steam heated at a temperature of about 285°C and a pressure of 3.5 MPa for about 2 min. The pressure is increased rapidly to about 7 MPa (70 bar) for about 5 s, and the chips are then discharged and explode at atmospheric pressure into a pulp. The sudden pressure release defibrillates the cellulose bundles, and this result in a better accessibility of the cellulose for [[hydrolysis]]<ref name=":0">David Steinbach, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, Jonas Storz (2020): ''Is Steam Explosion a Promising Pretreatment for Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass?'' Process 8, 1626;, p. 75–104. ([https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/8/12/1626 pdf])</ref> or [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]].<ref name=":1">M. Tanahashi (1990): ''Characterization and degradation mechanisms of wood components by steam explosion and utilization of exploded wood.'' Wood Research 77, 1990: p. 49-117. ([https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39187461.pdf pdf])</ref><ref name=":2">Wolfgang Stelte: ''Steam explosion for biomass pre-treatment.'' Danish Technological Institute</ref><ref name=":3">Kun Wang, Jinghuan Chen, Shao-Ni Sun, Run-Cang Sun: ''Steam Explosion.'' In: ''Pretreatment of Biomass.'' Elsevier, 2015, p. 75–104. ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282595810 pdf])</ref>

==Product==
Steam explosion is a pre-treatment process that makes biomass more suitable for following processes, such as [[Hydrolysis#Enzymatic hydrolysis|enzymatic hydrolysis]], [[Hydrolysis#Acid|acid hydrolysis]]<ref name=":0" /> or [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]]. Depending on residence time and temperature, steam explosion can result in anything from small cracks in the wood structure, to total defibrillation of the wood fibers.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Post-treatment ===

* [[Hydrolysis]]
* [[Industrial fermentation|Fermentation]]

==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [bar]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
|
|
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
===ENEA===
{{Infobox provider-steam explosion|Company=ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development|Country=Italy|Webpage=https://www.enea.it/en|Technology name=Steam Explosion|TRL=5|Capacity=300|Feedstock=each kind of lignocellulosic material|Product=2nd generation sugars, soluble hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin|Contact=Isabella De Bari,
isabella.debari@enea.it|Image=LogoENEA.png|Cellulose yield=80-90 %|Pressure:=15 bar|Hemicellulose yield=90-95 %|Temperature=200 °C|Other=catalyzed by 1-2% H2SO4}}

ENEA is a public Agency targeted to research, innovation technology and advanced services in the fields of energy, environment and sustainable economic development. Its activities are devoted to basic, mission oriented and industrial research, dissemination and transfer of research results, providing public and private partners with high-tech services. ENEA has approximately 2700 employees operating in ten Research Centers located across Italy. The ENEA Research Centre “La Trisaia” (south of Italy) has complete platforms for the conversion of biomass/wastes, comprising a number of bench scale, pilot and demonstrative scale plants for biomass pretreatment, gasification, pyrolysis, biotechnological conversions and downstream processing. One main research focus is the development of new technologies for pretreatment, fractionation, separation, purification and conversion of biomass into so-called biobased products of industrial interest. The final objective is to support the development of new models of biorefineries, integrated with the agro-industrial processes that generate high value materials respecting the vocation and territorial sustainability.

=== Arbaflame ===

=== BDC ===

=== Politecnico de Torino - Envipark ===

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=107&field_technology_area_target_id%5B99%5D=99&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Industrial fermentation

2022-12-02T14:41:02Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Blucon Biotech GmbH */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Industrial fermentation|Feedstock=[[Garden and park waste]], [[food waste]]|Product=Biomass, bioproducts (e.g., enzymes, biopolymers, organic acids, alcohols)|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of a wide range of renewable feedstocks into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics, etc. It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Composition and origin ===
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a various range of feedstocks can be used. The most commonly used feedstocks are listed below:

==== Lignocellulose and cellulose ====
Lignocellulose is present in [[garden and park waste]]. Cellulose is present in [[food waste]] such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via [[hydrolysis]], which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.

==== Starch ====
Starch is present in [[food waste]] such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic [[hydrolysis]].

==== Oils and Fat ====
Oils and fats are present in [[food waste]] such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. They can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.

==== Dairy waste ====
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, is used as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.

==== Sugars ====
Sugar-rich waste streams can be derived from food industry waste, e.g., from the candy industry.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Depending on the type of feedstock and its purity, specific pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms. Generally, this involves a [[Sizing|size reduction]] step, after which the milled biomass can be processed to separate the desired substrate by e.g., [[centrifugation]], filtration, evaporation or [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]].

In addition, it should be taken into account that some of the above mentioned feedstocks only provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), in that case also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium need to be added.

==Process and technologies==

=== Microorganisms ===
Microorganisms used in industrial fermentations include: bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae. In practice, these are well-known, productive and harmless (GRAS - Generally Regarded As Safe) production organisms, equipped with the new genetic information, that are used to produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. A major advantage is that these often genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.
[[File:Bioreactor principle.svg|thumb|257x257px|Schematic representation of an industrial fermentation bioreactor]]

=== Equipment ===
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:

* an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
* a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
* a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
* sampling ports
* addition ports
* a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganism
=== Operating conditions ===
As it involves living organisms, a fermentation process is typically conducted under mild conditions (pH and temperature). As a result, the energy consumption is relatively low as well as the capital and operating costs. However, fermentation technologies are complex and sensitive requiring careful control of quality and safety of the raw materials, process parameters, contamination, etc.

Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>.

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
==Products==
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a range of products can be synthesized. The most common products are listed and divided over two categories: (1) biomass, (2) bioproducts. In case of the latter, some products require complex genetic modifications.

=== Biomass ===

* Single Cell Protein
*Single Cell Oil
* Baker's yeast
* Lactic acid bacteria

=== Bioproducts ===

==== Enzymes ====

* Proteases
* Lipases
* Amylases
* Cellulases
* Peroxidases

==== Biopolymers ====

* Poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
* Polysaccharides: xanthan gum, dextran

==== Organic acids ====

* Acetic acid
*Lactic acid

* Citric acid
*Tartaric acid
*Fumaric acid

==== Alcohols ====

* Ethanol
*Butanol
*Glycerol
*Butanediol

==== Solvents ====

* Acetone

==== Pharmaceuticals ====

* Vitamins: vitamin C, B2, B12 ...
*Antibiotics: aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines ...
*Hormones

==== Biocolorants ====

* cartenoids
*astaxanthins

==== Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers ====

* glycolipids
*rhamnolipids

==== Amino-acids ====

* monosodium glutamate (MSG)
* Lysine
* Tryptophan
* Phenylalanine

== Post-treatment ==
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broth cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', is to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc. The choice of purification technology is depending on the characteristics of the desired products.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|PERSEO Biotechnology SL
|Spain
|
|PERSEO Bioethanol (R)
|7-8
|1000
|●
|●
|}

=== Amphi-Star ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=AmphiStar|Webpage=https://www.amphistar.be|Country=Belgium|Contact=info@amphistar.be|Technology name=BioSurf Biosurfactant Technology Platform|Technology category=Microbial production of biosurfactants|TRL=1-7|Aeration=Yes|Agitator=Rushton|Biosafety lavel=1|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Stirring speed, feed rates, etc.|Microorganism=Starmerella bombicola, Candida kuoi, Rhodotorula bogoriensis, etc. Open for collaboration on any BSL-1 biosurfactant producing strain|Reactor material=Glass or stainless steel|Feedstock=Vegetable oils and sugars from biomass|Product=Biosurfactants e.g. glycolipids such as sophorolipids}}

AmphiStar has developed a proprietary technology platform for the cost-efficient and ecological production of biosurfactants. We are a founders-led spin-off company established in July 2021 that is the result of 15 years joint development between Ghent University (Inbio.be) and the Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant. We derisk the early development stage for biosurfactant production, guide and support technology transfer to industrial manufacturers and collaborate intensely for further development and improvement of the licensed technology. Our technology platform is initially based on the fermentative production with the yeast ''Starmerella bombicola'', producing many different biosurfactants at a high volumetric productivity. Our biosurfactants are made from sustainable, renewable feedstocks and waste streams. Microbial fermentation is a clean production technology that is safe for people and the environment. Our biosurfactants are environmentally friendly, palm oil-free, sulfate-free, mild, non-toxic and non-irritant.

=== Blucon Biotech GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=BluCon Biotech GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=Dr. Stefan Verseck; stefan.verseck@blucon-biotech.com|Webpage=https://blucon-biotech.com|Technology name=Industrial Fermentation|TRL=4-5|Product=Produkt L-lactic acid (polymer grade)|Feedstock=Variety of feedstock materials from agriculture, like grasses (straw, corn stover, bagasse, miscanthus, switchgrass, sorghum), wood type materials (poplar, spruce, cotton stalks) or from industrial processes ( cellulosic waste from paper recycling or pulp&paper production, Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS), beet pulp)|Microorganism=thermophilic bacteria|Image=Blucon_Logo.jpg|Capacity=not relevant|Aeration=no (anaerobic process)|Biosafety lavel=Non-GMO|Agitator=not relevant|Controlled parameters=not relevant|Reactor material=not relevant|Other=not relevant}}

BluCon Biotech GmbH was founded in June 2017 and has its research laboratories and offices at the BioCampus, Cologne. The company develop a unique technology by which L-lactic acid can be produced at lowest possible production costs so that the bioplastic poly lactic acid (PLA) will become commercially competitive to fossil fuel-based plastics.

To reduce significantly the production costs low-cost raw materials are used, (e.g., cellulosic waste) and a sustainable process which most efficiently converts these feedstocks to the product, L-lactic acid (2nd generation L-lactic acid). Such technology development has been initiated and carried out by Direvo Industrial Biotech GmbH in Cologne. BluCon Biotech GmbH now drives the commercialization of this technology by modern strain and bioprocess engineering.

The unique technology of BluCon Biotech GmbH enables consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of lignocellulosic feedstocks to L-lactic acid using thermophilic bacteria in a one step process. Our aim is to exclusively use cheap non-food cellulosic or lignocellulosic feedstock and to create a 2nd generation L-lactic acid process, thus to convert waste to value.

Besides developing BluCon technology to commercial stage, BluCon Biotech GmbH serves as a platform to acquire further technologies in the field of applied biotechnology. With its core team, the company shows outstanding expertise in microbiology of extremophilic bacteria, in strain and process development and in project management. It is very well connected both in Germany and internationally.

=== Nature's Principles ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Nature’s Principles B.V.|Country=The Netherlands|Contact=ir. Jerry Chen
Business Developer
info@naturesprinciples.eu
+31 6 3972 3401|Webpage=https://naturesprinciples.eu/|Feedstock=corn, sugar beet and sugar cane based feedstocks, to waste cellulose, lignocellulose, inulin or starch-based residual streams, pectin, any sugar-rich feedstock (juice from grass or tropical plants etc.)|Product=L-lactic acid and other organic acids|Image=Logo_NP_Whitebackground.jpg|Technology name=Biorefinery|TRL=5-6|Aeration=not disclosed|Biosafety lavel=not disclosed|Microorganism=not disclosed|Capacity=>100 m3 fermentor volume|Agitator=Not disclosed|Controlled parameters=Not to be given|Reactor material=Not disclosed|Other=Looking for feedstock providers}}
Nature’s Principles started as an innovative PhD project at Delft University of Technology, in The Netherlands. The lab experiments proved great results using mixed culture fermentation, which used Principles of Nature to make the microorganisms satisfied and productive, as opposed to genetically engineering them in a lab. We are now running the pilot scale production and will be ready soon for commercial volumes. Nature’s Principles is ready to face the challenge of making bio-based chemicals viable and circular at the same time.

=== Sophie's BioNutrients ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Sophie's BioNutrients|Biosafety lavel=1|Reactor material=not relevant|Controlled parameters=not relevant|Agitator=not relevant|Aeration=not relevant|Capacity=not relevant|Microorganism=chlorella vulgaris|Feedstock=spent grains, okara, molasses|Image=SophiesBioNutrients_Logo.jpg|TRL=6|Technology name=Fermentation of microalgae|Product=Chlorella Protein Concentrate|Webpage=https://sophiesbionutrients.com|Contact=Eugene Wang; eugene@sophiesbionutrients.com|Country=Netherlands|Other=https://www.linkedin.com/company/sophie-s-bionutrients/}}

The next generation of future food with single cell protein such as micro-algae is a scalable and sustainable source of protein for human consumption. A Sophie’s Bionutrients, we grow micro-algae inside of bio-reactors. This process can be precisely controlled to produce protein in a matter of days. We use limited amount of water and local food waste to produce micro-algae protein within metropolitan areas in many parts of the globe. In addition we can generate whole-algae ingredients in a variety of food application in plant based meat and functional food.

=== Avecom ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Avecom|Image=avecomlogo.png|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=https://www.avecom.be|Technology name=PROMIC|TRL=4-7|Product=Single Cell Protein, PHB-rich biomass|Feedstock=Residual side streams and co-products from the food industry}}
Avecom has developed its PROMIC biomass fermentation platform for the efficient conversion of industrial and agricultural residual side streams and co-products towards high-value single cell proteins.

=== '''Cetaqua Galicia''' ===

{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Cetaqua Galicia|Country=Spain|Contact=anton.taboada@cetaqua.com|Technology name=TCP (The Carboxylic Platform)|Webpage=https://www.cetaqua.com/|TRL=7|Aeration=No (Anaerobic technology)|Capacity=0.43 - 0.63|Agitator=Pitched blade agitator|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, stirring speed, feed rates and moisture.|Microorganism=Anaerobic open mixed culture (uncontrolled)|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Biosafety lavel=1|Feedstock=Seawage sludge or urban biowaste|Product=Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid.|Image=LogoCetGal.png}}

Cetaqua Galicia is a public-private research centre founded in 2011 by Viaqua, the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) and the Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CESIC). Through our three lines of research, we have positioned ourselves as a benchmark centre, at regional, national and European level, in the application of scientific knowledge to the water cycle, especially the fields of wastewater treatment and production and recovery of high value-added by-products in waste water.

Within the biofactory line, the Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) production technology from urban sewage sludge and urban biowaste has been developed. The technologies was validated on a laboratory scale in 2020, and two pilot prototypes were designed and built. The first one installed at Conservas Dardo to recover industrial wastewater from the canning industry, and the second at the Ourense wastewater treatment plant for the recovery of sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants. In addition, this project is currently preparing innovation proposals for the development of the corresponding patents for the VFA line.

=== Holiferm ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Holiferm|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=Joana Pereira (info@holiferm.com)|Technology name=Fermentation intensification and in-line separation|Webpage=https://holiferm.com/|TRL=1-9|Capacity=Lab scale to pilot (600 L)|Biosafety lavel=Up to biosafety level 2|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic, anaerobic|Agitator=Rushton|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen, etc.|Microorganism=Bacteria and yeast|Feedstock=Vegetable oil and sugar streams|Product=Biosurfactants (other biomolecules in the future)|Reactor material=Glass (lab scale), stainless steel (pilot and commercial)|Other=https://www.linkedin.com/company/holiferm/|Image=Holiferm-Logo.jpg}}

Holiferm develops holistically improved fermentation technology and processes to deliver massive economic improvements, with biosurfactants being the initial focus. Holiferm’s patented integrated gravity separation and fermentation technology is a plug and play system that increases fermentation process productivity by three to four times, reducing production costs by more than 50% and enabling low cost production of biosurfactants: renewable, biodegradable and mild alternatives to the petrochemical derived surfactants used in household cleaning, laundry and personal care products. Holiferm is dedicated to the commercialisation of economic biosurfactant production processes, providing a complete platform technology for production, isolation and purification, enabling significant market disruption and growth.

=== MOA foodtech ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=MOA foodtech|Country=Spain|Webpage=https://www.moafoodtech.com|Feedstock=Food Industry's by-products|Product=Alternative Protein (SCP)|TRL=6|Contact=info@moafoodtech.com|Capacity=NA|Aeration=NA|Agitator=NA|Biosafety lavel=Food Grade|Microorganism=Bacteria and yeasts|Reactor material=NA|Controlled parameters=NA}}

=== Nosh.bio ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Nosh.bio|Country=Germany|Contact=info@nosh.bio|Webpage=https://www.nosh.bio/|Technology name=Sustainable functional ingredients for the food industry|TRL=5|Aeration=Yes|Biosafety lavel=1|Microorganism=Filamentous fungi|Agitator=Pneumatically agitated (e.g., airlift)|Feedstock=Several|Product=High quality functional microbial biomass|Capacity=Not disclosed|Controlled parameters=Not disclosed|Reactor material=Not disclosed|Image=Nosh_biofoods_black_(002).png}}

Nosh Biofoods produce technical-functional ingredients and nutritional protein by exploring the natural microbial biodiversity, using proprietary fermentation and mild downstream processing technologies.
=== '''NovelYeast bv''' ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=NovelYeast bv|Agitator=Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Other=Construction of cell factories with recombinant DNA technology|Reactor material=Glass|Microorganism=Saccharomyces cerevisiae, other yeast species, Trichoderma|Controlled parameters=Standard parameters|Biosafety lavel=BSL-1|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic|Webpage=https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/|Capacity=Lab-scale|TRL=3-5|Technology category=Industrial fermentation|Technology name=Yeast fermentation to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Protein production|Contact=johan.thevelein@novelyeast.com|Country=Belgium|Product=Biofuels and bio-based chemicals, proteins, specialty sugars, specialty chemicals}}
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide.

=== PERSEO Biotechnology SL ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=PERSEO Biotechnology SL|Country=Spain|Contact=informacion@perseobiotech.com|Webpage=https://www.perseobiotech.com/|Technology name=PERSEO Bioethanol ®|TRL=7 - 8|Capacity=1000|Aeration=If needed. Currently under anaerobic conditions.|Agitator=Vertical stirrers|Biosafety lavel=High, no dangerous biological material used.|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen.|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Feedstock=Biodegradable waste (OFMSW, agro-industrial waste, cellulosic waste, etc.)|Product=Advanced Bioethanol + CO2+ valuable organic byproduct|Image=PERSEO_Biotechnology_logo.jpg|Microorganism=Yeasts and bacteria|Other=not applicable}}
PERSEO Biotechnology SL is a Spanish SME with track experience and know-how in the development of biotechnological processes, which range from the development phase at the laboratory level to the industrial upscaling of the process and its demonstration. Likewise, PERSEO Biotechnology offers complementary services to assess the feasibility and the scalability of the biotechnological processes.

PERSEO Biorefinery has its own laboratories and a versatile semi-industrial plant (L’Alcudia, Valencia, Spain) with a treatment capacity up to 25 tons / day of organic waste whose objective is to develop, test and validate biotechnological processes to generate bioproducts and bioenergy, integrating all R&D services for the global recovery of organic waste.

PERSEO Bioethanol® (<nowiki>http://www.perseobiotech.com</nowiki>) is a patented and innovative technology to convert organic waste, such as biodegradable municipal solid waste, horticultural waste, agro-industrial waste, HORECA channel or paper and cardboard, mainly into '''advanced bioethanol''', to be used as liquid biofuel or as raw material for the chemical industry, and in other '''bioproducts''' with high potential in the chemical industry (bioproducts from the fermentation of sugars, biosurfactants, biofertilizers or in biomethane by anaerobic digestion).

PERSEO Bioethanol® is a patented biotechnological process compatible with current existing waste treatment plants, under the concept of an '''integrated biorefinery'''. It is adaptable to each process and to the needs of each client. The process can be integrated as a previous recovery stage in existing plants, including incineration, anaerobic digestion or composting, increasing the value chain of waste treatment and significantly '''improving the economic and environmental results''' of waste management.

=== POLYFOODS ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B87%5D=87&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Industrial fermentation

2022-12-02T13:37:46Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Nature's Principles */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Industrial fermentation|Feedstock=[[Garden and park waste]], [[food waste]]|Product=Biomass, bioproducts (e.g., enzymes, biopolymers, organic acids, alcohols)|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of a wide range of renewable feedstocks into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics, etc. It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Composition and origin ===
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a various range of feedstocks can be used. The most commonly used feedstocks are listed below:

==== Lignocellulose and cellulose ====
Lignocellulose is present in [[garden and park waste]]. Cellulose is present in [[food waste]] such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via [[hydrolysis]], which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.

==== Starch ====
Starch is present in [[food waste]] such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic [[hydrolysis]].

==== Oils and Fat ====
Oils and fats are present in [[food waste]] such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. They can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.

==== Dairy waste ====
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, is used as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.

==== Sugars ====
Sugar-rich waste streams can be derived from food industry waste, e.g., from the candy industry.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Depending on the type of feedstock and its purity, specific pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms. Generally, this involves a [[Sizing|size reduction]] step, after which the milled biomass can be processed to separate the desired substrate by e.g., [[centrifugation]], filtration, evaporation or [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]].

In addition, it should be taken into account that some of the above mentioned feedstocks only provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), in that case also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium need to be added.

==Process and technologies==

=== Microorganisms ===
Microorganisms used in industrial fermentations include: bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae. In practice, these are well-known, productive and harmless (GRAS - Generally Regarded As Safe) production organisms, equipped with the new genetic information, that are used to produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. A major advantage is that these often genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.
[[File:Bioreactor principle.svg|thumb|257x257px|Schematic representation of an industrial fermentation bioreactor]]

=== Equipment ===
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:

* an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
* a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
* a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
* sampling ports
* addition ports
* a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganism
=== Operating conditions ===
As it involves living organisms, a fermentation process is typically conducted under mild conditions (pH and temperature). As a result, the energy consumption is relatively low as well as the capital and operating costs. However, fermentation technologies are complex and sensitive requiring careful control of quality and safety of the raw materials, process parameters, contamination, etc.

Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>.

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
==Products==
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a range of products can be synthesized. The most common products are listed and divided over two categories: (1) biomass, (2) bioproducts. In case of the latter, some products require complex genetic modifications.

=== Biomass ===

* Single Cell Protein
*Single Cell Oil
* Baker's yeast
* Lactic acid bacteria

=== Bioproducts ===

==== Enzymes ====

* Proteases
* Lipases
* Amylases
* Cellulases
* Peroxidases

==== Biopolymers ====

* Poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
* Polysaccharides: xanthan gum, dextran

==== Organic acids ====

* Acetic acid
*Lactic acid

* Citric acid
*Tartaric acid
*Fumaric acid

==== Alcohols ====

* Ethanol
*Butanol
*Glycerol
*Butanediol

==== Solvents ====

* Acetone

==== Pharmaceuticals ====

* Vitamins: vitamin C, B2, B12 ...
*Antibiotics: aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines ...
*Hormones

==== Biocolorants ====

* cartenoids
*astaxanthins

==== Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers ====

* glycolipids
*rhamnolipids

==== Amino-acids ====

* monosodium glutamate (MSG)
* Lysine
* Tryptophan
* Phenylalanine

== Post-treatment ==
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broth cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', is to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc. The choice of purification technology is depending on the characteristics of the desired products.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|PERSEO Biotechnology SL
|Spain
|
|PERSEO Bioethanol (R)
|7-8
|1000
|●
|●
|}

=== Amphi-Star ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=AmphiStar|Webpage=https://www.amphistar.be|Country=Belgium|Contact=info@amphistar.be|Technology name=BioSurf Biosurfactant Technology Platform|Technology category=Microbial production of biosurfactants|TRL=1-7|Aeration=Yes|Agitator=Rushton|Biosafety lavel=1|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Stirring speed, feed rates, etc.|Microorganism=Starmerella bombicola, Candida kuoi, Rhodotorula bogoriensis, etc. Open for collaboration on any BSL-1 biosurfactant producing strain|Reactor material=Glass or stainless steel|Feedstock=Vegetable oils and sugars from biomass|Product=Biosurfactants e.g. glycolipids such as sophorolipids}}

AmphiStar has developed a proprietary technology platform for the cost-efficient and ecological production of biosurfactants. We are a founders-led spin-off company established in July 2021 that is the result of 15 years joint development between Ghent University (Inbio.be) and the Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant. We derisk the early development stage for biosurfactant production, guide and support technology transfer to industrial manufacturers and collaborate intensely for further development and improvement of the licensed technology. Our technology platform is initially based on the fermentative production with the yeast ''Starmerella bombicola'', producing many different biosurfactants at a high volumetric productivity. Our biosurfactants are made from sustainable, renewable feedstocks and waste streams. Microbial fermentation is a clean production technology that is safe for people and the environment. Our biosurfactants are environmentally friendly, palm oil-free, sulfate-free, mild, non-toxic and non-irritant.

=== Blucon Biotech GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=BluCon Biotech GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=Dr. Stefan Verseck; stefan.verseck@blucon-biotech.com|Webpage=https://blucon-biotech.com|Technology name=Industrial Fermentation|TRL=3-4|Product=Produkt L-lactic acid (polymer grade)|Feedstock=Variety of feedstock materials from agriculture, like grasses (straw, corn stover, bagasse, miscanthus, switchgrass, sorghum), wood type materials (poplar, spruce, cotton stalks) or from industrial processes ( cellulosic waste from paper recycling or pulp&paper production, Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS), beet pulp)|Microorganism=thermophilic bacteria|Image=Blucon_Logo.jpg|Capacity=not relevant|Aeration=no (anaerobic process)|Biosafety lavel=Non-GMO|Agitator=not relevant|Controlled parameters=not relevant|Reactor material=not relevant|Other=not relevant}}

BluCon Biotech GmbH was founded in June 2017 and has its research laboratories and offices at the BioCampus, Cologne. The company develop a unique technology by which L-lactic acid can be produced at lowest possible production costs so that the bioplastic poly lactic acid (PLA) will become commercially competitive to fossil fuel-based plastics.

To reduce significantly the production costs low-cost raw materials are used, (e.g., cellulosic waste) and a sustainable process which most efficiently converts these feedstocks to the product, L-lactic acid (2nd generation L-lactic acid). Such technology development has been initiated and carried out by Direvo Industrial Biotech GmbH in Cologne. BluCon Biotech GmbH now drives the commercialization of this technology by modern strain and bioprocess engineering.

The unique technology of BluCon Biotech GmbH enables consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of lignocellulosic feedstocks to L-lactic acid using thermophilic bacteria in a one step process. Our aim is to exclusively use cheap non-food cellulosic or lignocellulosic feedstock and to create a 2nd generation L-lactic acid process, thus to convert waste to value.

Besides developing BluCon technology to commercial stage, BluCon Biotech GmbH serves as a platform to acquire further technologies in the field of applied biotechnology. With its core team, the company shows outstanding expertise in microbiology of extremophilic bacteria, in strain and process development and in project management. It is very well connected both in Germany and internationally.

=== Nature's Principles ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Nature’s Principles B.V.|Country=The Netherlands|Contact=ir. Jerry Chen
Business Developer
info@naturesprinciples.eu
+31 6 3972 3401|Webpage=https://naturesprinciples.eu/|Feedstock=corn, sugar beet and sugar cane based feedstocks, to waste cellulose, lignocellulose, inulin or starch-based residual streams, pectin, any sugar-rich feedstock (juice from grass or tropical plants etc.)|Product=L-lactic acid and other organic acids|Image=Logo_NP_Whitebackground.jpg|Technology name=Biorefinery|TRL=5-6|Aeration=not disclosed|Biosafety lavel=not disclosed|Microorganism=not disclosed|Capacity=>100 m3 fermentor volume|Agitator=Not disclosed|Controlled parameters=Not to be given|Reactor material=Not disclosed|Other=Looking for feedstock providers}}
Nature’s Principles started as an innovative PhD project at Delft University of Technology, in The Netherlands. The lab experiments proved great results using mixed culture fermentation, which used Principles of Nature to make the microorganisms satisfied and productive, as opposed to genetically engineering them in a lab. We are now running the pilot scale production and will be ready soon for commercial volumes. Nature’s Principles is ready to face the challenge of making bio-based chemicals viable and circular at the same time.

=== Sophie's BioNutrients ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Sophie's BioNutrients|Biosafety lavel=1|Reactor material=not relevant|Controlled parameters=not relevant|Agitator=not relevant|Aeration=not relevant|Capacity=not relevant|Microorganism=chlorella vulgaris|Feedstock=spent grains, okara, molasses|Image=SophiesBioNutrients_Logo.jpg|TRL=6|Technology name=Fermentation of microalgae|Product=Chlorella Protein Concentrate|Webpage=https://sophiesbionutrients.com|Contact=Eugene Wang; eugene@sophiesbionutrients.com|Country=Netherlands|Other=https://www.linkedin.com/company/sophie-s-bionutrients/}}

The next generation of future food with single cell protein such as micro-algae is a scalable and sustainable source of protein for human consumption. A Sophie’s Bionutrients, we grow micro-algae inside of bio-reactors. This process can be precisely controlled to produce protein in a matter of days. We use limited amount of water and local food waste to produce micro-algae protein within metropolitan areas in many parts of the globe. In addition we can generate whole-algae ingredients in a variety of food application in plant based meat and functional food.

=== Avecom ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Avecom|Image=avecomlogo.png|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=https://www.avecom.be|Technology name=PROMIC|TRL=4-7|Product=Single Cell Protein, PHB-rich biomass|Feedstock=Residual side streams and co-products from the food industry}}
Avecom has developed its PROMIC biomass fermentation platform for the efficient conversion of industrial and agricultural residual side streams and co-products towards high-value single cell proteins.

=== '''Cetaqua Galicia''' ===

{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Cetaqua Galicia|Country=Spain|Contact=anton.taboada@cetaqua.com|Technology name=TCP (The Carboxylic Platform)|Webpage=https://www.cetaqua.com/|TRL=7|Aeration=No (Anaerobic technology)|Capacity=0.43 - 0.63|Agitator=Pitched blade agitator|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, stirring speed, feed rates and moisture.|Microorganism=Anaerobic open mixed culture (uncontrolled)|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Biosafety lavel=1|Feedstock=Seawage sludge or urban biowaste|Product=Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid.|Image=LogoCetGal.png}}

Cetaqua Galicia is a public-private research centre founded in 2011 by Viaqua, the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) and the Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CESIC). Through our three lines of research, we have positioned ourselves as a benchmark centre, at regional, national and European level, in the application of scientific knowledge to the water cycle, especially the fields of wastewater treatment and production and recovery of high value-added by-products in waste water.

Within the biofactory line, the Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) production technology from urban sewage sludge and urban biowaste has been developed. The technologies was validated on a laboratory scale in 2020, and two pilot prototypes were designed and built. The first one installed at Conservas Dardo to recover industrial wastewater from the canning industry, and the second at the Ourense wastewater treatment plant for the recovery of sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants. In addition, this project is currently preparing innovation proposals for the development of the corresponding patents for the VFA line.

=== Holiferm ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Holiferm|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=Joana Pereira (info@holiferm.com)|Technology name=Fermentation intensification and in-line separation|Webpage=https://holiferm.com/|TRL=1-9|Capacity=Lab scale to pilot (600 L)|Biosafety lavel=Up to biosafety level 2|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic, anaerobic|Agitator=Rushton|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen, etc.|Microorganism=Bacteria and yeast|Feedstock=Vegetable oil and sugar streams|Product=Biosurfactants (other biomolecules in the future)|Reactor material=Glass (lab scale), stainless steel (pilot and commercial)|Other=https://www.linkedin.com/company/holiferm/|Image=Holiferm-Logo.jpg}}

Holiferm develops holistically improved fermentation technology and processes to deliver massive economic improvements, with biosurfactants being the initial focus. Holiferm’s patented integrated gravity separation and fermentation technology is a plug and play system that increases fermentation process productivity by three to four times, reducing production costs by more than 50% and enabling low cost production of biosurfactants: renewable, biodegradable and mild alternatives to the petrochemical derived surfactants used in household cleaning, laundry and personal care products. Holiferm is dedicated to the commercialisation of economic biosurfactant production processes, providing a complete platform technology for production, isolation and purification, enabling significant market disruption and growth.

=== MOA foodtech ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=MOA foodtech|Country=Spain|Webpage=https://www.moafoodtech.com|Feedstock=Food Industry's by-products|Product=Alternative Protein (SCP)|TRL=6|Contact=info@moafoodtech.com|Capacity=NA|Aeration=NA|Agitator=NA|Biosafety lavel=Food Grade|Microorganism=Bacteria and yeasts|Reactor material=NA|Controlled parameters=NA}}

=== Nosh.bio ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Nosh.bio|Country=Germany|Contact=info@nosh.bio|Webpage=https://www.nosh.bio/|Technology name=Sustainable functional ingredients for the food industry|TRL=5|Aeration=Yes|Biosafety lavel=1|Microorganism=Filamentous fungi|Agitator=Pneumatically agitated (e.g., airlift)|Feedstock=Several|Product=High quality functional microbial biomass|Capacity=Not disclosed|Controlled parameters=Not disclosed|Reactor material=Not disclosed|Image=Nosh_biofoods_black_(002).png}}

Nosh Biofoods produce technical-functional ingredients and nutritional protein by exploring the natural microbial biodiversity, using proprietary fermentation and mild downstream processing technologies.
=== '''NovelYeast bv''' ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=NovelYeast bv|Agitator=Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Other=Construction of cell factories with recombinant DNA technology|Reactor material=Glass|Microorganism=Saccharomyces cerevisiae, other yeast species, Trichoderma|Controlled parameters=Standard parameters|Biosafety lavel=BSL-1|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic|Webpage=https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/|Capacity=Lab-scale|TRL=3-5|Technology category=Industrial fermentation|Technology name=Yeast fermentation to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Protein production|Contact=johan.thevelein@novelyeast.com|Country=Belgium|Product=Biofuels and bio-based chemicals, proteins, specialty sugars, specialty chemicals}}
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide.

=== PERSEO Biotechnology SL ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=PERSEO Biotechnology SL|Country=Spain|Contact=informacion@perseobiotech.com|Webpage=https://www.perseobiotech.com/|Technology name=PERSEO Bioethanol ®|TRL=7 - 8|Capacity=1000|Aeration=If needed. Currently under anaerobic conditions.|Agitator=Vertical stirrers|Biosafety lavel=High, no dangerous biological material used.|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen.|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Feedstock=Biodegradable waste (OFMSW, agro-industrial waste, cellulosic waste, etc.)|Product=Advanced Bioethanol + CO2+ valuable organic byproduct|Image=PERSEO_Biotechnology_logo.jpg|Microorganism=Yeasts and bacteria|Other=not applicable}}
PERSEO Biotechnology SL is a Spanish SME with track experience and know-how in the development of biotechnological processes, which range from the development phase at the laboratory level to the industrial upscaling of the process and its demonstration. Likewise, PERSEO Biotechnology offers complementary services to assess the feasibility and the scalability of the biotechnological processes.

PERSEO Biorefinery has its own laboratories and a versatile semi-industrial plant (L’Alcudia, Valencia, Spain) with a treatment capacity up to 25 tons / day of organic waste whose objective is to develop, test and validate biotechnological processes to generate bioproducts and bioenergy, integrating all R&D services for the global recovery of organic waste.

PERSEO Bioethanol® (<nowiki>http://www.perseobiotech.com</nowiki>) is a patented and innovative technology to convert organic waste, such as biodegradable municipal solid waste, horticultural waste, agro-industrial waste, HORECA channel or paper and cardboard, mainly into '''advanced bioethanol''', to be used as liquid biofuel or as raw material for the chemical industry, and in other '''bioproducts''' with high potential in the chemical industry (bioproducts from the fermentation of sugars, biosurfactants, biofertilizers or in biomethane by anaerobic digestion).

PERSEO Bioethanol® is a patented biotechnological process compatible with current existing waste treatment plants, under the concept of an '''integrated biorefinery'''. It is adaptable to each process and to the needs of each client. The process can be integrated as a previous recovery stage in existing plants, including incineration, anaerobic digestion or composting, increasing the value chain of waste treatment and significantly '''improving the economic and environmental results''' of waste management.

=== POLYFOODS ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B87%5D=87&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Industrial fermentation

2022-12-02T13:35:30Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Bluecon Biotech GmbH */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Industrial fermentation|Feedstock=[[Garden and park waste]], [[food waste]]|Product=Biomass, bioproducts (e.g., enzymes, biopolymers, organic acids, alcohols)|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of a wide range of renewable feedstocks into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics, etc. It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Composition and origin ===
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a various range of feedstocks can be used. The most commonly used feedstocks are listed below:

==== Lignocellulose and cellulose ====
Lignocellulose is present in [[garden and park waste]]. Cellulose is present in [[food waste]] such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via [[hydrolysis]], which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.

==== Starch ====
Starch is present in [[food waste]] such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic [[hydrolysis]].

==== Oils and Fat ====
Oils and fats are present in [[food waste]] such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. They can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.

==== Dairy waste ====
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, is used as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.

==== Sugars ====
Sugar-rich waste streams can be derived from food industry waste, e.g., from the candy industry.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Depending on the type of feedstock and its purity, specific pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms. Generally, this involves a [[Sizing|size reduction]] step, after which the milled biomass can be processed to separate the desired substrate by e.g., [[centrifugation]], filtration, evaporation or [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]].

In addition, it should be taken into account that some of the above mentioned feedstocks only provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), in that case also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium need to be added.

==Process and technologies==

=== Microorganisms ===
Microorganisms used in industrial fermentations include: bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae. In practice, these are well-known, productive and harmless (GRAS - Generally Regarded As Safe) production organisms, equipped with the new genetic information, that are used to produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. A major advantage is that these often genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.
[[File:Bioreactor principle.svg|thumb|257x257px|Schematic representation of an industrial fermentation bioreactor]]

=== Equipment ===
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:

* an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
* a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
* a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
* sampling ports
* addition ports
* a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganism
=== Operating conditions ===
As it involves living organisms, a fermentation process is typically conducted under mild conditions (pH and temperature). As a result, the energy consumption is relatively low as well as the capital and operating costs. However, fermentation technologies are complex and sensitive requiring careful control of quality and safety of the raw materials, process parameters, contamination, etc.

Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>.

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
==Products==
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a range of products can be synthesized. The most common products are listed and divided over two categories: (1) biomass, (2) bioproducts. In case of the latter, some products require complex genetic modifications.

=== Biomass ===

* Single Cell Protein
*Single Cell Oil
* Baker's yeast
* Lactic acid bacteria

=== Bioproducts ===

==== Enzymes ====

* Proteases
* Lipases
* Amylases
* Cellulases
* Peroxidases

==== Biopolymers ====

* Poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
* Polysaccharides: xanthan gum, dextran

==== Organic acids ====

* Acetic acid
*Lactic acid

* Citric acid
*Tartaric acid
*Fumaric acid

==== Alcohols ====

* Ethanol
*Butanol
*Glycerol
*Butanediol

==== Solvents ====

* Acetone

==== Pharmaceuticals ====

* Vitamins: vitamin C, B2, B12 ...
*Antibiotics: aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines ...
*Hormones

==== Biocolorants ====

* cartenoids
*astaxanthins

==== Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers ====

* glycolipids
*rhamnolipids

==== Amino-acids ====

* monosodium glutamate (MSG)
* Lysine
* Tryptophan
* Phenylalanine

== Post-treatment ==
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broth cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', is to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc. The choice of purification technology is depending on the characteristics of the desired products.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|PERSEO Biotechnology SL
|Spain
|
|PERSEO Bioethanol (R)
|7-8
|1000
|●
|●
|}

=== Amphi-Star ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=AmphiStar|Webpage=https://www.amphistar.be|Country=Belgium|Contact=info@amphistar.be|Technology name=BioSurf Biosurfactant Technology Platform|Technology category=Microbial production of biosurfactants|TRL=1-7|Aeration=Yes|Agitator=Rushton|Biosafety lavel=1|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Stirring speed, feed rates, etc.|Microorganism=Starmerella bombicola, Candida kuoi, Rhodotorula bogoriensis, etc. Open for collaboration on any BSL-1 biosurfactant producing strain|Reactor material=Glass or stainless steel|Feedstock=Vegetable oils and sugars from biomass|Product=Biosurfactants e.g. glycolipids such as sophorolipids}}

AmphiStar has developed a proprietary technology platform for the cost-efficient and ecological production of biosurfactants. We are a founders-led spin-off company established in July 2021 that is the result of 15 years joint development between Ghent University (Inbio.be) and the Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant. We derisk the early development stage for biosurfactant production, guide and support technology transfer to industrial manufacturers and collaborate intensely for further development and improvement of the licensed technology. Our technology platform is initially based on the fermentative production with the yeast ''Starmerella bombicola'', producing many different biosurfactants at a high volumetric productivity. Our biosurfactants are made from sustainable, renewable feedstocks and waste streams. Microbial fermentation is a clean production technology that is safe for people and the environment. Our biosurfactants are environmentally friendly, palm oil-free, sulfate-free, mild, non-toxic and non-irritant.

=== Blucon Biotech GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=BluCon Biotech GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=Dr. Stefan Verseck; stefan.verseck@blucon-biotech.com|Webpage=https://blucon-biotech.com|Technology name=Industrial Fermentation|TRL=3-4|Product=Produkt L-lactic acid (polymer grade)|Feedstock=Variety of feedstock materials from agriculture, like grasses (straw, corn stover, bagasse, miscanthus, switchgrass, sorghum), wood type materials (poplar, spruce, cotton stalks) or from industrial processes ( cellulosic waste from paper recycling or pulp&paper production, Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS), beet pulp)|Microorganism=thermophilic bacteria|Image=Blucon_Logo.jpg|Capacity=not relevant|Aeration=no (anaerobic process)|Biosafety lavel=Non-GMO|Agitator=not relevant|Controlled parameters=not relevant|Reactor material=not relevant|Other=not relevant}}

BluCon Biotech GmbH was founded in June 2017 and has its research laboratories and offices at the BioCampus, Cologne. The company develop a unique technology by which L-lactic acid can be produced at lowest possible production costs so that the bioplastic poly lactic acid (PLA) will become commercially competitive to fossil fuel-based plastics.

To reduce significantly the production costs low-cost raw materials are used, (e.g., cellulosic waste) and a sustainable process which most efficiently converts these feedstocks to the product, L-lactic acid (2nd generation L-lactic acid). Such technology development has been initiated and carried out by Direvo Industrial Biotech GmbH in Cologne. BluCon Biotech GmbH now drives the commercialization of this technology by modern strain and bioprocess engineering.

The unique technology of BluCon Biotech GmbH enables consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of lignocellulosic feedstocks to L-lactic acid using thermophilic bacteria in a one step process. Our aim is to exclusively use cheap non-food cellulosic or lignocellulosic feedstock and to create a 2nd generation L-lactic acid process, thus to convert waste to value.

Besides developing BluCon technology to commercial stage, BluCon Biotech GmbH serves as a platform to acquire further technologies in the field of applied biotechnology. With its core team, the company shows outstanding expertise in microbiology of extremophilic bacteria, in strain and process development and in project management. It is very well connected both in Germany and internationally.

=== Nature's Principles ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Nature’s Principles B.V.|Country=The Netherlands|Contact=ir. Jerry Chen
Business Developer
info@naturesprinciples.eu
+31 6 3972 3401|Webpage=https://naturesprinciples.eu/|Feedstock=corn, sugar beet and sugar cane based feedstocks, to waste cellulose, lignocellulose, inulin or starch-based residual streams, pectin, any sugar-rich feedstock (juice from grass or tropical plants etc.)|Product=L-lactic acid and other organic acids|Image=Logo_NP_Whitebackground.jpg|Technology name=Biorefinery|TRL=5-6|Aeration=not disclosed|Biosafety lavel=not disclosed|Microorganism=not disclosed|Capacity=>100 m3 fermentor volume|Agitator=Not disclosed|Controlled parameters=Not to be given|Reactor material=Not disclosed|Other=No further specs}}
Nature’s Principles started as an innovative PhD project at Delft University of Technology, in The Netherlands. The lab experiments proved great results using mixed culture fermentation, which used Principles of Nature to make the microorganisms satisfied and productive, as opposed to genetically engineering them in a lab. We are now running the pilot scale production and will be ready soon for commercial volumes. Nature’s Principles is ready to face the challenge of making bio-based chemicals viable and circular at the same time.

=== Sophie's BioNutrients ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Sophie's BioNutrients|Biosafety lavel=1|Reactor material=not relevant|Controlled parameters=not relevant|Agitator=not relevant|Aeration=not relevant|Capacity=not relevant|Microorganism=chlorella vulgaris|Feedstock=spent grains, okara, molasses|Image=SophiesBioNutrients_Logo.jpg|TRL=6|Technology name=Fermentation of microalgae|Product=Chlorella Protein Concentrate|Webpage=https://sophiesbionutrients.com|Contact=Eugene Wang; eugene@sophiesbionutrients.com|Country=Netherlands|Other=https://www.linkedin.com/company/sophie-s-bionutrients/}}

The next generation of future food with single cell protein such as micro-algae is a scalable and sustainable source of protein for human consumption. A Sophie’s Bionutrients, we grow micro-algae inside of bio-reactors. This process can be precisely controlled to produce protein in a matter of days. We use limited amount of water and local food waste to produce micro-algae protein within metropolitan areas in many parts of the globe. In addition we can generate whole-algae ingredients in a variety of food application in plant based meat and functional food.

=== Avecom ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Avecom|Image=avecomlogo.png|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=https://www.avecom.be|Technology name=PROMIC|TRL=4-7|Product=Single Cell Protein, PHB-rich biomass|Feedstock=Residual side streams and co-products from the food industry}}
Avecom has developed its PROMIC biomass fermentation platform for the efficient conversion of industrial and agricultural residual side streams and co-products towards high-value single cell proteins.

=== '''Cetaqua Galicia''' ===

{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Cetaqua Galicia|Country=Spain|Contact=anton.taboada@cetaqua.com|Technology name=TCP (The Carboxylic Platform)|Webpage=https://www.cetaqua.com/|TRL=7|Aeration=No (Anaerobic technology)|Capacity=0.43 - 0.63|Agitator=Pitched blade agitator|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, stirring speed, feed rates and moisture.|Microorganism=Anaerobic open mixed culture (uncontrolled)|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Biosafety lavel=1|Feedstock=Seawage sludge or urban biowaste|Product=Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid.|Image=LogoCetGal.png}}

Cetaqua Galicia is a public-private research centre founded in 2011 by Viaqua, the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) and the Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CESIC). Through our three lines of research, we have positioned ourselves as a benchmark centre, at regional, national and European level, in the application of scientific knowledge to the water cycle, especially the fields of wastewater treatment and production and recovery of high value-added by-products in waste water.

Within the biofactory line, the Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) production technology from urban sewage sludge and urban biowaste has been developed. The technologies was validated on a laboratory scale in 2020, and two pilot prototypes were designed and built. The first one installed at Conservas Dardo to recover industrial wastewater from the canning industry, and the second at the Ourense wastewater treatment plant for the recovery of sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants. In addition, this project is currently preparing innovation proposals for the development of the corresponding patents for the VFA line.

=== Holiferm ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Holiferm|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=Joana Pereira (info@holiferm.com)|Technology name=Fermentation intensification and in-line separation|Webpage=https://holiferm.com/|TRL=1-9|Capacity=Lab scale to pilot (600 L)|Biosafety lavel=Up to biosafety level 2|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic, anaerobic|Agitator=Rushton|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen, etc.|Microorganism=Bacteria and yeast|Feedstock=Vegetable oil and sugar streams|Product=Biosurfactants (other biomolecules in the future)|Reactor material=Glass (lab scale), stainless steel (pilot and commercial)|Other=https://www.linkedin.com/company/holiferm/|Image=Holiferm-Logo.jpg}}

Holiferm develops holistically improved fermentation technology and processes to deliver massive economic improvements, with biosurfactants being the initial focus. Holiferm’s patented integrated gravity separation and fermentation technology is a plug and play system that increases fermentation process productivity by three to four times, reducing production costs by more than 50% and enabling low cost production of biosurfactants: renewable, biodegradable and mild alternatives to the petrochemical derived surfactants used in household cleaning, laundry and personal care products. Holiferm is dedicated to the commercialisation of economic biosurfactant production processes, providing a complete platform technology for production, isolation and purification, enabling significant market disruption and growth.

=== MOA foodtech ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=MOA foodtech|Country=Spain|Webpage=https://www.moafoodtech.com|Feedstock=Food Industry's by-products|Product=Alternative Protein (SCP)|TRL=6|Contact=info@moafoodtech.com|Capacity=NA|Aeration=NA|Agitator=NA|Biosafety lavel=Food Grade|Microorganism=Bacteria and yeasts|Reactor material=NA|Controlled parameters=NA}}

=== Nosh.bio ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Nosh.bio|Country=Germany|Contact=info@nosh.bio|Webpage=https://www.nosh.bio/|Technology name=Sustainable functional ingredients for the food industry|TRL=5|Aeration=Yes|Biosafety lavel=1|Microorganism=Filamentous fungi|Agitator=Pneumatically agitated (e.g., airlift)|Feedstock=Several|Product=High quality functional microbial biomass|Capacity=Not disclosed|Controlled parameters=Not disclosed|Reactor material=Not disclosed|Image=Nosh_biofoods_black_(002).png}}

Nosh Biofoods produce technical-functional ingredients and nutritional protein by exploring the natural microbial biodiversity, using proprietary fermentation and mild downstream processing technologies.
=== '''NovelYeast bv''' ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=NovelYeast bv|Agitator=Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Other=Construction of cell factories with recombinant DNA technology|Reactor material=Glass|Microorganism=Saccharomyces cerevisiae, other yeast species, Trichoderma|Controlled parameters=Standard parameters|Biosafety lavel=BSL-1|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic|Webpage=https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/|Capacity=Lab-scale|TRL=3-5|Technology category=Industrial fermentation|Technology name=Yeast fermentation to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Protein production|Contact=johan.thevelein@novelyeast.com|Country=Belgium|Product=Biofuels and bio-based chemicals, proteins, specialty sugars, specialty chemicals}}
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide.

=== PERSEO Biotechnology SL ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=PERSEO Biotechnology SL|Country=Spain|Contact=informacion@perseobiotech.com|Webpage=https://www.perseobiotech.com/|Technology name=PERSEO Bioethanol ®|TRL=7 - 8|Capacity=1000|Aeration=If needed. Currently under anaerobic conditions.|Agitator=Vertical stirrers|Biosafety lavel=High, no dangerous biological material used.|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen.|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Feedstock=Biodegradable waste (OFMSW, agro-industrial waste, cellulosic waste, etc.)|Product=Advanced Bioethanol + CO2+ valuable organic byproduct|Image=PERSEO_Biotechnology_logo.jpg|Microorganism=Yeasts and bacteria|Other=not applicable}}
PERSEO Biotechnology SL is a Spanish SME with track experience and know-how in the development of biotechnological processes, which range from the development phase at the laboratory level to the industrial upscaling of the process and its demonstration. Likewise, PERSEO Biotechnology offers complementary services to assess the feasibility and the scalability of the biotechnological processes.

PERSEO Biorefinery has its own laboratories and a versatile semi-industrial plant (L’Alcudia, Valencia, Spain) with a treatment capacity up to 25 tons / day of organic waste whose objective is to develop, test and validate biotechnological processes to generate bioproducts and bioenergy, integrating all R&D services for the global recovery of organic waste.

PERSEO Bioethanol® (<nowiki>http://www.perseobiotech.com</nowiki>) is a patented and innovative technology to convert organic waste, such as biodegradable municipal solid waste, horticultural waste, agro-industrial waste, HORECA channel or paper and cardboard, mainly into '''advanced bioethanol''', to be used as liquid biofuel or as raw material for the chemical industry, and in other '''bioproducts''' with high potential in the chemical industry (bioproducts from the fermentation of sugars, biosurfactants, biofertilizers or in biomethane by anaerobic digestion).

PERSEO Bioethanol® is a patented biotechnological process compatible with current existing waste treatment plants, under the concept of an '''integrated biorefinery'''. It is adaptable to each process and to the needs of each client. The process can be integrated as a previous recovery stage in existing plants, including incineration, anaerobic digestion or composting, increasing the value chain of waste treatment and significantly '''improving the economic and environmental results''' of waste management.

=== POLYFOODS ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B87%5D=87&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

File:Blucon Logo.jpg

2022-12-02T13:34:38Z

Tanja Meyer: Uploaded a work by Blucon from Blucon with UploadWizard

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|description={{en|1=blucon}}
|date=2022-12-02
|source=Blucon
|author=Blucon
|permission=
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=={{int:license-header}}==
{{logo}}

This file was uploaded with the UploadWizard extension.

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]

Industrial fermentation

2022-11-29T16:38:35Z

Tanja Meyer: /* Nature's Principles */

{{Infobox technology|Name=Industrial fermentation|Feedstock=[[Garden and park waste]], [[food waste]]|Product=Biomass, bioproducts (e.g., enzymes, biopolymers, organic acids, alcohols)|Category=[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Biochemical_processes_and_technologies|Biochemical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of a wide range of renewable feedstocks into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics, etc. It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude>

== Feedstock ==

=== Composition and origin ===
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a various range of feedstocks can be used. The most commonly used feedstocks are listed below:

==== Lignocellulose and cellulose ====
Lignocellulose is present in [[garden and park waste]]. Cellulose is present in [[food waste]] such as fruit and vegetable waste. Via [[hydrolysis]], which is usually performed through enzymatic or thermal treatment, fermentable sugars can be obtained from lignocellulose and cellulose.

==== Starch ====
Starch is present in [[food waste]] such as potatoes, corn, wheat or cassava. Starch can directly be utilized by amylase-producing microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi. However, to allow its use in a wider range of fermentations, starch is usually converted into glucose or dextrins by enzymatic [[hydrolysis]].

==== Oils and Fat ====
Oils and fats are present in [[food waste]] such as gravy, used cooking oil and grease. They can directly be used as fermentation substrate. As they are not water soluble, extensive mixing is required to allow a good contact between the liquid droplets and the fermentation water phase.

==== Dairy waste ====
Whey, the liquid by-product of cheese manufacturing, is used as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and nitrogen.

==== Sugars ====
Sugar-rich waste streams can be derived from food industry waste, e.g., from the candy industry.

=== Pre-treatment ===
Depending on the type of feedstock and its purity, specific pre-treatment technologies are required to provide fermentable substrates to the microorganisms. Generally, this involves a [[Sizing|size reduction]] step, after which the milled biomass can be processed to separate the desired substrate by e.g., [[centrifugation]], filtration, evaporation or [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]].

In addition, it should be taken into account that some of the above mentioned feedstocks only provide the carbon source (which compose about 50% of the weight of most microorganisms), in that case also other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium need to be added.

==Process and technologies==

=== Microorganisms ===
Microorganisms used in industrial fermentations include: bacteria, yeast, fungi or algae. In practice, these are well-known, productive and harmless (GRAS - Generally Regarded As Safe) production organisms, equipped with the new genetic information, that are used to produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. A major advantage is that these often genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided.
[[File:Bioreactor principle.svg|thumb|257x257px|Schematic representation of an industrial fermentation bioreactor]]

=== Equipment ===
A typical industrial fermenter consists of an CSTR equipped with:

* an aeration and agitation system: to provide good mixing and availability of oxygen for the cell culture
* a temperature and pH control system: to assure optimal conditions for growth or production
* a foam control system: to avoid excessive foam formation
* sampling ports
* addition ports
* a cleaning and sterilization system: to avoid contamination with other, undesired microorganism
=== Operating conditions ===
As it involves living organisms, a fermentation process is typically conducted under mild conditions (pH and temperature). As a result, the energy consumption is relatively low as well as the capital and operating costs. However, fermentation technologies are complex and sensitive requiring careful control of quality and safety of the raw materials, process parameters, contamination, etc.

Industrial fermentations may be carried out as batch, fed-batch, or continuous culture systems. Batch and fed-batch operations are quite common, continuous fermentations being relatively rare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Y. Chisti|year=2014|book_title=Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition)|publisher=Science Direct}}</ref>.

=== Scale-up of industrial fermentations ===
Typically, a pure starter culture (or seed), maintained under carefully controlled conditions, is used to inoculate sterile petri dishes or liquid medium in the shake flasks. After sufficient growth, the preculture is used to inoculate the seed fermenter. Because industrial fermentations tend to be large (typically 1–250 m3), the inoculum is built up through several successively larger stages, to 5–10% of the working volume of the production fermenter. However, scale-up of a fermentation process is not straightforward as an increase in fermenter size affects the various process parameters in different ways. Therefore, ample expertise is required to find a compromise between all process parameters.
==Products==
Depending on the type of microorganisms and its genetic modifications, a range of products can be synthesized. The most common products are listed and divided over two categories: (1) biomass, (2) bioproducts. In case of the latter, some products require complex genetic modifications.

=== Biomass ===

* Single Cell Protein
*Single Cell Oil
* Baker's yeast
* Lactic acid bacteria

=== Bioproducts ===

==== Enzymes ====

* Proteases
* Lipases
* Amylases
* Cellulases
* Peroxidases

==== Biopolymers ====

* Poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
* Polysaccharides: xanthan gum, dextran

==== Organic acids ====

* Acetic acid
*Lactic acid

* Citric acid
*Tartaric acid
*Fumaric acid

==== Alcohols ====

* Ethanol
*Butanol
*Glycerol
*Butanediol

==== Solvents ====

* Acetone

==== Pharmaceuticals ====

* Vitamins: vitamin C, B2, B12 ...
*Antibiotics: aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines ...
*Hormones

==== Biocolorants ====

* cartenoids
*astaxanthins

==== Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers ====

* glycolipids
*rhamnolipids

==== Amino-acids ====

* monosodium glutamate (MSG)
* Lysine
* Tryptophan
* Phenylalanine

== Post-treatment ==
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broth cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', is to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc. The choice of purification technology is depending on the characteristics of the desired products.

== Technology providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
| [Country HQ location]
| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| [4-9]
| [numeric value]
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|PERSEO Biotechnology SL
|Spain
|
|PERSEO Bioethanol (R)
|7-8
|1000
|●
|●
|}

=== Amphi-Star ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=AmphiStar|Webpage=https://www.amphistar.be|Country=Belgium|Contact=info@amphistar.be|Technology name=BioSurf Biosurfactant Technology Platform|Technology category=Microbial production of biosurfactants|TRL=1-7|Aeration=Yes|Agitator=Rushton|Biosafety lavel=1|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, Oxygen, Stirring speed, feed rates, etc.|Microorganism=Starmerella bombicola, Candida kuoi, Rhodotorula bogoriensis, etc. Open for collaboration on any BSL-1 biosurfactant producing strain|Reactor material=Glass or stainless steel|Feedstock=Vegetable oils and sugars from biomass|Product=Biosurfactants e.g. glycolipids such as sophorolipids}}

AmphiStar has developed a proprietary technology platform for the cost-efficient and ecological production of biosurfactants. We are a founders-led spin-off company established in July 2021 that is the result of 15 years joint development between Ghent University (Inbio.be) and the Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant. We derisk the early development stage for biosurfactant production, guide and support technology transfer to industrial manufacturers and collaborate intensely for further development and improvement of the licensed technology. Our technology platform is initially based on the fermentative production with the yeast ''Starmerella bombicola'', producing many different biosurfactants at a high volumetric productivity. Our biosurfactants are made from sustainable, renewable feedstocks and waste streams. Microbial fermentation is a clean production technology that is safe for people and the environment. Our biosurfactants are environmentally friendly, palm oil-free, sulfate-free, mild, non-toxic and non-irritant.

=== Bluecon Biotech GmbH ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=BlueCon Biotech GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=Dr. Stefan Verseck; blucon@blucon-biotech.com|Webpage=https://blucon-biotech.com|Technology name=Industrial Fermentation|TRL=3-4|Product=2-hydroxypropionic acid (L- lactic acid)|Feedstock=cellulosic waste from paper recycling or pulp & paper production (non-food cellulosic); Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS); Beet pulp; Agriculture residues (grasses (straw, corn stover, bagasse, miscanthus, switchgrass, sorghum), wood type materials (poplar, spruce, cotton stalks)|Microorganism=thermophilic bacteria|Image=Logo-blucon-normal.gif}}
BluCon Biotech GmbH was founded in June 2017 and has its research laboratories and offices at the BioCampus, Cologne. The company continues to develop a unique technology by which L-lactic acid can be produced at lowest possible production costs so that the bioplastic poly lactic acid (PLA) will become commercially competitive to fossil fuel based plastics.

Such technology development has been initiated and carried out by Direvo Industrial Biotech GmbH in Cologne. Patents and know how have been acquired from Direvo by Zheijiang Youcheng group, Hangzhou, China. Chinese startup company, Dehong Biotech Ltd. has been entrusted to drive the commercialization of BluCon technology. Dehong in turn has entrusted BluCon Biotech GmbH to carry out strain and process development towards commercial process. BluCon Biotech GmbH is also partnering with Dehong, Hangzhou, to build and operate a biotechnology laboratory in Hangzhou and implement BluCon technology there.

BluCon Biotech GmbH collaborates with Shanghai Tong Jie Liang Biomaterials Ltd. (TJL) for the production of PLA and thus is very well integrated downstream. TJL is also building a research and development laboratory in Hangzhou, Zheijiang, China.

Besides developing BluCon technology to commercial stage, BluCon Biotech GmbH serves as a platform to acquire further technologies in the field of applied biotechnology. With its core team, the company shows outstanding expertise in microbiology of extremophilic bacteria, in strain and process development and in project management. It is very well connected both in Germany and internationally.

=== Nature's Principles ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Nature’s Principles B.V.|Country=The Netherlands|Contact=ir. Jerry Chen
Business Developer
info@naturesprinciples.eu
+31 6 3972 3401|Webpage=https://naturesprinciples.eu/|Feedstock=corn, sugar beet and sugar cane based feedstocks, to waste cellulose, lignocellulose, inulin or starch-based residual streams, pectin, any sugar-rich feedstock (juice from grass or tropical plants etc.)|Product=L-lactic acid and other organic acids|Image=Logo_NP_Whitebackground.jpg|Technology name=Biorefinery|TRL=5-6|Aeration=not disclosed|Biosafety lavel=not disclosed|Microorganism=not disclosed|Capacity=>100 m3 fermentor volume|Agitator=Not disclosed|Controlled parameters=Not to be given|Reactor material=Not disclosed|Other=No further specs}}
Nature’s Principles started as an innovative PhD project at Delft University of Technology, in The Netherlands. The lab experiments proved great results using mixed culture fermentation, which used Principles of Nature to make the microorganisms satisfied and productive, as opposed to genetically engineering them in a lab. We are now running the pilot scale production and will be ready soon for commercial volumes. Nature’s Principles is ready to face the challenge of making bio-based chemicals viable and circular at the same time.

=== Sophie's BioNutrients ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Sophie's BioNutrients|Biosafety lavel=1|Reactor material=not relevant|Controlled parameters=not relevant|Agitator=not relevant|Aeration=not relevant|Capacity=not relevant|Microorganism=chlorella vulgaris|Feedstock=spent grains, okara, molasses|Image=SophiesBioNutrients_Logo.jpg|TRL=6|Technology name=Fermentation of microalgae|Product=Chlorella Protein Concentrate|Webpage=https://sophiesbionutrients.com|Contact=Eugene Wang; eugene@sophiesbionutrients.com|Country=Netherlands|Other=https://www.linkedin.com/company/sophie-s-bionutrients/}}

The next generation of future food with single cell protein such as micro-algae is a scalable and sustainable source of protein for human consumption. A Sophie’s Bionutrients, we grow micro-algae inside of bio-reactors. This process can be precisely controlled to produce protein in a matter of days. We use limited amount of water and local food waste to produce micro-algae protein within metropolitan areas in many parts of the globe. In addition we can generate whole-algae ingredients in a variety of food application in plant based meat and functional food.

=== Avecom ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Avecom|Image=avecomlogo.png|Country=Belgium|Contact=sales@avecom.be|Webpage=https://www.avecom.be|Technology name=PROMIC|TRL=4-7|Product=Single Cell Protein, PHB-rich biomass|Feedstock=Residual side streams and co-products from the food industry}}
Avecom has developed its PROMIC biomass fermentation platform for the efficient conversion of industrial and agricultural residual side streams and co-products towards high-value single cell proteins.

=== '''Cetaqua Galicia''' ===

{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Cetaqua Galicia|Country=Spain|Contact=anton.taboada@cetaqua.com|Technology name=TCP (The Carboxylic Platform)|Webpage=https://www.cetaqua.com/|TRL=7|Aeration=No (Anaerobic technology)|Capacity=0.43 - 0.63|Agitator=Pitched blade agitator|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, stirring speed, feed rates and moisture.|Microorganism=Anaerobic open mixed culture (uncontrolled)|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Biosafety lavel=1|Feedstock=Seawage sludge or urban biowaste|Product=Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid.|Image=LogoCetGal.png}}

Cetaqua Galicia is a public-private research centre founded in 2011 by Viaqua, the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) and the Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CESIC). Through our three lines of research, we have positioned ourselves as a benchmark centre, at regional, national and European level, in the application of scientific knowledge to the water cycle, especially the fields of wastewater treatment and production and recovery of high value-added by-products in waste water.

Within the biofactory line, the Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) production technology from urban sewage sludge and urban biowaste has been developed. The technologies was validated on a laboratory scale in 2020, and two pilot prototypes were designed and built. The first one installed at Conservas Dardo to recover industrial wastewater from the canning industry, and the second at the Ourense wastewater treatment plant for the recovery of sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants. In addition, this project is currently preparing innovation proposals for the development of the corresponding patents for the VFA line.

=== Holiferm ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Holiferm|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=Joana Pereira (info@holiferm.com)|Technology name=Fermentation intensification and in-line separation|Webpage=https://holiferm.com/|TRL=1-9|Capacity=Lab scale to pilot (600 L)|Biosafety lavel=Up to biosafety level 2|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic, anaerobic|Agitator=Rushton|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen, etc.|Microorganism=Bacteria and yeast|Feedstock=Vegetable oil and sugar streams|Product=Biosurfactants (other biomolecules in the future)|Reactor material=Glass (lab scale), stainless steel (pilot and commercial)|Other=https://www.linkedin.com/company/holiferm/|Image=Holiferm-Logo.jpg}}

Holiferm develops holistically improved fermentation technology and processes to deliver massive economic improvements, with biosurfactants being the initial focus. Holiferm’s patented integrated gravity separation and fermentation technology is a plug and play system that increases fermentation process productivity by three to four times, reducing production costs by more than 50% and enabling low cost production of biosurfactants: renewable, biodegradable and mild alternatives to the petrochemical derived surfactants used in household cleaning, laundry and personal care products. Holiferm is dedicated to the commercialisation of economic biosurfactant production processes, providing a complete platform technology for production, isolation and purification, enabling significant market disruption and growth.

=== MOA foodtech ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=MOA foodtech|Country=Spain|Webpage=https://www.moafoodtech.com|Feedstock=Food Industry's by-products|Product=Alternative Protein (SCP)|TRL=6|Contact=info@moafoodtech.com|Capacity=NA|Aeration=NA|Agitator=NA|Biosafety lavel=Food Grade|Microorganism=Bacteria and yeasts|Reactor material=NA|Controlled parameters=NA}}

=== Nosh.bio ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=Nosh.bio|Country=Germany|Contact=info@nosh.bio|Webpage=https://www.nosh.bio/|Technology name=Sustainable functional ingredients for the food industry|TRL=5|Aeration=Yes|Biosafety lavel=1|Microorganism=Filamentous fungi|Agitator=Pneumatically agitated (e.g., airlift)|Feedstock=Several|Product=High quality functional microbial biomass|Capacity=Not disclosed|Controlled parameters=Not disclosed|Reactor material=Not disclosed|Image=Nosh_biofoods_black_(002).png}}

Nosh Biofoods produce technical-functional ingredients and nutritional protein by exploring the natural microbial biodiversity, using proprietary fermentation and mild downstream processing technologies.
=== '''NovelYeast bv''' ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=NovelYeast bv|Agitator=Shake flasks, static tubes with magnetic stirring|Feedstock=1G and 2G feedstocks|Other=Construction of cell factories with recombinant DNA technology|Reactor material=Glass|Microorganism=Saccharomyces cerevisiae, other yeast species, Trichoderma|Controlled parameters=Standard parameters|Biosafety lavel=BSL-1|Aeration=Aerobic, semi-anaerobic|Webpage=https://www.linkedin.com/in/johan-thevelein-aab60a10/|Capacity=Lab-scale|TRL=3-5|Technology category=Industrial fermentation|Technology name=Yeast fermentation to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Protein production|Contact=johan.thevelein@novelyeast.com|Country=Belgium|Product=Biofuels and bio-based chemicals, proteins, specialty sugars, specialty chemicals}}
NovelYeast bv was founded in 2019 by Prof. Johan Thevelein (KU Leuven and VIB) to continue his R&D activities after his retirement in 2020 as emeritus. The company focusses on the development and industrial implementation of yeast cell factories for the production of biofuels, bio-based chemicals as well as specialty sugars and ingredients with first- and second-generation feedstocks. It also develops cell factories for the production of specific proteins for food applications and enzymes for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, it uses yeast as a tool for biomedical and agroindustrial applications, including yeast probiotics and anti-cancer drugs selected by screening in yeast. NovelYeast has several R&D service collaborations with companies world-wide.

=== PERSEO Biotechnology SL ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation|Company=PERSEO Biotechnology SL|Country=Spain|Contact=informacion@perseobiotech.com|Webpage=https://www.perseobiotech.com/|Technology name=PERSEO Bioethanol ®|TRL=7 - 8|Capacity=1000|Aeration=If needed. Currently under anaerobic conditions.|Agitator=Vertical stirrers|Biosafety lavel=High, no dangerous biological material used.|Controlled parameters=Temperature, pH, pressure, stirring rate, flows, dissolved oxygen.|Reactor material=Stainless steel|Feedstock=Biodegradable waste (OFMSW, agro-industrial waste, cellulosic waste, etc.)|Product=Advanced Bioethanol + CO2+ valuable organic byproduct|Image=PERSEO_Biotechnology_logo.jpg|Microorganism=Yeasts and bacteria|Other=not applicable}}
PERSEO Biotechnology SL is a Spanish SME with track experience and know-how in the development of biotechnological processes, which range from the development phase at the laboratory level to the industrial upscaling of the process and its demonstration. Likewise, PERSEO Biotechnology offers complementary services to assess the feasibility and the scalability of the biotechnological processes.

PERSEO Biorefinery has its own laboratories and a versatile semi-industrial plant (L’Alcudia, Valencia, Spain) with a treatment capacity up to 25 tons / day of organic waste whose objective is to develop, test and validate biotechnological processes to generate bioproducts and bioenergy, integrating all R&D services for the global recovery of organic waste.

PERSEO Bioethanol® (<nowiki>http://www.perseobiotech.com</nowiki>) is a patented and innovative technology to convert organic waste, such as biodegradable municipal solid waste, horticultural waste, agro-industrial waste, HORECA channel or paper and cardboard, mainly into '''advanced bioethanol''', to be used as liquid biofuel or as raw material for the chemical industry, and in other '''bioproducts''' with high potential in the chemical industry (bioproducts from the fermentation of sugars, biosurfactants, biofertilizers or in biomethane by anaerobic digestion).

PERSEO Bioethanol® is a patented biotechnological process compatible with current existing waste treatment plants, under the concept of an '''integrated biorefinery'''. It is adaptable to each process and to the needs of each client. The process can be integrated as a previous recovery stage in existing plants, including incineration, anaerobic digestion or composting, increasing the value chain of waste treatment and significantly '''improving the economic and environmental results''' of waste management.

=== POLYFOODS ===
{{Infobox provider-industrial fermentation}}

== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=103&field_technology_area_target_id%5B87%5D=87&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]

== Patents ==
Currently no patents have been identified.

== References ==

[[Category:Conversion]]
[[Category:Technologies]]