Difference between revisions of "Biowaste"

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Tech4Biowaste follows the following definition:<br />
Tech4Biowaste follows the following definition:<br />
<onlyinclude>Bio-waste is defined as biodegradable garden and park waste, food and kitchen waste from households, restaurants, caterers and retail premises, and comparable waste from food processing plants. It does not include forestry or agricultural residues, manure, sewage sludge, or other biodegradable waste such as natural textiles, paper or processed wood. It also excludes those by-products of food production that never become waste.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biodegradable waste|url=https://ec.europa.eu/environment/topics/waste-and-recycling/biodegradable-waste_en|Author=European Commission|year=|e-pub date=|date accessed=}}</ref></onlyinclude>
<onlyinclude>Bio-waste is defined as biodegradable garden and park waste, food and kitchen waste from households, restaurants, caterers and retail premises, and comparable waste from food processing plants. It does not include forestry or agricultural residues, manure, sewage sludge, or other biodegradable waste such as natural textiles, paper or processed wood. It also excludes those by-products of food production that never become waste.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Biodegradable waste|url=https://ec.europa.eu/environment/topics/waste-and-recycling/biodegradable-waste_en|Author=European Commission|year=|e-pub date=|date accessed=2021-09-23}}</ref></onlyinclude>




==Types of biowaste==
==Types of biowaste==
Bio-waste is defined as biodegradable garden and park waste, food and kitchen waste from households, restaurants, caterers and retail premises, and comparable waste from food processing plants. It does not include forestry or agricultural residues, manure, sewage sludge, or other biodegradable waste such as natural textiles, paper or processed wood. It also excludes those by-products of food production that never become waste.<ref name=":0">''[https://ec.europa.eu/environment/topics/waste-and-recycling/biodegradable-waste_en biodegradable waste]'', definition at European Commission, Directorate-General for Environment.</ref>
Bio-waste is defined as biodegradable [[garden and park waste]] and [[food waste]] from kitchens households, restaurants, caterers and retail premises, as well was comparable waste from food processing plants. It does not include forestry or agricultural residues, manure, sewage sludge, or other biodegradable waste such as natural textiles, paper or processed wood. It also excludes those by-products of food production that never become waste<ref name=":3" />. Depending on its origin the biowaste may occur in relatively pure fractions or  in form of [[municipal waste]] (different contents of biogenic wastes mixed with other non-biogenic fractions that are out of scope within of the Tech4Biowaste database).[[File:2021-08-05 Biowaste in MSW (modified from European Environment Agency 2020).png|thumb|Bio-waste in municipal waste and how it is collected, EU-28, 2017. Modified dataset<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=European Environment Agency (EEA)|year=2020|book_title=Bio-waste in Europe — turning challenges into opportunities|publisher=European Environment Agency|place=Copenhagen, Denmark|ISBN=978-92-9480-223-1}}</ref>]]
 
[[File:Municipal bio-waste generation per person and share of bio-waste in municipal waste generated by country, 2017.png|thumb|Municipal bio-waste generation per person and share of bio-waste in municipal waste generated by country, 2017]]
Biowaste is devided in several groups depending on its origin and composition:
[[File:2021-08-05 Biowaste in MSW (modified from European Environment Agency 2020).png|thumb|Bio-waste in municipal waste and how it is collected, EU-28, 2017. Modified dataset<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=European Environment Agency (EEA)|year=2020|book_title=Bio-waste in Europe — turning challenges into opportunities|publisher=European Environment Agency|place=Copenhagen, Denmark|ISBN=978-92-9480-223-1}}</ref>]]
[[File:Municipal bio-waste generation per person and share of bio-waste in municipal waste generated by country, 2017.png|thumb|Municipal bio-waste generation per person and share of bio-waste in municipal waste generated by country, 2017<ref name=":2" />]]
*[[Garden and park waste]]
**Green-cuttings
***Grass
***Tree-branches
***Tree-leaves
[[File:2021-07-23 biowaste 01.jpg|thumb|Mixed bio-waste: kitchen food waste and used coffee pads]]
[[File:2021-07-23 biowaste 02.jpg|thumb|Mixed bio-waste: kitchen food waste and used coffee pads]]
*[[Food and kitchen waste]]
**Food processing
**Houshold
**Restaurants and caterers
**Retail premises
*[[Municipal waste]] (biogenic waste mixed with other wastes)


== Composition of biowaste ==
== Composition of biowaste ==
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!Garden waste [%]
!Garden waste [%]
!Other bio-waste [%]
!Other bio-waste [%]
!
|-
|-
|EU-28
|EU-28
Line 41: Line 24:
|35.3
|35.3
|4.8
|4.8
|
|-
|-
|Belgium
|Belgium
Line 47: Line 29:
|51.7
|51.7
|17.8
|17.8
|66.0
|-
|-
|Bosnia and Herzegovina
|Bosnia and Herzegovina
Line 53: Line 34:
|6.5
|6.5
|4.1
|4.1
|6.4
|-
|-
|Bulgaria
|Bulgaria
Line 59: Line 39:
|43.2
|43.2
| -
| -
|18.2
|-
|-
|Croatia
|Croatia
Line 65: Line 44:
|24.8
|24.8
|1.7
|1.7
|14.8
|-
|-
|Cyprus
|Cyprus
Line 71: Line 49:
|28.6
|28.6
| -
| -
|4.3
|-
|-
|Czechia
|Czechia
Line 77: Line 54:
|60.9
|60.9
|4.3
|4.3
|50.2
|-
|-
|Denmark
|Denmark
Line 83: Line 59:
|7.3
|7.3
| -
| -
|50.2
|-
|-
|Estonia
|Estonia
Line 89: Line 64:
|12.0
|12.0
|3.5
|3.5
|29.0
|-
|-
|Finland
|Finland
Line 95: Line 69:
|10.1
|10.1
|13.8
|13.8
|40.3
|-
|-
|France
|France
Line 101: Line 74:
|50.0
|50.0
|7.4
|7.4
|50.2
|-
|-
|Germany
|Germany
Line 107: Line 79:
|47.7
|47.7
| -
| -
|64.5
|-
|-
|Greece
|Greece
Line 113: Line 84:
|6.9
|6.9
| -
| -
|6.4
|-
|-
|Hungary
|Hungary
Line 119: Line 89:
|54.2
|54.2
|24.0
|24.0
|35.5
|-
|-
|Iceland
|Iceland
Line 125: Line 94:
|11.6
|11.6
|0.9
|0.9
|15.0
|-
|-
|Ireland
|Ireland
Line 131: Line 99:
|16.5
|16.5
|4.3
|4.3
|33.8
|-
|-
|Italy
|Italy
Line 137: Line 104:
|25.5
|25.5
|6.2
|6.2
|57.8
|-
|-
|Kosovo
|Kosovo
|95.0
|95.0
|5.0
|5.0
| -
| -
| -
|-
|-
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|17.4
|17.4
|22.7
|22.7
|23.4
|-
|-
|Lithuania
|Lithuania
Line 155: Line 119:
|39.2
|39.2
|25.1
|25.1
|26.3
|-
|-
|Luxembourg
|Luxembourg
Line 161: Line 124:
|37.1
|37.1
| -
| -
|55.8
|-
|-
|Malta
|Malta
|95.7
|95.7
|4.3
|4.3
| -
| -
| -
|-
|-
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|8.0
|8.0
|28.0
|28.0
|53.8
|-
|-
|Poland
|Poland
Line 179: Line 139:
|36.0
|36.0
| -
| -
|27.2
|-
|-
|Portugal
|Portugal
Line 185: Line 144:
|21.6
|21.6
|3.7
|3.7
|9.1
|-
|-
|Romania
|Romania
Line 191: Line 149:
|33.3
|33.3
| -
| -
|13.4
|-
|-
|Serbia
|Serbia
Line 197: Line 154:
|28.1
|28.1
|12.3
|12.3
| -
|-
|-
|Slovakia
|Slovakia
Line 203: Line 159:
|47.5
|47.5
| -
| -
|22.0
|-
|-
|Slovenia
|Slovenia
Line 209: Line 164:
|37.2
|37.2
|3.5
|3.5
|80.5
|-
|-
|Spain
|Spain
Line 215: Line 169:
|17.8
|17.8
| -
| -
|8.0
|-
|-
|Sweden
|Sweden
Line 221: Line 174:
|19.3
|19.3
| -
| -
|58.3
|-
|-
|Switzerland
|Switzerland
Line 227: Line 179:
|53.0
|53.0
| -
| -
|58.9
|-
|-
|United Kingdom
|United Kingdom
Line 233: Line 184:
|45.9
|45.9
|6.4
|6.4
|47.4
|}
|}


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|}
|}


=== List of Wastes (LoW) codes ===
== List of Wastes (LoW) codes ==


In the EWC-Stat Waste Categories biowaste is included in item 31 ("Animal and mixed food waste"), item 32 ("Vegetal wastes") and partly item 34 ("Household and similar wastes").<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=EUROSTAT|year=2010|section_title=|editor=|book_title=[https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/342366/351806/Guidance-on-EWCStat-categories-2010.pdf/0e7cd3fc-c05c-47a7-818f-1c2421e55604 Guidance on classification of waste according to EWC-Stat categories; Supplement to the Manual for the Implementation of the Regulation (EC) No 2150/2002 on Waste Statistics.]|publisher=Commission of the European Communities|place=Brussels}}</ref>
In the EWC-Stat Waste Categories biowaste is included in item 31 ("Animal and mixed food waste"), item 32 ("Vegetal wastes") and partly item 34 ("Household and similar wastes").<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=EUROSTAT|year=2010|section_title=|editor=|book_title=[https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/342366/351806/Guidance-on-EWCStat-categories-2010.pdf/0e7cd3fc-c05c-47a7-818f-1c2421e55604 Guidance on classification of waste according to EWC-Stat categories; Supplement to the Manual for the Implementation of the Regulation (EC) No 2150/2002 on Waste Statistics.]|publisher=Commission of the European Communities|place=Brussels}}</ref>
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==Additional information==
==Additional information==
Currently the main environmental threat from biowaste (and other biodegradable waste) is the production of [[methane]] from such waste decomposing in landfills, which accounted for some 3% of total greenhouse gas emissions in the EU-15 in 1995. The [[Landfill Directive|Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC)]]<ref>{{Cite book|author=Council of the European Union|year=1999|section_title=|editor=|book_title=[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999L0031 Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste.]|publisher=Council of the European Union|place=Brussel}}</ref> obliges Member States to reduce the amount of biodegradable municipal waste that they landfill to 35% of 1995 levels by 2016 (for some countries by 2020) which will significantly reduce this problem.<ref name=":0" />
Currently the main environmental threat from biowaste (and other biodegradable waste) is the production of [[methane]] from such waste decomposing in landfills, which accounted for some 3% of total greenhouse gas emissions in the EU-15 in 1995. The [[Landfill Directive|Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC)]]<ref>{{Cite book|author=Council of the European Union|year=1999|section_title=|editor=|book_title=[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31999L0031 Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste.]|publisher=Council of the European Union|place=Brussel}}</ref> obliges Member States to reduce the amount of biodegradable municipal waste that they landfill to 35% of 1995 levels by 2016 (for some countries by 2020) which will significantly reduce this problem.<ref name=":0">''[https://ec.europa.eu/environment/topics/waste-and-recycling/biodegradable-waste_en biodegradable waste]'', definition at European Commission, Directorate-General for Environment.</ref>


According to the [[European Compost Network]] (ECN), across the European Union, somewhere between 118 and 138 million tons of bio-waste arise annually, of which currently only about 40% (equivalent to 47,5 million tons per annum [M tpa]) is effectively recycled into high-quality compost and digestate. As up to 50% of municipal solid waste is organic, the bio-waste fraction plays an important role in recycling and the nascent circular economy. Implementation of separate collection of bio-waste in all EU member states as laid down in the [[Waste Framework Directive]] is a key for diverting organic waste from landfills and to guarantee that high-quality secondary raw materials (composts and digestate) are consistently manufactured, so that they can be placed on the European fertilizer market.<ref name="ECN">''[https://www.compostnetwork.info/policy/biowaste-in-europe/ Bio-Waste in Europe]'', European Compost Network (ECN), 2020.</ref>
According to the [[European Compost Network]] (ECN), across the European Union, somewhere between 118 and 138 million tons of bio-waste arise annually, of which currently only about 40% (equivalent to 47,5 million tons per annum [M tpa]) is effectively recycled into high-quality compost and digestate. As up to 50% of municipal solid waste is organic, the bio-waste fraction plays an important role in recycling and the nascent circular economy. Implementation of separate collection of bio-waste in all EU member states as laid down in the [[Waste Framework Directive]] is a key for diverting organic waste from landfills and to guarantee that high-quality secondary raw materials (composts and digestate) are consistently manufactured, so that they can be placed on the European fertilizer market.<ref name="ECN">''[https://www.compostnetwork.info/policy/biowaste-in-europe/ Bio-Waste in Europe]'', European Compost Network (ECN), 2020.</ref>

Latest revision as of 11:03, 23 September 2021

Fruit and vegetables in a dumpster, discarded uneaten

Biowaste, bio-waste or biodegradable waste is a type of feedstock defined as waste from organic origin. It includes any organic matter in waste which can be broken down into carbon dioxide, water, methane or simple organic molecules (biodegradability) by micro-organisms and other living things by composting, aerobic digestion, anaerobic digestion or similar processes. It also includes some inorganic materials which can be decomposed by bacteria.

Tech4Biowaste follows the following definition:
Bio-waste is defined as biodegradable garden and park waste, food and kitchen waste from households, restaurants, caterers and retail premises, and comparable waste from food processing plants. It does not include forestry or agricultural residues, manure, sewage sludge, or other biodegradable waste such as natural textiles, paper or processed wood. It also excludes those by-products of food production that never become waste.[1]


Types of biowaste

Bio-waste is defined as biodegradable garden and park waste and food waste from kitchens households, restaurants, caterers and retail premises, as well was comparable waste from food processing plants. It does not include forestry or agricultural residues, manure, sewage sludge, or other biodegradable waste such as natural textiles, paper or processed wood. It also excludes those by-products of food production that never become waste[1]. Depending on its origin the biowaste may occur in relatively pure fractions or in form of municipal waste (different contents of biogenic wastes mixed with other non-biogenic fractions that are out of scope within of the Tech4Biowaste database).

Bio-waste in municipal waste and how it is collected, EU-28, 2017. Modified dataset[2]
Municipal bio-waste generation per person and share of bio-waste in municipal waste generated by country, 2017

Composition of biowaste

In Europe, biowaste is mainly composed of food waste (59.9%), followed by garden waste (35.3%), and other bio-waste (4.8%).

Composition of municipal bio-waste for 32 EEA member and cooperating countries, 2017[2]
Area Food waste [%] Garden waste [%] Other bio-waste [%]
EU-28 59.9 35.3 4.8
Belgium 30.5 51.7 17.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina 89.4 6.5 4.1
Bulgaria 56.8 43.2 -
Croatia 73.5 24.8 1.7
Cyprus 71.4 28.6 -
Czechia 34.8 60.9 4.3
Denmark 92.7 7.3 -
Estonia 84.5 12.0 3.5
Finland 76.1 10.1 13.8
France 42.6 50.0 7.4
Germany 52.3 47.7 -
Greece 93.2 6.9 -
Hungary 21.9 54.2 24.0
Iceland 87.5 11.6 0.9
Ireland 79.2 16.5 4.3
Italy 68.4 25.5 6.2
Kosovo 95.0 5.0 -
Lativa 60.0 17.4 22.7
Lithuania 35.8 39.2 25.1
Luxembourg 62.9 37.1 -
Malta 95.7 4.3 -
Netherlands 64.0 8.0 28.0
Poland 64.0 36.0 -
Portugal 74.8 21.6 3.7
Romania 66.7 33.3 -
Serbia 59.6 28.1 12.3
Slovakia 52.5 47.5 -
Slovenia 59.4 37.2 3.5
Spain 82.2 17.8 -
Sweden 80.7 19.3 -
Switzerland 47.0 53.0 -
United Kingdom 47.7 45.9 6.4

Capture rate

Bio-waste collected separately as a share of bio-waste generated (bio-waste capture rate)[2]
Area Capture rate [%]
Austria 86.782
Slovenia 80.503
Belgium 65.955
Germany 64.486
Switzerland 58.879
Sweden 58.344
Italy 57.815
Luxembourg 55.808
Netherlands 53.805
Czechia 50.2
Denmark 50.196
Average 50.2
France 50.2
United Kingdom 47.397
Finland 40.316
Hungary 35.514
Ireland 33.778
Estonia 28.972
Poland 27.236
Lithuania 26.302
Lativa 23.364
Slovakia 22.029
Bulgaria 18.158
Iceland 14.953
Croatia 14.816
Romania 13.351
Portugal 9.079
Turkey 8.545
Spain 8.011
Greece 6.409
Bosnia and Herzegovina 6.409
Cyprus 4.272
North Macedonia -

List of Wastes (LoW) codes

In the EWC-Stat Waste Categories biowaste is included in item 31 ("Animal and mixed food waste"), item 32 ("Vegetal wastes") and partly item 34 ("Household and similar wastes").[3]


Animal and mixed food waste[3]

  • Animal waste of food preparation and products
    • Animal-tissue waste (02 01 02)
    • Sludges from washing and cleaning (02 02 01)
    • Animal-tissue (02 02 02)
    • Materials unsuitable for consumption or processing (02 02 03)
    • Materials unsuitable for consumption or processing (02 05 01)
  • Mixed waste of food preparation and products
    • Wastes from preserving agents (02 03 02)
    • Wastes from preserving agents (02 06 02)
    • Grease and oil mixture from oil/water separation containing only edible oil and fats (19 08 09)
    • Biodegradable kitchen and canteen waste (20 01 08)
    • Edible oil and fat (20 01 25)


Vegetal wastes[3]

  • Green wastes
    • Wastes from forestry (02 01 07)
    • Biodegradable waste (20 02 01)
  • Vegetal waste of food preparation and products
    • Sludges from washing and cleaning (02 01 01)
    • Plant-tissue waste (02 01 03)
    • Sludges from washing, cleaning, peeling, centrifuging and separation (02 03 01)
    • Wastes from solvent extraction (02 03 03)
    • Materials unsuitable for consumption or processing (02 03 04)
    • Materials unsuitable for consumption or processing (02 06 01)
    • Wastes from washing, cleaning and mechanical reduction of raw materials (02 07 01)
    • Wastes from spirits distillation (02 07 02)
    • Materials unsuitable for consumption or processing (02 07 04)


Household and similar wastes[3]

  • Household wastes
    • Mixed municipal waste (20 03 01)
    • Waste from markets (20 03 02)
    • Bulky waste (20 03 07)
    • Municipal wastes not otherwise specified (20 03 99)
  • Street cleaning wastes
    • Street-cleaning residues (20 03 03)

Additional information

Currently the main environmental threat from biowaste (and other biodegradable waste) is the production of methane from such waste decomposing in landfills, which accounted for some 3% of total greenhouse gas emissions in the EU-15 in 1995. The Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC)[4] obliges Member States to reduce the amount of biodegradable municipal waste that they landfill to 35% of 1995 levels by 2016 (for some countries by 2020) which will significantly reduce this problem.[5]

According to the European Compost Network (ECN), across the European Union, somewhere between 118 and 138 million tons of bio-waste arise annually, of which currently only about 40% (equivalent to 47,5 million tons per annum [M tpa]) is effectively recycled into high-quality compost and digestate. As up to 50% of municipal solid waste is organic, the bio-waste fraction plays an important role in recycling and the nascent circular economy. Implementation of separate collection of bio-waste in all EU member states as laid down in the Waste Framework Directive is a key for diverting organic waste from landfills and to guarantee that high-quality secondary raw materials (composts and digestate) are consistently manufactured, so that they can be placed on the European fertilizer market.[6]

References

  1. ↑ a b European Commission, : Biodegradable waste , Last access 2021-09-23. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/topics/waste-and-recycling/biodegradable-waste_en
  2. ↑ a b c European Environment Agency (EEA), 2020: Bio-waste in Europe — turning challenges into opportunities. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  3. ↑ a b c d EUROSTAT, 2010: Guidance on classification of waste according to EWC-Stat categories; Supplement to the Manual for the Implementation of the Regulation (EC) No 2150/2002 on Waste Statistics.. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels.
  4. ↑ Council of the European Union, 1999: Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste.. Council of the European Union, Brussel.
  5. ↑ biodegradable waste, definition at European Commission, Directorate-General for Environment.
  6. ↑ Bio-Waste in Europe, European Compost Network (ECN), 2020.

Further information

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