Difference between revisions of "Oxidation"

[checked revision]

Latest revision as of 10:08, 7 March 2023

Technology

Technology details
Name:	Oxidation
Category:	Pre-processing (Chemical processes and technologies)
Feedstock:	Lignocellulosic biomass (corn bobs, rye grass, clover)
Product:	Cellulose and hemicellulose

This article is about oxidative pretreatment. For oxidation as a chemical conversion, see heterogeneous catalysis.

The pretreatment of lignocellulosic material can be done with the use of a strong oxidiser. The oxidiser breaks the ester and ether bonds between lignin and carbohydrates. The reaction can also be performed in water, as wet oxidation. In this case hydroxide radicals are formed which will break down the lignocellulosic material to lignin and carbohydrates.^[1]

Feedstock

Origin and composition

Lignocellulosic biomass, such as woody biomass, ^[2] corn bobs, clover, or rye grass.^[1]

Pre-treatment

Sizing

Process and technologies

The process uses an oxidative agent, such as potassium permanganate or oxygen. In the case of permanganate, the process benefits from higher temperatures for around 6 hours. In the case of oxygen, wet oxidation is often employed, where an oxygen pressure is applied to wet conditions.^[1] The process can be combined with alkali hydrolysis, for example using a lime pretreatment with calcium hydroxide.^[2]

Product

The oxidation pretreatment results in breaking down the lignin and makes the cellulose and hemicellulose available for further processing. Traces of soluble aromatics, which can hinder further processes, can be formed as a side product.^[2]

Post-treatment

Currently there are no specific post-treatmen technologies known.

Technology providers

**Technology comparison**
Company name	Country	Technology subcategory	Technology name	TRL	Capacity [kg/h]	Feedstock: Food waste	Feedstock: Garden & park waste

Company 1	[Country HQ location]	[Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter Process and technologies)]	[Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]	[4-9]	[numeric value]	●	●
Company 2	[Country HQ location]	[(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter Process and technologies)]	[Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]	[4-9]	[numeric value]	●	●

Company 1

Oxidation provider
General information
Company:
Country:
Contact:
Webpage:
Technology and process details
Technology name:		Technology category:	Pre-processing (Chemical processes and technologies)
TRL:		Capacity:	kg·h^-1
Pressure:	bar	Reagent:
Temperature:	°C	Other:
Feedstock and product details
Feedstock:		Product:

Open access pilot and demo facility providers

Currently no providers have been identified.

Patents

Currently no patents have been identified.

References

↑ ^a ^b ^c Rajeev Ravindran, Amit Kumar Jaiswal, 2016-01: A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: Challenges and opportunities. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 199, 92–102. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.106
↑ ^a ^b ^c Valery B. Agbor, Nazim Cicek, Richard Sparling, Alex Berlin, David B. Levin, 2011-11: Biomass pretreatment: Fundamentals toward application. Biotechnology Advances, Vol. 29, (6), 675–685. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.005

[:0-1] Rajeev Ravindran, Amit Kumar Jaiswal, 2016-01: A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: Challenges and opportunities. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 199, 92–102. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.106

[:1-2] Valery B. Agbor, Nazim Cicek, Richard Sparling, Alex Berlin, David B. Levin, 2011-11: Biomass pretreatment: Fundamentals toward application. Biotechnology Advances, Vol. 29, (6), 675–685. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.005

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Infobox technology|Name=Oxidation|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Chemical_processes_and_technologies|Chemical processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass (corn bobs, rye grass, clover)|Product=Cellulose and hemicellulose}}
 ''This article is about oxidative pretreatment. For oxidation as a chemical conversion, see [[heterogeneous catalysis]].''
-The pretreatment of lignocellulosic material with the use of a strong oxidiser. The oxidiser breaks the ester and ether bonds between lignin and carbohydrates. The reaction can also be performed in water, as wet oxidation. Here, hydroxide radicals are formed which will break down the lignin and carbohydrates.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: Challenges and opportunities|year=2016-01|author=Rajeev Ravindran, Amit Kumar Jaiswal|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=199|page=92–102|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.106}}</ref>
+<onlyinclude>The pretreatment of lignocellulosic material can be done with the use of a strong oxidiser. The oxidiser breaks the ester and ether bonds between lignin and carbohydrates. The reaction can also be performed in water, as wet oxidation. In this case hydroxide radicals are formed which will break down the lignocellulosic material to lignin and carbohydrates.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: Challenges and opportunities|year=2016-01|author=Rajeev Ravindran, Amit Kumar Jaiswal|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=199|page=92–102|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.106}}</ref></onlyinclude>
 ==Feedstock==
+=== Origin and composition ===
 Lignocellulosic biomass, such as woody biomass, <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Biomass pretreatment: Fundamentals toward application|year=2011-11|author=Valery B. Agbor, Nazim Cicek, Richard Sparling, Alex Berlin, David B. Levin|journal=Biotechnology Advances|volume=29|issue=6|page=675–685|doi=10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.005}}</ref> corn bobs, clover, or rye grass.<ref name=":0" />
+=== Pre-treatment ===
+* [[Sizing]]
 ==Process and technologies==
 The process uses an oxidative agent, such as potassium permanganate or oxygen. In the case of permanganate, the process benefits from higher temperatures for around 6 hours. In the case of oxygen, wet oxidation is often employed, where an oxygen pressure is applied to wet conditions.<ref name=":0" /> The process can be combined with [[Hydrolysis#Alkali|alkali hydrolysis]], for example using a lime pretreatment with calcium hydroxide.<ref name=":1" />
 ==Product==
 The oxidation pretreatment results in breaking down the lignin and makes the cellulose and hemicellulose available for further processing. Traces of soluble aromatics, which can hinder further processes, can be formed as a side product.<ref name=":1" />
+=== Post-treatment ===
+Currently there are no specific post-treatmen technologies known.
 ==Technology providers==
-[space for technology comparison]
+{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
-===No technology providers identified yet.===
+|+'''Technology comparison'''
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reagent
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
+|-
+! style="height:1.8em;"|
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+|-
+| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
+| [Country HQ location]
+| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
+| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
+| [4-9]
+| [numeric value]
+|
+| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
+| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
+|-
+| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
+| [Country HQ location]
+| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
+| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
+| [4-9]
+| [numeric value]
+|
+| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
+| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
+|}
+===Company 1===
+{{Infobox provider-oxidation}}
+== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
+Currently no providers have been identified.
 ==Patents==
-Currently no patents have been identified yet.
+Currently no patents have been identified.
 ==References==
 <references />
-[[Category:Primary processing]]
+[[Category:Pre-processing]]
+[[Category:Technologies]]