Difference between revisions of "Crystallisation and precipitation"

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'''Crystallisation''' is the process by which a solid forms, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal. Some of the ways by which crystals form are precipitating from a solution, freezing, or more rarely deposition directly from a gas.   Attributes of the resulting crystal depend largely on factors such as temperature, air pressure, and in the case of liquid crystals, time of fluid evaporation.
{{Infobox technology|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])|Name=Crystallisation and precipitation|Feedstock=Solution with crystallisable ingredients}}
[[File:2021 Great Salt Lake 06.jpg|alt=Picture showing a mound of salt crystals at the Great Salt Lake in Utah, USA|thumb|Salt crystals at Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA]]
<onlyinclude>'''Crystallisation''' is the formation of crystals from a solution. In a crystal, the atoms or molecules are highly organised into a solid repetitive structure. "A solution is a mixture of two or more species that form a homogenous single phase. Solutions are normally thought of in terms of liquids, however, solutions may include solids suspension. Typically, the term solution has come to mean a liquid solution consisting a solvent, which is a liquid, and a solute, which is a solid, at the conditions of interest. The solution to be ready for crystallization must be supersaturated."<ref>Sattar Al-Jibbouri "Effects of Additives in Solution Crystallization", 2002, https://sundoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/diss-online/02/03H046/prom.pdf</ref>
 
A simple example for crystallisation is the evaporation of the solvent. For example, the salinity of the Great Salt Lake in Utah, USA, is so high that through the evaporation of water salt crystals cover its shores. Some other ways in which crystals form are precipitating from a solution, freezing, or more rarely deposition directly from a gas. Attributes of the resulting crystal depend largely on factors such as temperature, air pressure, and in the case of liquid crystals, time of fluid evaporation.</onlyinclude>
 
==Feedstock==
[[File:NaCl octahedra and part of crystal.svg|alt=Graphic showing NaCl (table salt) crystal consisting of sodium and chlorine atoms|thumb|200x200px|NaCl (table salt) crystal consisting of sodium and chlorine atoms]]
=== Origin and composition ===
The feedstock for crystallisation is a solution with crystallisable ingredients, e.g. minerals or organic molecules. The majority of minerals and organic molecules crystallise easily, and the resulting crystals are generally of good quality, i.e. without visible defects. However, larger biochemical particles, like proteins, are often difficult to crystallise. The ease with which molecules will crystallise strongly depends on the intensity of either atomic forces (in the case of mineral substances), intermolecular forces (organic and biochemical substances) or intramolecular forces (biochemical substances).
 
=== Pre-treatment ===


==Input==
x
==Process and technologies==
==Process and technologies==
Crystallization occurs in three major steps. The first is nucleation, the appearance of a crystalline phase from either a supercooled liquid or a supersaturated solvent. The second step is known as crystal growth, which is the increase in the size of particles and leads to a crystal state. An important feature of this step is that loose particles form layers at the crystal's surface and lodge themselves into open inconsistencies such as pores, cracks, etc.
Crystallisation occurs in three major steps. The first is nucleation, the appearance of a crystalline phase from either a supercooled liquid or a supersaturated solvent. The second step is known as crystal growth, which is the increase in the size of particles and leads to a crystal state. An important feature of this step is that loose particles form layers at the crystal's surface and lodge themselves into open inconsistencies such as pores, cracks, etc.
 
Crystallisation is also a chemical solid–liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs. In chemical engineering, crystallisation occurs in a crystalliser. Crystallisation is therefore related to precipitation, although the result is not amorphous or disordered, but a crystal.


The majority of minerals and organic molecules crystallize easily, and the resulting crystals are generally of good quality, i.e. without visible defects. However, larger biochemical particles, like proteins, are often difficult to crystallize. The ease with which molecules will crystallize strongly depends on the intensity of either atomic forces (in the case of mineral substances), intermolecular forces (organic and biochemical substances) or intramolecular forces (biochemical substances).
==Products==


Crystallization is also a chemical solid–liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs. In chemical engineering, crystallization occurs in a crystallizer. Crystallization is therefore related to precipitation, although the result is not amorphous or disordered, but a crystal.
=== Post-treatment ===


==Output==
x
==Technology providers==
==Technology providers==
===ABC===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
describe the company, here is an example
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Crystallisation_and_precipitation#Condorchem_Envitech|Condorchem_Envitech]]
| Spain
| -
| ENVIDEST MVR FC Forced Circulation
| -
| 250-2000
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Crystallisation_and_precipitation#HUAMO_Group|HUAMO Group]]
| China
| -
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| 9
| 5000-300000
| 4000-8000
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Crystallisation_and_precipitation#TECHNOFORCETM|TECHNOFORCE<sup>TM]]
| The Netherlands, India, Germany
| -
| Plug Flow Crystallisation, Continuous Crystallisation
| 9
| -
| Continuous
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
 
===Condorchem Envitech===
{{Infobox provider-crystallisation and precipitation|Company=Condorchem Envitech|Country=Spain|Webpage=https://condorchem.com/en/|Technology name=ENVIDEST MVR FC Forced Circulation|Other=Forced Circulation|Product=Concentrate & Distillate|Separation type=(vacuum) Evaporation|Feedstock=Industrial wastewater and other raw materials from industrial effluents|Reactor material=AISI 316L|Capacity=250 - 2000 L/h per modular unit|Image=Condorchem_logo.png}}
 
'''Condorchem Envitech''' is an environmental engineering firm providing water, effluent and air emissions treatment solutions for a wide range of industrial activities. We offer our clients comprehensive environmental project solutions, covering the following services: analysis, planning, design, construction, installation, maintenance and supply of plants and capital goods for waste treatment. Ever since the inception of our company we have promoted the implementation of the best available technologies, so as to ensure our clients are offered the best solutions for their specific needs.
 
ENVIDEST MVR FC evaporators are a new concept of mechanical vapour recompression forced circulation evaporators. A fast cool start system for preheating the water using electrical resistors, or using steam available.
=== HUAMO Group ===
{{Infobox provider-crystallisation and precipitation|Company=HUAMO Group|Country=China|Contact=info@huaromembrane.com|Webpage=https://www.huamofilter.com/air_flotation_equipment/|Technology name=Precipitation type dissolved air flotation|TRL=9|Feedstock=Watery mix|Capacity=5.000, 10.000, 20.000, 30.000, 40.000, 50.000, 60.000, 80.000, 100.000, 150.000, 200.000, 250.000, 300.000, can also be designed according to user needs|Processable volume=4.000 – 8.000|Other=Detachable|Separation type=Precipitation|Reactor=Precipitation type dissolved air flotation equipment|Product=Sludge and liquid phase|Image=HUAMO Group logo.png}}
Founded 2007 in Shanghai, '''HUAMO group''' has been focused on R&D, manufacturing and marketing of Reverse Osmosis Membrane, Ultrafiltration Membrane, Stainless Steel Filter and other water treatment products. Thanks to its cooperation with US high-tech companies, HUAMO has developed and launched its ultra-low pressure series and brackish water series RO Membranes.
 
===TECHNOFORCE<sup>TM</sup>===
{{Infobox provider-crystallisation and precipitation|Company=TECHNOFORCE|Image=TECHNOFORCE logo.png|Contact=sales@technoforce.net|Country=The Netherlands, India, Germany|Webpage=https://www.technoforce.net|TRL=9|Technology name=Plug Flow Crystallisation, Continuous Crystallisation|Other=Inside a Plug Flow Crystallizer (PFC), a shaft with uniquely arranged blades rotates within a shell. The product flows through in a nearly plug flow manner under uniform and gentle agitation. Multiple heating/cooling sections provide controlled temperature gradients. Gentle agitation minimizes breakage of crystals. It can have several openings along its length for addition of seeds or anti-solvents.|Agitator=Shaft with uniquely arranged blades rotates within a shell|Processable volume=Continuous|Reactor=Plug Flow Crystallizer (PFC)|Product=Any application where close crystal size distribution is desired|Separation type=Crystallisation|Feedstock=Bulk drugs and intermediates, fine chemicals, inorganic and organic salts}}
 
'''Technoforce''' was started in 1990 to manufacture distillation and drying equipment based on Thin Film Technology. Other technologies like Extraction, Crystallization and Zero Liquid Discharge plants for industrial wastewater were added in later years. About 140 people are working in India and Europe in R&D, pilot plant testing, design and manufacturing.
 
Through in-house investments and cooperation with universities, Technoforce has developed synergistically relevant technologies. Thus, the customers can avail several process steps from a single source.


''ABC was founded in 20... 12 by KNN and Syncom, in collaboration with the university of Groningen, Netherlands. The company is a technology provider developing chemical recycling technologies for different feedstocks including non-food bio- and plastics waste. In 2018 a pilot plant with the capability to process biomass and plastic waste was set up at the Zernike Advanced Processing (ZAP) Facility. The company is now focused on setting up their first commercial plant with a capacity of 20,000 to 30,000 tonnes. The investing phase B was recently completed, with the last investment phase in 2019 the financial requirements are fulfilled to complete the commercialisation activities to build the plant which is expected for 2023.''
Having modern manufacturing facilities with robots and CNC machines in India and pilot plant facilities in India and The Netherlands, Technoforce has uniquely positioned itself to provide competitive solutions. We work very closely with the customers to assist in feasibility studies and tests in the pilot plants for process optimization.


describe their technology, here is an example
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B75%5D=75&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]


''The technology is based on an Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) process, being able to produce aromatics including benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) as well as light olefins from low grade biomass and plastics waste. This technology utilises catalytic cracking in a two-step process at temperatures between 450- 850 °C. In the first step the feedstock material is vaporised via thermal cracking. The pyrolysis vapours are then directly passed into a second reactor in which they are converted into aromatics by utilising a zeolite catalyst which can be continuously regenerated. Finally, the products are separated from the gas via condensation. An ex situ approach of catalytic conversion has several advantages such as the protection of the catalyst from deactivation/degradation expanding its lifetime, a greater variety of feedstock, and a precise adjustment of process conditions (e.g. temperature, catalyst design, and Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) in each step for improved yields. In current pilot plant with 10 kg h-1 feed capacity for either waste plastics or biomass, final design details are established, which will be include in the running engineering activities for the commercial plant.''{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis
| Company = ABC
| Webpage = https://biobtx.com/
| Location = The Netherlands
| Business-Model = Licensing
| TRL = 5-6
| Patent = WO2017222380A1
| Technology name = Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) technology
| Technology category = Catalytic Pyrolysis, two-step
| Feedstock = Biomass (liquid, solid), wood pulp lignin residues, used cooking oil
| Product = Benzene, toluene, xylene, aromatics, light gases
| Reactor = Fluidised sand bed, fixed bed
| Heating = Fluidised sand bed
| Atmosphere = Inert
| Pressure = 1-4
| Capacity = 10
| Temperature = 450-650
| Catalyst = Zeolite
| Other = Unknown
}}
==Patents==
==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.
==References==
==References==
[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]
<references />

Latest revision as of 10:10, 13 April 2023

Technology
21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste rect-p.png
Technology details
Name: Crystallisation and precipitation
Category: Pre-processing (Separation technologies), Post-processing (Separation technologies)
Feedstock: Solution with crystallisable ingredients
Product:
Picture showing a mound of salt crystals at the Great Salt Lake in Utah, USA
Salt crystals at Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA

Crystallisation is the formation of crystals from a solution. In a crystal, the atoms or molecules are highly organised into a solid repetitive structure. "A solution is a mixture of two or more species that form a homogenous single phase. Solutions are normally thought of in terms of liquids, however, solutions may include solids suspension. Typically, the term solution has come to mean a liquid solution consisting a solvent, which is a liquid, and a solute, which is a solid, at the conditions of interest. The solution to be ready for crystallization must be supersaturated."[1]

A simple example for crystallisation is the evaporation of the solvent. For example, the salinity of the Great Salt Lake in Utah, USA, is so high that through the evaporation of water salt crystals cover its shores. Some other ways in which crystals form are precipitating from a solution, freezing, or more rarely deposition directly from a gas. Attributes of the resulting crystal depend largely on factors such as temperature, air pressure, and in the case of liquid crystals, time of fluid evaporation.

Feedstock

Graphic showing NaCl (table salt) crystal consisting of sodium and chlorine atoms
NaCl (table salt) crystal consisting of sodium and chlorine atoms

Origin and composition

The feedstock for crystallisation is a solution with crystallisable ingredients, e.g. minerals or organic molecules. The majority of minerals and organic molecules crystallise easily, and the resulting crystals are generally of good quality, i.e. without visible defects. However, larger biochemical particles, like proteins, are often difficult to crystallise. The ease with which molecules will crystallise strongly depends on the intensity of either atomic forces (in the case of mineral substances), intermolecular forces (organic and biochemical substances) or intramolecular forces (biochemical substances).

Pre-treatment

Process and technologies

Crystallisation occurs in three major steps. The first is nucleation, the appearance of a crystalline phase from either a supercooled liquid or a supersaturated solvent. The second step is known as crystal growth, which is the increase in the size of particles and leads to a crystal state. An important feature of this step is that loose particles form layers at the crystal's surface and lodge themselves into open inconsistencies such as pores, cracks, etc.

Crystallisation is also a chemical solid–liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs. In chemical engineering, crystallisation occurs in a crystalliser. Crystallisation is therefore related to precipitation, although the result is not amorphous or disordered, but a crystal.

Products

Post-treatment

Technology providers

Technology comparison
Company name Country Technology subcategory Technology name TRL Capacity [kg/h] Processable volume [L] Feedstock: Food waste Feedstock: Garden & park waste
Condorchem_Envitech Spain - ENVIDEST MVR FC Forced Circulation - 250-2000 - ● ●
HUAMO Group China - [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)] 9 5000-300000 4000-8000 ● ●
TECHNOFORCETM The Netherlands, India, Germany - Plug Flow Crystallisation, Continuous Crystallisation 9 - Continuous ● ●

Condorchem Envitech

Crystallisation and precipitation provider
General information
Company: Condorchem Envitech Condorchem logo.png
Country: Spain
Contact:
Webpage: https://condorchem.com/en/
Technology and process details
Technology name: ENVIDEST MVR FC Forced Circulation Technology category: Pre-processing (Separation technologies), Post-processing (Separation technologies)
TRL: Capacity: 250 - 2000 L/h per modular unit kg·h-1
Agitator: Processable volume: L
Reactor: Reactor material: AISI 316L
Separation type: (vacuum) Evaporation Other: Forced Circulation
Feedstock and product details
Feedstock: Industrial wastewater and other raw materials from industrial effluents Product: Concentrate & Distillate

Condorchem Envitech is an environmental engineering firm providing water, effluent and air emissions treatment solutions for a wide range of industrial activities. We offer our clients comprehensive environmental project solutions, covering the following services: analysis, planning, design, construction, installation, maintenance and supply of plants and capital goods for waste treatment. Ever since the inception of our company we have promoted the implementation of the best available technologies, so as to ensure our clients are offered the best solutions for their specific needs.

ENVIDEST MVR FC evaporators are a new concept of mechanical vapour recompression forced circulation evaporators. A fast cool start system for preheating the water using electrical resistors, or using steam available.

HUAMO Group

Crystallisation and precipitation provider
General information
Company: HUAMO Group HUAMO Group logo.png
Country: China
Contact: info@huaromembrane.com
Webpage: https://www.huamofilter.com/air_flotation_equipment/
Technology and process details
Technology name: Precipitation type dissolved air flotation Technology category: Pre-processing (Separation technologies), Post-processing (Separation technologies)
TRL: 9 Capacity: 5.000, 10.000, 20.000, 30.000, 40.000, 50.000, 60.000, 80.000, 100.000, 150.000, 200.000, 250.000, 300.000, can also be designed according to user needs kg·h-1
Agitator: Processable volume: 4.000 – 8.000 L
Reactor: Precipitation type dissolved air flotation equipment Reactor material:
Separation type: Precipitation Other: Detachable
Feedstock and product details
Feedstock: Watery mix Product: Sludge and liquid phase

Founded 2007 in Shanghai, HUAMO group has been focused on R&D, manufacturing and marketing of Reverse Osmosis Membrane, Ultrafiltration Membrane, Stainless Steel Filter and other water treatment products. Thanks to its cooperation with US high-tech companies, HUAMO has developed and launched its ultra-low pressure series and brackish water series RO Membranes.

TECHNOFORCETM

Crystallisation and precipitation provider
General information
Company: TECHNOFORCE TECHNOFORCE logo.png
Country: The Netherlands, India, Germany
Contact: sales@technoforce.net
Webpage: https://www.technoforce.net
Technology and process details
Technology name: Plug Flow Crystallisation, Continuous Crystallisation Technology category: Pre-processing (Separation technologies), Post-processing (Separation technologies)
TRL: 9 Capacity: kg·h-1
Agitator: Shaft with uniquely arranged blades rotates within a shell Processable volume: Continuous L
Reactor: Plug Flow Crystallizer (PFC) Reactor material:
Separation type: Crystallisation Other: Inside a Plug Flow Crystallizer (PFC), a shaft with uniquely arranged blades rotates within a shell. The product flows through in a nearly plug flow manner under uniform and gentle agitation. Multiple heating/cooling sections provide controlled temperature gradients. Gentle agitation minimizes breakage of crystals. It can have several openings along its length for addition of seeds or anti-solvents.
Feedstock and product details
Feedstock: Bulk drugs and intermediates, fine chemicals, inorganic and organic salts Product: Any application where close crystal size distribution is desired

Technoforce was started in 1990 to manufacture distillation and drying equipment based on Thin Film Technology. Other technologies like Extraction, Crystallization and Zero Liquid Discharge plants for industrial wastewater were added in later years. About 140 people are working in India and Europe in R&D, pilot plant testing, design and manufacturing.

Through in-house investments and cooperation with universities, Technoforce has developed synergistically relevant technologies. Thus, the customers can avail several process steps from a single source.

Having modern manufacturing facilities with robots and CNC machines in India and pilot plant facilities in India and The Netherlands, Technoforce has uniquely positioned itself to provide competitive solutions. We work very closely with the customers to assist in feasibility studies and tests in the pilot plants for process optimization.

Open access pilot and demo facility providers

Pilots4U Database

Patents

Currently no patents have been identified.

References

  1. ↑ Sattar Al-Jibbouri "Effects of Additives in Solution Crystallization", 2002, https://sundoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/diss-online/02/03H046/prom.pdf
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