Difference between revisions of "Microwave treatment"

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| Feedstock = [[Food and kitchen waste]] (lignocellulosic materials), [[Garden and park waste]] (lignocellulosic materials)
| Feedstock = [[Food and kitchen waste]] (lignocellulosic materials), [[Garden and park waste]] (lignocellulosic materials)
| Product =Fermentable sugar  
| Product =Fermentable sugar  
|Name=Microwave pre-treatment}}
|Name=Microwave pre-treatment|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Physical_processes_and_technologies|Physical processes and technologies]])}}
<onlyinclude>The '''Microwave''' pre-treatment includes technologies that utilise electromagnetic radiation to induce thermal and non-thermal effects that drive physical, chemical or biological reactions<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Ethaib, S., Omar, R., Kamal, S. M. M., Biak, D. R. A.|year=2015|title=MICROWAVE-ASSISTED PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSICBIOMASS: A REVIEW|journal=Journal of Engineering Science and Technology|volume=January (2015)|page=97-109}}</ref>. The technology is usually utilised in food drying or to break down the structure of lignocellulosic biomass leading to the release of different substances (e.g. fermentable sugar).</onlyinclude>
<onlyinclude>For '''microwave''' (MW) treatment electromagnetic radiation is used to induce thermal and non-thermal effects that drive physical, chemical or biological reactions<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Ethaib, S., Omar, R., Kamal, S. M. M., Biak, D. R. A.|year=2015|title=MICROWAVE-ASSISTED PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSICBIOMASS: A REVIEW|journal=Journal of Engineering Science and Technology|volume=January (2015)|page=97-109}}</ref>. As a rapid and effective heating source with both thermal and non-thermal effects, MW can directly interact with the material, thereby accelerating chemical, physical, and biologic reactions.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jian Xu|year=2014|section_title=Microwave Pretreatment|editor=Ashok Pandey, Sangeeta Negi, Parmeswaran Binod, Christian Larroche|book_title=Pretreatment of Biomass: Processes and Technologies|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam}}</ref> Microwave treatment causes a rise in the temperature within a penetrated medium as a result of rapid changes of the electromagnetic field at high frequency.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Anthony R. Bird, Amparo Lopez-Rubio, Ashok K. Shrestha, Michael J. Gidley|year=2009|section_title=Resistant Starch in Vitro and in Vivo: Factors Determining Yield, Structure, and Physiological Relevance|editor=Stefan Kasapis, Ian T. Norton, Johan B. Ubbink|book_title=Modern Biopolymer Science|publisher=Elsevier|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-374195-0}}</ref> The technology is usually applied in food drying or to break down the structure of lignocellulosic biowaste leading to the release of different substances, such as fermentable sugars. </onlyinclude>


==Feedstock==
==Feedstock==
===Origin and composition===
===Origin and composition===
Lignocellulosic biomass
Microwave irradiation has been successfully used in the pretreatment of several biowaste streams, including agricultural residues, woody biomass, grass, energy plants, and industrial residuals.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ashok Pandey, Sangeeta Negi, Parameswaran Binod, Christian Larroche|year=2014|section_title=Chapter 9 - Microwave Pretreatment|book_title=Pretreatment of biomass : processes and technologies|publisher=Elsevier BV|place=Amsterdam|ISBN=978-0-12-800396-1}}</ref>
 
=== Pre-treatment ===
=== Pre-treatment ===


Line 16: Line 15:


==Process and technologies==
==Process and technologies==
The breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass into its monomers and oligomers is induced via molecular collision due to dielectric polarisation<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Microwave heating processing as alternative of pretreatment in second-generation biorefinery: An overview|year=2017-03|author=Alejandra Aguilar-Reynosa, Aloia Romaní, Rosa Ma. Rodríguez-Jasso, Cristóbal N. Aguilar, Gil Garrote, Héctor A. Ruiz|journal=Energy Conversion and Management|volume=136|page=50–65|doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.004}}</ref>. Compared to other thermal treatments, the technology brings several advantages, such as reduced plant footprint, higher throughput, higher reaction rates, as well as higher yield and purity<ref name=":0" />. However, a disadvantage is the unequal distribution of the applied microwave power through non-homogeneous material (such as differences in composition, geometry, size) as well as local overheating through resonance (electromagnetic wave reflection and formation of standing waves) and low penetration for bulk materials <ref name=":1" />.
The breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass into its monomers and oligomers is induced via molecular collision due to dielectric polarisation<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Microwave heating processing as alternative of pretreatment in second-generation biorefinery: An overview|year=2017-03|author=Alejandra Aguilar-Reynosa, Aloia Romaní, Rosa Ma. Rodríguez-Jasso, Cristóbal N. Aguilar, Gil Garrote, Héctor A. Ruiz|journal=Energy Conversion and Management|volume=136|page=50–65|doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.004}}</ref>. Compared to other thermal treatments, the technology brings several advantages, such as reduced plant footprint, higher throughput, higher reaction rates, as well as higher yield and purity<ref name=":0" />. However, a disadvantage is the unequal distribution of the applied microwave power through non-homogeneous material (such as differences in composition, geometry, or size) as well as local overheating through resonance (electromagnetic wave reflection and formation of standing waves) and low penetration for bulk materials <ref name=":1" />.


The process can also be combined with chemical treatments utilising chemicals such as [[Hydrolysis#Alkali|alkaline]] (to remove lignin) and [[Hydrolysis#Acid Acid|acid]] (to remove hemicellulose) solutions, ammonia, and [[Hydrolysis#Metal_salts|metal salts]]<ref name=":0" />.
The process can also be combined with chemicals such as [[Hydrolysis#Alkali|alkaline]] (to remove lignin), [[Hydrolysis#Acid Acid|acid]] (to remove hemicellulose), ammonia, and [[Hydrolysis#Metal_salts|metal salts]]<ref name=":0" />.


==Product==
==Product==
*Fermentable sugar (e.g. for bio-alcohol production)
*Fermentable sugar (e.g. for bio-alcohol production)
=== Post-treatment ===
* [[Industrial fermentation]]
* [[Solid state fermentation]]
==Technology providers==
==Technology providers==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Frequency [GHz]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Power [W]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Penetration depth [cm]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| [[Microwave treatment#Biorenewables%20Development%20Centre|Biorenewables Development Centre]]
|United Kingdom
| -
| Microwave furnaces
| -
| 30
| -
| -
| 6
| -
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Microwave treatment#Biowave Technologies|Biowave Technologies]]
| Ireland
| -
| Microwave pre-treatment
| 7
|500-8000
| -
|0.915
|30,000-300,000
| -
|500-8000
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Microwave treatment#Endeavour%20Energia%20Srl|Endeavour Energia Srl]]
|Italy
| -
|Endeavour Microwave Gasification
|6
|100
|>1400
| -
|100,000-200,000
|
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
|[[Microwave treatment#MEAM International|MEAM International]]
|Belgium and the Netherlands
| -
|MEAM Dry series (HR)
| 9
|1000 to 150,000
|40 to 120
|0.915, 2.45, and 5.8
|10,000 to 500,000
| 2 to 30
| -
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|}
=== Biorenewables Development Centre ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=Biorenewables Development Centre|Image=Cropped-logo1.png|Country=United Kingdom|Webpage=http://www.biorenewables.org|Contact=Anna Alessi|Technology name=Microwave furnaces|TRL=up to 8|Capacity=30|Power=6|Temperature=up to 1000C|Feedstock=lignocellulose biomass|Processable volume=various|Product=biochar, oil}}
The Biorenewables Development Centre (BDC) has a long history of working with microwave technology for synthesis, extraction, hydrolysis and pyrolysis. Our microwave pyrolysis unit  can pyrolyse a variety of biomass which can then be separated into bio-char and fractionated bio-oil using the integral product collection system. Our pyrolysis microwave unit is capable of continuous flow up to 30 kg/hour at variable power (6 kW) and has been custom built by SAIREM for the BDC. This machine is capable of continuous flow up to 30 kg/hour at variable power (6 kW) and has been custom built by SAIREM for the BDC.  This unique patented technology was developed here at York and is particularly novel as it is a low temperature method (less than 200°C) and separates the bio-oil products into more useful groups.  The second unit at the BDC is the Carbolite custom furnace - a continuous Inconel tube system with a designed temperature limit of 1000 °C. It allows the heating up of organic material in the absence of oxygen.  This furnace has a 50 litre hopper and a heated section length of 2 metres with three programmable heated sections. Material is fed through the furnace via an auger system and can be ran in either continuous or batch mode. The throughput of the furnace is dependent on the material being processed, however there is a 60 litre collection bin and a 20 litre collection pot for any by-products being produced.


=== Anton paar ===
=== Biowave Technologies ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=Biowave Technologies|Country=Ireland|Contact=info@biowave-tech.com|Webpage=www.biowave-tech.com|Technology name=Microwave pre-treatment|Frequency=0.915|Capacity=500-8000|Power=30,000-300,000|Feedstock=Dairy processing waste, FOG waste, waste activated sludge, agricultural residues, food waste|Product=Digestible feedstock for AD|Image=navygreenlogo.png|TRL=7|Processable volume=500-8000}}
Biowave Technologies transform organic waste streams into renewable energy resources.
=== Endeavour Energia Srl ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=Endeavour Energia Srl|Country=Italy|Webpage=http://www.endeavoursrl.com/|Technology name=Endeavour Microwave Gasification|TRL=6|Capacity=100|Power=100 - 200 k|Temperature=>1400|Feedstock=Rice and wheat husks, anaerobic digestion digestate, animal litter, woody biomass.|Product=Syngas and biochar}}


=== Biotage ===
Endeavor Srl. was born in 2015 as an innovative start-up with a clear project: to design and build a plant capable of transforming biomass and waste into electrical and thermal energy through an innovative and patented technology based on microwaves.


=== Cem GmbH ===
The Endeavour Microwave Gasification technology by Endeavour Energia S.r.l. can be used to upgrade waste and biomass feeds, such as rice and wheat husks, woody biomass, sludge from anaerobic digestion and litter from animal farms to electricity, heat, and biochar. According to Endeavour, the technology is characterized by the use of microwave-assisted high temperature gasification (>1400 °C) together with a simplified filtering system in a setup that does not generate waste in need of disposal.
=== MEAM International ===
{{Infobox provider-microwave treatment|Company=MEAM International|Country=Belgium and the Netherlands|Webpage=https://meam-international.com/|Technology name=MEAM Dry series (HR)|Frequency=0.915, 2.45, and 5.8|Power=10 kW to 500 k|Temperature=40 to 120|Capacity=1000 to 150,000|Feedstock=Different industrial food and non-food applications.|Product=Drying, conditioning, heating.|TRL=4 - 9 (depending on specific case)|Contact=Kendra.Rademaker@meam-international.com|Penetration depth=2 - 30|Other=Combination with vacuum chamber is possible|Image=MEAMlogo.png}}


=== Milestone Srl ===
MEAM was founded over 10 years ago by the electronic engineer specialising in high-power EM energy Carlo Groffils. Since then, MEAM has become an international player with offices in Belgium and the Netherlands and successfully delivered over 350 microwave projects to both large and small enterprises. MEAM's focus lies today on the food industry, as well as industrial microwave processing of wood, glass and plastics, and water and solvent-based paint, coating and drying in technical applications. Depending on the process, it is possible to recover the heat from the cooling water or exhaust air to defrost or preheat the product. Combinations with vacuum chambers are also possible.


=== Sairem ===
MEAM can deliver a variety of systems, with a wide variety of process details ranging from TRL 4 to 9. The specific conditions will depend on the exact product and process requirements. To ensure the optimal conditions, MEAM works together with clients for a technical and economic feasibility study. A parametric study will be performed to ensure the optimal conditions will be used in the final set up. Next to the listed processes, MEAM is continuously innovating and working on expanding the range of solutions.
 
Once a month a training day is organised by MEAM to teach the foundations of the technology and get hands-on experience. Visit the website for more information on the training day.
 
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.


==Patents==
==Patents==
Currently no patents have been identified.
==References==
==References==
<references />
<references />
[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Post-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Latest revision as of 10:12, 7 March 2023

Technology
21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste rect-p.png
Technology details
Name: Microwave pre-treatment
Category: Pre-processing (Physical processes and technologies), Post-processing (Physical processes and technologies)
Feedstock: Food and kitchen waste (lignocellulosic materials), Garden and park waste (lignocellulosic materials)
Product: Fermentable sugar

For microwave (MW) treatment electromagnetic radiation is used to induce thermal and non-thermal effects that drive physical, chemical or biological reactions[1]. As a rapid and effective heating source with both thermal and non-thermal effects, MW can directly interact with the material, thereby accelerating chemical, physical, and biologic reactions.[2] Microwave treatment causes a rise in the temperature within a penetrated medium as a result of rapid changes of the electromagnetic field at high frequency.[3] The technology is usually applied in food drying or to break down the structure of lignocellulosic biowaste leading to the release of different substances, such as fermentable sugars.

Feedstock

Origin and composition

Microwave irradiation has been successfully used in the pretreatment of several biowaste streams, including agricultural residues, woody biomass, grass, energy plants, and industrial residuals.[4]

Pre-treatment

Process and technologies

The breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass into its monomers and oligomers is induced via molecular collision due to dielectric polarisation[5]. Compared to other thermal treatments, the technology brings several advantages, such as reduced plant footprint, higher throughput, higher reaction rates, as well as higher yield and purity[1]. However, a disadvantage is the unequal distribution of the applied microwave power through non-homogeneous material (such as differences in composition, geometry, or size) as well as local overheating through resonance (electromagnetic wave reflection and formation of standing waves) and low penetration for bulk materials [5].

The process can also be combined with chemicals such as alkaline (to remove lignin), acid (to remove hemicellulose), ammonia, and metal salts[1].

Product

  • Fermentable sugar (e.g. for bio-alcohol production)

Post-treatment

Technology providers

Technology comparison
Company name Country Technology subcategory Technology name TRL Capacity [kg/h] Temperature [°C] Frequency [GHz] Power [W] Penetration depth [cm] Processable volume [L] Feedstock: Food waste Feedstock: Garden & park waste
Biorenewables Development Centre United Kingdom - Microwave furnaces - 30 - - 6 - - ● ●
Biowave Technologies Ireland - Microwave pre-treatment 7 500-8000 - 0.915 30,000-300,000 - 500-8000 ● ●
Endeavour Energia Srl Italy - Endeavour Microwave Gasification 6 100 >1400 - 100,000-200,000 - ● ●
MEAM International Belgium and the Netherlands - MEAM Dry series (HR) 9 1000 to 150,000 40 to 120 0.915, 2.45, and 5.8 10,000 to 500,000 2 to 30 - ● ●

Biorenewables Development Centre

Microwave treatment provider
General information
Company: Biorenewables Development Centre Cropped-logo1.png
Country: United Kingdom
Contact: Anna Alessi
Webpage: http://www.biorenewables.org
Technology and process details
Technology name: Microwave furnaces Technology category: Pre-processing (Physical processes and technologies), Post-processing (Physical processes and technologies)
TRL: up to 8 Capacity: 30 kg·h-1
Frequency: GHz Penetration depth: cm
Power: 6 W Processable volume: various L
Temperature: up to 1000C °C Other:
Feedstock and product details
Feedstock: lignocellulose biomass Product: biochar, oil

The Biorenewables Development Centre (BDC) has a long history of working with microwave technology for synthesis, extraction, hydrolysis and pyrolysis. Our microwave pyrolysis unit can pyrolyse a variety of biomass which can then be separated into bio-char and fractionated bio-oil using the integral product collection system. Our pyrolysis microwave unit is capable of continuous flow up to 30 kg/hour at variable power (6 kW) and has been custom built by SAIREM for the BDC. This machine is capable of continuous flow up to 30 kg/hour at variable power (6 kW) and has been custom built by SAIREM for the BDC.  This unique patented technology was developed here at York and is particularly novel as it is a low temperature method (less than 200°C) and separates the bio-oil products into more useful groups. The second unit at the BDC is the Carbolite custom furnace - a continuous Inconel tube system with a designed temperature limit of 1000 °C. It allows the heating up of organic material in the absence of oxygen. This furnace has a 50 litre hopper and a heated section length of 2 metres with three programmable heated sections. Material is fed through the furnace via an auger system and can be ran in either continuous or batch mode. The throughput of the furnace is dependent on the material being processed, however there is a 60 litre collection bin and a 20 litre collection pot for any by-products being produced.

Biowave Technologies

Microwave treatment provider
General information
Company: Biowave Technologies Navygreenlogo.png
Country: Ireland
Contact: info@biowave-tech.com
Webpage: www.biowave-tech.com
Technology and process details
Technology name: Microwave pre-treatment Technology category: Pre-processing (Physical processes and technologies), Post-processing (Physical processes and technologies)
TRL: 7 Capacity: 500-8000 kg·h-1
Frequency: 0.915 GHz Penetration depth: cm
Power: 30,000-300,000 W Processable volume: 500-8000 L
Temperature: °C Other:
Feedstock and product details
Feedstock: Dairy processing waste, FOG waste, waste activated sludge, agricultural residues, food waste Product: Digestible feedstock for AD

Biowave Technologies transform organic waste streams into renewable energy resources.

Endeavour Energia Srl

Microwave treatment provider
General information
Company: Endeavour Energia Srl 21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste rect-p.png
Country: Italy
Contact:
Webpage: http://www.endeavoursrl.com/
Technology and process details
Technology name: Endeavour Microwave Gasification Technology category: Pre-processing (Physical processes and technologies), Post-processing (Physical processes and technologies)
TRL: 6 Capacity: 100 kg·h-1
Frequency: GHz Penetration depth: cm
Power: 100 - 200 k W Processable volume: L
Temperature: >1400 °C Other:
Feedstock and product details
Feedstock: Rice and wheat husks, anaerobic digestion digestate, animal litter, woody biomass. Product: Syngas and biochar

Endeavor Srl. was born in 2015 as an innovative start-up with a clear project: to design and build a plant capable of transforming biomass and waste into electrical and thermal energy through an innovative and patented technology based on microwaves.

The Endeavour Microwave Gasification technology by Endeavour Energia S.r.l. can be used to upgrade waste and biomass feeds, such as rice and wheat husks, woody biomass, sludge from anaerobic digestion and litter from animal farms to electricity, heat, and biochar. According to Endeavour, the technology is characterized by the use of microwave-assisted high temperature gasification (>1400 °C) together with a simplified filtering system in a setup that does not generate waste in need of disposal.

MEAM International

Microwave treatment provider
General information
Company: MEAM International MEAMlogo.png
Country: Belgium and the Netherlands
Contact: Kendra.Rademaker@meam-international.com
Webpage: https://meam-international.com/
Technology and process details
Technology name: MEAM Dry series (HR) Technology category: Pre-processing (Physical processes and technologies), Post-processing (Physical processes and technologies)
TRL: 4 - 9 (depending on specific case) Capacity: 1000 to 150,000 kg·h-1
Frequency: 0.915, 2.45, and 5.8 GHz Penetration depth: 2 - 30 cm
Power: 10 kW to 500 k W Processable volume: L
Temperature: 40 to 120 °C Other: Combination with vacuum chamber is possible
Feedstock and product details
Feedstock: Different industrial food and non-food applications. Product: Drying, conditioning, heating.

MEAM was founded over 10 years ago by the electronic engineer specialising in high-power EM energy Carlo Groffils. Since then, MEAM has become an international player with offices in Belgium and the Netherlands and successfully delivered over 350 microwave projects to both large and small enterprises. MEAM's focus lies today on the food industry, as well as industrial microwave processing of wood, glass and plastics, and water and solvent-based paint, coating and drying in technical applications. Depending on the process, it is possible to recover the heat from the cooling water or exhaust air to defrost or preheat the product. Combinations with vacuum chambers are also possible.

MEAM can deliver a variety of systems, with a wide variety of process details ranging from TRL 4 to 9. The specific conditions will depend on the exact product and process requirements. To ensure the optimal conditions, MEAM works together with clients for a technical and economic feasibility study. A parametric study will be performed to ensure the optimal conditions will be used in the final set up. Next to the listed processes, MEAM is continuously innovating and working on expanding the range of solutions.

Once a month a training day is organised by MEAM to teach the foundations of the technology and get hands-on experience. Visit the website for more information on the training day.

Open access pilot and demo facility providers

Currently no providers have been identified.

Patents

Currently no patents have been identified.

References

  1. ↑ a b c Ethaib, S., Omar, R., Kamal, S. M. M., Biak, D. R. A., 2015: MICROWAVE-ASSISTED PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSICBIOMASS: A REVIEW. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. January (2015), 97-109. doi: https://doi.org/
  2. ↑ Jian Xu, 2014: Microwave Pretreatment. Pretreatment of Biomass: Processes and Technologies. Ashok Pandey, Sangeeta Negi, Parmeswaran Binod, Christian Larroche (Ed.). Elsevier, Amsterdam.
  3. ↑ Anthony R. Bird, Amparo Lopez-Rubio, Ashok K. Shrestha, Michael J. Gidley, 2009: Resistant Starch in Vitro and in Vivo: Factors Determining Yield, Structure, and Physiological Relevance. Modern Biopolymer Science. Stefan Kasapis, Ian T. Norton, Johan B. Ubbink (Ed.). Elsevier, Amsterdam.
  4. ↑ Ashok Pandey, Sangeeta Negi, Parameswaran Binod, Christian Larroche, 2014: Chapter 9 - Microwave Pretreatment. Pretreatment of biomass : processes and technologies. {{{editor}}} (Ed.). Elsevier BV, Amsterdam.
  5. ↑ a b Alejandra Aguilar-Reynosa, Aloia Romaní, Rosa Ma. Rodríguez-Jasso, Cristóbal N. Aguilar, Gil Garrote, Héctor A. Ruiz, 2017-03: Microwave heating processing as alternative of pretreatment in second-generation biorefinery: An overview. Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 136, 50–65. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.004
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