Difference between revisions of "Distillation"

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Latest revision as of 10:37, 7 March 2023

Technology

Technology details
Name:	Distillation
Category:	Pre-processing (Separation technologies), Post-processing (Separation technologies)
Feedstock:	all materials
Product:	separated products

Distillation is the process of separating components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture. It is a physical separation process, not a chemical reaction. The application of distillation covers various options, for example purification of alcohol, desalination, crude oil refining, or making liquefied gases from air.

Feedstock

Origin and composition

Since distillation is limited for the use of liquid mixtures, the feedstock needs to be in liquid form. Examples in the field of biowaste here are fermented biowaste resources, as bioethanol, or bio oils. ^[1]^[2]^[3]

Pre-treatment

For a distillation, no specific pre-treatment is needed since it is used to separate different fraction within a process chain. To gain a liquid product from bio waste resources, fermentation or hydrothermal processing (hydrothermal liquefaction) are possible pre-treatment technologies.

Sometimes there are combination options with other technologies, such as extraction or esterification, for higher efficiencies.^[1]^[2]

Process and technologies

Distillation column

Typical industrial distillation towers

Distillation exploits differences in relative volatilities of the feed mixture components. In a distillation column, a feed stream enters the middle of the column and two streams leave, one at the top and one at the bottom. Components with lower boiling points are concentrated in the stream leaving the top, while components with higher boiling points are concentrated in the stream leaving the bottom.

Separation is achieved by controlling the column temperature and pressure profiles to take advantage of differences in the relative volatility of the mixture components and therefore tendency to change phase. The lighter, lower boiling point components evaporate to the top of the column and the heavier, higher boiling point components condense to the bottom of the column.

This application is often referred to as rectification, which is a successive distillation. A simple distillation, as it can be seen below, is not typically used for industrial applications. In simple distillation, the vapor is immediately channeled into a condenser. As a result, simple distillation is effective only when the liquid boiling points differ greatly or when separating liquids from non-volatile solids or oils. For these cases, the vapor pressures of the components are usually different enough that the distillate may be sufficiently pure for its intended purpose.

Simple distillation apparatus

The main advantages of rectification are that the system can be operated continuously through the refluxes and that the separation effect is many times greater than that of a simple distillation. The reason for this lies in the several countercurrent contacts of the vapor with the liquid. Therefore, rectification is preferred to sequential single distillations.

A plant that performs distillation is called a distillery. The apparatus used to perform distillation is called a still.

Products

With distillation two products are obtained. The product leaving the column at the top is referred to as distillate, while the product leaving at the bottom is referred to as bottom product or shortly bottoms.

Post-treatment

The post-treatment of the products depend on the next steps within the production chain. With distillation, it is not possible to completely purify a mixture of components, as this would require each component in the mixture to have a zero partial pressure. If ultra-pure products are the goal, then further chemical separation must be applied.

Technology providers

**Technology comparison**
Company name	Country	Technology subcategory	Technology name	TRL	Capacity [kg/h]	Processable volume [L]	Feedstock: Food waste	Feedstock: Garden & park waste

SULZER CHEMTECH	Switzerland	-	Distillation (continuous and batch distillation, single-stage and multi-stage distillation, extractive distillation, azeotropic distillation, pressure swing distillation, reactive distillation, divided wall columns)	9	-	-	●	●
TECHNOFORCE^TM	The Netherlands, India, Germany	-	Short Path Distillation / Molecular Distillation, fatty acid distillation, tocopherols distillation	9	-	-	●	●

SULZER CHEMTECH

Distillation provider
General information
Company:	Sulzer Chemtech
Country:	Switzerland
Contact:
Webpage:	https://www.sulzer.com/en/shared/products/distillation
Technology and process details
Technology name:	Distillation (continuous and batch distillation, single-stage and multi-stage distillation, extractive distillation, azeotropic distillation, pressure swing distillation, reactive distillation, divided wall columns)	Technology category:	Pre-processing (Separation technologies), Post-processing (Separation technologies)
TRL:	9	Capacity:	kg·h^-1
Processable volume:	[L]	Other:
Feedstock and product details
Feedstock:	Solutions	Product:	Distilled phases

Sulzer Chemtech is a leading expert and solutions provider for a range of distillation technologies. Our product portfolio comprises a unique and extensive range of top-performance, state-of-the-art column internals:

Structured packing (for example, MellapakPlus and BXPlus gauze packing)
Random packing
Trays (conventional, high performance and cartridge trays)
Column internals (for example, distributors and collectors)
Vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid phase separators (such as KnitMesh mist eliminators and MellachevronTM vane packs)

TECHNOFORCE^TM

Distillation provider
General information
Company:	TECHNOFORCE
Country:	The Netherlands, India, Germany
Contact:	sales@technoforce.net
Webpage:	https://www.technoforce.net
Technology and process details
Technology name:	Short Path Distillation / Molecular Distillation, fatty acid distillation, tocopherols distillation	Technology category:	Pre-processing (Separation technologies), Post-processing (Separation technologies)
TRL:	9	Capacity:	kg·h^-1
Processable volume:	[L]	Other:	Enhanced vacuum can lower boiling point by 100 to 150°C; Heating temperatures up to 400°C; Pilot plants available in The Netherlands (Geleen) and India (Nashik)
Feedstock and product details
Feedstock:	Many, e. g. spent lube oil, natural waxes, fatty acids	Product:	Many, e. g. omega-3 fatty acids and glycerides, fine chemicals, silicone oils, and higher alcohols, re-refined spent lube oil, purified natural waxes

Technoforce was started in 1990 to manufacture distillation and drying equipment based on Thin Film Technology. Other technologies like Extraction, Crystallization and Zero Liquid Discharge plants for industrial wastewater were added in later years. About 140 people are working in India and Europe in R&D, pilot plant testing, design and manufacturing.

Through in-house investments and cooperation with universities, Technoforce has developed synergistically relevant technologies. Thus, the customers can avail several process steps from a single source.

Having modern manufacturing facilities with robots and CNC machines in India and pilot plant facilities in India and The Netherlands, Technoforce has uniquely positioned itself to provide competitive solutions. We work very closely with the customers to assist in feasibility studies and tests in the pilot plants for process optimization.

Open access pilot and demo facility providers

Pilots4U Database

Patents

Currently no patents have been identified.

References

Distillation in Wikipedia
Distilliation Fundamentals at Neutrium
Distillation University of Utah

↑ ^a ^b Le Cao Nhien, Nguyen Van Duc Long, Sangyong Kim, Moonyong Lee, 2017-12: Techno-economic assessment of hybrid extraction and distillation processes for furfural production from lignocellulosic biomass. Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 10, (1), 81. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0767-3
↑ ^a ^b Wan-Ting Chen, Yuanhui Zhang, Timothy H. Lee, Zhenwei Wu, Buchun Si, Chia-Fon F. Lee, 2018-11: Renewable diesel blendstocks produced by hydrothermal liquefaction of wet biowaste. Nature Sustainability, Vol. 1, (11), 702–710. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0172-3
↑ Alexandra Elena Plesu Popescu, José Lluis Pellin, Jordi Bonet, Joan Llorens, 2021-10-20: Bioethanol dehydration and mixing by heterogeneous azeotropic distillation. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 320, 128810. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128810

[:0-1] Le Cao Nhien, Nguyen Van Duc Long, Sangyong Kim, Moonyong Lee, 2017-12: Techno-economic assessment of hybrid extraction and distillation processes for furfural production from lignocellulosic biomass. Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 10, (1), 81. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0767-3

[:1-2] Wan-Ting Chen, Yuanhui Zhang, Timothy H. Lee, Zhenwei Wu, Buchun Si, Chia-Fon F. Lee, 2018-11: Renewable diesel blendstocks produced by hydrothermal liquefaction of wet biowaste. Nature Sustainability, Vol. 1, (11), 702–710. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0172-3

[3] Alexandra Elena Plesu Popescu, José Lluis Pellin, Jordi Bonet, Joan Llorens, 2021-10-20: Bioethanol dehydration and mixing by heterogeneous azeotropic distillation. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 320, 128810. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128810

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Infobox technology
 | Feedstock = all materials
-| Category = Separation process
+| Category = [[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])
 | Product = separated products
 |Name= Distillation}}
-<onlyinclude>'''Distillation''' is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation.  In industrial applications, distillation is a physical separation process, not a chemical reaction. The distillation of fermented products produces distilled beverages with a high alcohol content, or separates other fermentation products of commercial value.</onlyinclude>
+<onlyinclude>'''Distillation''' is the process of separating components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture. It is a physical separation process, not a chemical reaction. The application of distillation covers various options, for example purification of alcohol, desalination, crude oil refining, or making liquefied gases from air.</onlyinclude>
 ==Feedstock==
 === Origin and composition ===
-The distillation method is used to separate different components from a liquid mixture via a thermophysical separation. The feedstock for the distillation process normally is coming from a process with different products and it is used to seperate those into homogenous product streams. Distillation also is an effective and traditional method of desalination.
+Since distillation is limited for the use of liquid mixtures, the feedstock needs to be in liquid form. Examples in the field of [[biowaste]] here are fermented biowaste resources, as bioethanol, or bio oils. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Techno-economic assessment of hybrid extraction and distillation processes for furfural production from lignocellulosic biomass|year=2017-12|author=Le Cao Nhien, Nguyen Van Duc Long, Sangyong Kim, Moonyong Lee|journal=Biotechnology for Biofuels|volume=10|issue=1|page=81|doi=10.1186/s13068-017-0767-3}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Renewable diesel blendstocks produced by hydrothermal liquefaction of wet biowaste|year=2018-11|author=Wan-Ting Chen, Yuanhui Zhang, Timothy H. Lee, Zhenwei Wu, Buchun Si, Chia-Fon F. Lee|journal=Nature Sustainability|volume=1|issue=11|page=702–710|doi=10.1038/s41893-018-0172-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bioethanol dehydration and mixing by heterogeneous azeotropic distillation|year=2021-10-20|author=Alexandra Elena Plesu Popescu, José Lluis Pellin, Jordi Bonet, Joan Llorens|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=320|page=128810|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128810}}</ref>
 === Pre-treatment ===
-For a distillation no specific pre-treatment is needed since it is used to separate different fraction within a process chain. Sometimes it is combined with other separation technologies.
+For a distillation, no specific pre-treatment is needed since it is used to separate different fraction within a process chain. To gain a liquid product from bio waste resources, [[fermentation]] or [[hydrothermal processing]] (hydrothermal liquefaction) are possible pre-treatment technologies.
+Sometimes there are combination options with other technologies, such as [[extraction]] or [[esterification]], for higher efficiencies.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
 ==Process and technologies==
-An installation used for distillation, especially of distilled beverages, is a distillery. The distillation equipment itself is a still.
+[[File:Total Reflux.png|thumb|266x266px|Distillation column]][[File:Colonne distillazione.jpg|thumb|Typical industrial distillation towers|237x237px]]
+Distillation exploits differences in ''relative volatilities'' of the feed mixture components. In a distillation column, a feed stream enters the middle of the column and two streams leave, one at the top and one at the bottom. Components with ''lower boiling points'' are concentrated in the stream leaving the top, while components with ''higher boiling points'' are concentrated in the stream leaving the bottom.
+Separation is achieved by controlling the column temperature and pressure profiles to take advantage of differences in the relative volatility of the mixture components and therefore tendency to change phase. The lighter, lower boiling point components evaporate to the top of the column and the heavier, higher boiling point components condense to the bottom of the column.
+This application is often referred to as ''rectification'', which is a successive distillation. A simple distillation, as it can be seen below, is not typically used for industrial applications. In simple distillation, the vapor is immediately channeled into a condenser. As a result, simple distillation is effective only when the liquid boiling points differ greatly or when separating liquids from non-volatile solids or oils. For these cases, the vapor pressures of the components are usually different enough that the distillate may be sufficiently pure for its intended purpose.
+[[File:Distillation Apparatus.jpg|center|thumb|Simple distillation apparatus]]
-Dry distillation is the heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products (which may condense into liquids or solids). Dry distillation may involve chemical changes such as destructive distillation or cracking and is not discussed under this article. Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture. In either case, the process exploits differences in the relative volatility of the mixture's components.
+The main advantages of rectification are that the system can be operated continuously through the refluxes and that the separation effect is many times greater than that of a simple distillation. The reason for this lies in the several countercurrent contacts of the vapor with the liquid. Therefore, rectification is preferred to sequential single distillations.
+A plant that performs distillation is called a ''distillery''. The apparatus used to perform distillation is called a ''still''.
 ==Products==
+With distillation two products are obtained. The product leaving the column at the top is referred to as [[distillate]], while the product leaving at the bottom is referred to as bottom product or shortly bottoms.
 === Post-treatment ===
-The post-treatment of the different products are depending on the next steps within the production chain.
+The post-treatment of the products depend on the next steps within the production chain. With distillation, it is not possible to completely purify a mixture of components, as this would require each component in the mixture to have a zero partial pressure. If ultra-pure products are the goal, then further [[chemical separation]] must be applied.
 ==Technology providers==
-===ABC===
+{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
-{{Infobox provider-distillation}}
+|+'''Technology comparison'''
-describe the company, here is an example
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
+|-
+! style="height:1.8em;"|
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+|-
+| [[Distillation#SULZER_CHEMTECH|SULZER CHEMTECH]]
+| Switzerland
+| -
+| Distillation (continuous and batch distillation, single-stage and multi-stage distillation, extractive distillation, azeotropic distillation, pressure swing distillation, reactive distillation, divided wall columns)
+| 9
+| -
+| -
+| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
+| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
+|-
+| [[Distillation#TECHNOFORCETM|TECHNOFORCE<sup>TM</sup>]]
+| The Netherlands, India, Germany
+| -
+| Short Path Distillation / Molecular Distillation, fatty acid distillation, tocopherols distillation
+| 9
+| -
+| -
+| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
+| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
+|}
+===SULZER CHEMTECH===
+{{Infobox provider-distillation|Company=Sulzer Chemtech|Webpage=https://www.sulzer.com/en/shared/products/distillation|Technology name=Distillation (continuous and batch distillation, single-stage and multi-stage distillation, extractive distillation, azeotropic distillation, pressure swing distillation, reactive distillation, divided wall columns)|Country=Switzerland|TRL=9|Feedstock=Solutions|Product=Distilled phases|Image=Sulzer logo.png}}
+'''Sulzer Chemtech''' is a leading expert and solutions provider for a range of distillation technologies. Our product portfolio comprises a unique and extensive range of top-performance, state-of-the-art column internals:
+* Structured packing (for example, MellapakPlus and BXPlus gauze packing)
+* Random packing
+* Trays (conventional, high performance and cartridge trays)
+* Column internals (for example, distributors and collectors)
+* Vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid phase separators (such as KnitMesh mist eliminators and MellachevronTM vane packs)
+=== TECHNOFORCE<sup>TM</sup> ===
+{{Infobox provider-distillation|Company=TECHNOFORCE|Country=The Netherlands, India, Germany|Webpage=https://www.technoforce.net|Contact=sales@technoforce.net|Technology name=Short Path Distillation / Molecular Distillation, fatty acid distillation, tocopherols distillation|TRL=9|Feedstock=Many, e. g. spent lube oil, natural waxes, fatty acids|Other=Enhanced vacuum can lower boiling point by 100 to 150°C;
+Heating temperatures up to 400°C;
+Pilot plants available in The Netherlands (Geleen) and India (Nashik)|Product=Many, e. g. omega-3 fatty acids and glycerides, fine chemicals, silicone oils, and higher alcohols, re-refined spent lube oil, purified natural waxes|Image=TECHNOFORCE logo.png}}
+'''Technoforce''' was started in 1990 to manufacture distillation and drying equipment based on Thin Film Technology. Other technologies like Extraction, Crystallization and Zero Liquid Discharge plants for industrial wastewater were added in later years. About 140 people are working in India and Europe in R&D, pilot plant testing, design and manufacturing.
-''ABC was founded in 20... 12 by KNN and Syncom, in collaboration with the university of Groningen, Netherlands. The company is a technology provider developing chemical recycling technologies for different feedstocks including non-food bio- and plastics waste. In 2018 a pilot plant with the capability to process biomass and plastic waste was set up at the Zernike Advanced Processing (ZAP) Facility. The company is now focused on setting up their first commercial plant with a capacity of 20,000 to 30,000 tonnes. The investing phase B was recently completed, with the last investment phase in 2019 the financial requirements are fulfilled to complete the commercialisation activities to build the plant which is expected for 2023.''
+Through in-house investments and cooperation with universities, Technoforce has developed synergistically relevant technologies. Thus, the customers can avail several process steps from a single source.
-describe their technology, here is an example
+Having modern manufacturing facilities with robots and CNC machines in India and pilot plant facilities in India and The Netherlands, Technoforce has uniquely positioned itself to provide competitive solutions. We work very closely with the customers to assist in feasibility studies and tests in the pilot plants for process optimization.
-''The technology is based on an Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) process, being able to produce aromatics including benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) as well as light olefins from low grade biomass and plastics waste. This technology utilises catalytic cracking in a two-step process at temperatures between 450- 850 °C. In the first step the feedstock material is vaporised via thermal cracking. The pyrolysis vapours are then directly passed into a second reactor in which they are converted into aromatics by utilising a zeolite catalyst which can be continuously regenerated. Finally, the products are separated from the gas via condensation. An ex situ approach of catalytic conversion has several advantages such as the protection of the catalyst from deactivation/degradation expanding its lifetime, a greater variety of feedstock, and a precise adjustment of process conditions (e.g. temperature, catalyst design, and Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) in each step for improved yields. In current pilot plant with 10 kg h-1 feed capacity for either waste plastics or biomass, final design details are established, which will be include in the running engineering activities for the commercial plant.''
 == Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
 [https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B76%5D=76&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]
@@ Line 41: / Line 103: @@
 ==References==
+* [[:en:distillation|Distillation]] in Wikipedia
+*[https://neutrium.net/unit-operations/distillation-fundamentals/ Distilliation Fundamentals] at Neutrium
+*[https://my.che.utah.edu/~ring/Design%20I/Articles/distillation%20design.pdf Distillation] University of Utah
-[[Category:Hybrid processing]]
+[[Category:Pre-processing]]
+[[Category:Post-processing]]
+[[Category:Technologies]]