Difference between revisions of "Heterogeneous catalysis"

[checked revision]

Latest revision as of 10:59, 7 March 2023

Technology

Technology details
Name:	Heterogeneous catalysis
Category:	Conversion (Chemical processes and technologies)
Feedstock:	Wide range
Product:	Wide range

Heterogeneous catalysis is a catalysis in which the catalyst and the feedstock are in different phases. In practice, this often means that the feedstock is a liquid or gas and the catalyst is a solid, also known as solid catalysis. Heterogeneous catalysis is the most widely used form of catalysis in the current chemical industry.^[1] There is a wide variety of catalytic systems and many reactions can be catalysed with a solid catalyst. Examples are pyrolysis, hydro-processing, oxidation, amination, dehydration, hydrolysis, (trans)esterification, and isomerisation.^[2] Common heterogeneous catalysts are heterogeneous solid base catalysts and heterogeneous solid acid catalysts.^[3]

Feedstock

Origin and composition

Due to the wide range of available catalysts and the large spectrum of reactions they can catalyse, the feedstock range for heterogeneous catalysis is significant. This ranges from biomass feedstocks such as lignocellulose, lignin, cellulose, sugars, and fatty acids, to products derived from biomass, such as glycerol and furfural.^[2]

Pre-treatment

The pre-treatment of the feedstock for a heterogeneous catalysis is depending on the specific process and feedstock used. In principal, the feedstock normally is a liquid or gas so for solid feedstocks a conversion process like a pyrolysis or gasification or a solution is needed.

Process and technologies

Hydrogenation of ethene on a catalytic solid surface; (1) Adsorption, (2) Reaction, (3) Desorption

A wide range of processes and technologies can make use of heterogeneous catalysts. Examples are pyrolysis, hydro-processing, oxidation, amination, dehydration, hydrolysis, (trans)esterification, and isomerisation.^[2] The most common heterogeneous catalysts are heterogeneous solid base catalysts and heterogeneous solid acid catalysts. Base catalysts have a high concentration of basic sites that ensure the catalytic activity, often from Ba, Ca, Mg, and Sr and can be mixed or doped. Soap formation is a recurring drawback of these systems. Acid catalysts get their activity either from Brønsted or Lewis acidity and are commonly zirconia, silica, zeolites or zeotype materials. Major advantages of heterogeneous catalysis is the ease of separation, recyclability and high selectivity.^[3] Current development for future heterogeneous catalytic systems are in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), magnetic catalysts, and solid phase ionic liquids.^[2]

Some large-scale industrial processes incorporating heterogeneous catalysts are listed below:^[4]

Process	Reactants, Product/s (not balanced)	Catalyst	Comment
Sulfuric acid synthesis (Contact process)	SO₂ + O₂, SO₃	vanadium oxides	Hydration of SO₃ gives H₂SO₄
Ammonia synthesis (Haber–Bosch process)	N₂ + H₂, NH₃	iron oxides on alumina (Al₂O₃)	Consumes 1% of world's industrial energy budget
Nitric acid synthesis (Ostwald process)	NH₃ + O₂, HNO₃	unsupported Pt-Rh gauze	Direct routes from N₂ are uneconomical
Hydrogen production by Steam reforming	CH₄ + H₂O, H₂ + CO₂	Nickel or K₂O	Greener routes to H₂ by water splitting actively sought
Ethylene oxide synthesis	C₂H₄ + O₂, C₂H₄O	silver on alumina, with many promoters	Poorly applicable to other alkenes
Hydrogen cyanide synthesis (Andrussov oxidation)	NH₃ + O₂ + CH₄, HCN	Pt-Rh	Related ammoxidation process converts hydrocarbons to nitriles
Olefin polymerization Ziegler–Natta polymerization	propylene, polypropylene	TiCl₃ on MgCl₂	Many variations exist, including some homogeneous examples
Desulfurization of petroleum (hydrodesulfurization)	H₂ + R₂S (idealized organosulfur impurity), RH + H₂S	Molybdenum-Cobalt on alumina	Produces low-sulfur hydrocarbons, sulfur recovered via the Claus process

Product

Heterogeneous catalysis is widely used throughout chemistry and a plethora of products can be made. Heterogeneous catalysis is often used in the production of biodiesel^[3], but can also be employed in the pyrolysis process or in the production of many other value added chemicals.^[2]

Post-treatment

The post-treatment of the products of a heterogeneous catalysis is depending on the specific process and final products aimed for.

Process flow diagram illustrating the use of catalysis in the synthesis of ammonia (NH₃)

Technology providers

**Technology comparison**
Company name	Country	Technology subcategory	Technology name	TRL	Capacity [kg/h]	Catalyst	Temperature [°C]	Feedstock: Food waste	Feedstock: Garden & park waste

Johnson Matthey	United Kingdom	Conversion (Chemical processes and technologies)	Heterogeneous Catalyst	9	-	Various options (Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru)	-	●	●
Topsøe Renewables	Denmark	Conversion (Chemical processes and technologies)	HydroFlex^TM	6-7	-	Various available (e.g. noble-metal, base-metal)	-	●	●

Johnson Matthey

Heterogeneous catalysis provider
General information
Company:	Johnson Matthey
Country:	United Kingdom
Contact:	pharma@matthey.com
Webpage:	https://matthey.com/
Technology and process details
Technology name:	Heterogeneous Catalyst	Technology category:	Conversion (Chemical processes and technologies)
TRL:	9	Capacity:	kg·h^-1
Catalyst:	Various options (Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru)	Temperature:	°C
		Other:
Feedstock and product details
Feedstock:	Various (e.g. Acetylenes, Alkanes, Aromatics, Dienes, Esters, Furans, Indoles, Lactones, Olefins, Phenols, Quinolines)	Product:	Various

As a global leader in sustainable technologies, we apply our cutting-edge science to create solutions with our customers that make a real difference to the world around us. We’ve been leaders in our field for more than 200 years, applying unrivalled scientific expertise to enable cleaner air, improved health and the more efficient use of our planet's natural resources. And now, as the world faces the challenges of climate change and resource scarcity, we have an even bigger role to play. Johnson Matthey will be central in accelerating the big transitions needed in transport, energy, chemicals production and creating a circular economy.

By applying the extensive guidance and research from our experts, we can customise catalysts for your specific needs giving you the best catalyst and process parameters for success. Johnson Matthey provides an essential service in terms of both catalysts supply and supporting optimal catalyst identification through in-house parallel screening experimentation and/or expert recommendations. Whether you're looking for an existing catalyst, customised solution, or to improve an existing process, our highly accessible support team is ready to work with you.

Topsøe Renewables

Heterogeneous catalysis provider
General information
Company:	Topsøe Renewables
Country:	Denmark
Contact:	https://renewables.topsoe.com/contact
Webpage:	https://renewables.topsoe.com
Technology and process details
Technology name:	HydroFlex^(TM)	Technology category:	Conversion (Chemical processes and technologies)
TRL:	6-7	Capacity:	kg·h^-1
Catalyst:	Various available (e.g. noble-metal, base-metal)	Temperature:	°C
		Other:
Feedstock and product details
Feedstock:	Biogenic feedstocks such as virgin oils, waste oils and fats, or liquified solid waste	Product:	Drop-in fuels or naphtha

Topsoe is a global supplier of catalysts, technology, and services to the chemical and refining industries, specialising in carbon reduction technologies. Topsoe Renewables is helping a number of major players in the refinery industry introduce full feedstock flexibility to their operations. Since 2004, Topsoe have been running dedicated research and development programs into renewable feedstocks for the refinery industry.

Working closely with their customers, Topsoe tailors HydroFlex™ to the layout of the plant, intended range of feedstocks, and the aied specifications of the renewable fuels. Renewable feedstocks, for example, all require dewaxing to optimise the cold flow properties of the resulting fuels.

Open access pilot and demo facility providers

Pilots4U Database

Patents

Currently no patents have been identified.

References

↑ Yu-Chuan Lin, George W. Huber, 2009: The critical role of heterogeneous catalysis in lignocellulosic biomass conversion. Energy Environ. Sci., Vol. 2, (1), 68–80. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/B814955K
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Putla Sudarsanam, Ruyi Zhong, Sander Van den Bosch, Simona M. Coman, Vasile I. Parvulescu, Bert F. Sels, 2018: Functionalised heterogeneous catalysts for sustainable biomass valorisation. Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 47, (22), 8349–8402. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CS00410B
↑ ^a ^b ^c Semakula Maroa, Freddie Inambao, 2021-10-22: A review of sustainable biodiesel production using biomass derived heterogeneous catalysts. Engineering in Life Sciences, Vol. , elsc.202100025. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.202100025
↑ taken from Heterogeneous catalysis in wikipedia.

[1] Yu-Chuan Lin, George W. Huber, 2009: The critical role of heterogeneous catalysis in lignocellulosic biomass conversion. Energy Environ. Sci., Vol. 2, (1), 68–80. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/B814955K

[:1-2] Putla Sudarsanam, Ruyi Zhong, Sander Van den Bosch, Simona M. Coman, Vasile I. Parvulescu, Bert F. Sels, 2018: Functionalised heterogeneous catalysts for sustainable biomass valorisation. Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 47, (22), 8349–8402. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CS00410B

[:0-3] Semakula Maroa, Freddie Inambao, 2021-10-22: A review of sustainable biodiesel production using biomass derived heterogeneous catalysts. Engineering in Life Sciences, Vol. , elsc.202100025. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.202100025

[4] taken from Heterogeneous catalysis in wikipedia.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Infobox technology|Name=Heterogeneous catalysis|Category=Conversions|Feedstock=Wide range|Product=Wide range}}
+{{Infobox technology|Name=Heterogeneous catalysis|Category= [[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Chemical_processes_and_technologies|Chemical processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=Wide range|Product=Wide range}}
-<onlyinclude>Heterogeneous catalysis is a catalysis in which the catalyst and the feedstock are different phases. In practice, this often means that the feedstock is a liquid or gas and the catalyst is a solid, also known as ''solid catalysis.'' Heterogeneous catalysis is the most widely used form of catalysis in the current chemical industry.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The critical role of heterogeneous catalysis in lignocellulosic biomass conversion|year=2009|author=Yu-Chuan Lin, George W. Huber|journal=Energy Environ. Sci.|volume=2|issue=1|page=68–80|doi=10.1039/B814955K}}</ref> There is a wide variety of catalytic systems and many reactions can be catalysed with a solid catalyst. Examples are [[pyrolysis]], hydro-processing, [[oxidation]], amination, dehydration, [[hydrolysis]], (trans)esterification, and isomerisation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Functionalised heterogeneous catalysts for sustainable biomass valorisation|year=2018|author=Putla Sudarsanam, Ruyi Zhong, Sander Van den Bosch, Simona M. Coman, Vasile I. Parvulescu, Bert F. Sels|journal=Chemical Society Reviews|volume=47|issue=22|page=8349–8402|doi=10.1039/C8CS00410B}}</ref> Common heterogeneous catalysts are heterogeneous solid base catalysts and heterogeneous solid acid catalysts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=A review of sustainable biodiesel production using biomass derived heterogeneous catalysts|year=2021-10-22|author=Semakula Maroa, Freddie Inambao|journal=Engineering in Life Sciences|page=elsc.202100025|doi=10.1002/elsc.202100025}}</ref></onlyinclude>
+<onlyinclude>Heterogeneous catalysis is a catalysis in which the catalyst and the feedstock are in different phases. In practice, this often means that the feedstock is a liquid or gas and the catalyst is a solid, also known as ''solid catalysis.'' Heterogeneous catalysis is the most widely used form of catalysis in the current chemical industry.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The critical role of heterogeneous catalysis in lignocellulosic biomass conversion|year=2009|author=Yu-Chuan Lin, George W. Huber|journal=Energy Environ. Sci.|volume=2|issue=1|page=68–80|doi=10.1039/B814955K}}</ref> There is a wide variety of catalytic systems and many reactions can be catalysed with a solid catalyst. Examples are [[pyrolysis]], hydro-processing, [[oxidation]], amination, dehydration, [[hydrolysis]], (trans)esterification, and isomerisation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Functionalised heterogeneous catalysts for sustainable biomass valorisation|year=2018|author=Putla Sudarsanam, Ruyi Zhong, Sander Van den Bosch, Simona M. Coman, Vasile I. Parvulescu, Bert F. Sels|journal=Chemical Society Reviews|volume=47|issue=22|page=8349–8402|doi=10.1039/C8CS00410B}}</ref> Common heterogeneous catalysts are heterogeneous solid base catalysts and heterogeneous solid acid catalysts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=A review of sustainable biodiesel production using biomass derived heterogeneous catalysts|year=2021-10-22|author=Semakula Maroa, Freddie Inambao|journal=Engineering in Life Sciences|page=elsc.202100025|doi=10.1002/elsc.202100025}}</ref></onlyinclude>
 ==Feedstock==
 === Origin and composition ===
-Due to the wide range of available catalysts and the large spectrum of reactions they can catalyse, the feedstock range for heterogeneous catalysis is significant. This ranges from biomass feedstocks such as lignocellulose (citation needed), lignin, cellulose, sugars, and fatty acids, to products derived from biomass, such as glycerol and furfural.<ref name=":1" />
+Due to the wide range of available catalysts and the large spectrum of reactions they can catalyse, the feedstock range for heterogeneous catalysis is significant. This ranges from biomass feedstocks such as lignocellulose, lignin, cellulose, sugars, and fatty acids, to products derived from biomass, such as glycerol and furfural.<ref name=":1" />
 === Pre-treatment ===
+The pre-treatment of the feedstock for a heterogeneous catalysis is depending on the specific process and feedstock used. In principal, the feedstock normally is a liquid or gas so for solid feedstocks a conversion process like a pyrolysis or gasification or a solution is needed.
 ==Process and technologies==
-A wide range of processes and technologies can make use of heterogeneous catalysts. Examples are [[pyrolysis]], hydro-processing, [[oxidation]], amination, dehydration, [[hydrolysis]], (trans)esterification, and isomerisation.<ref name=":1" /> The most common heterogeneous catalysts are heterogeneous solid base catalysts and heterogeneous solid acid catalysts. Base catalysts have a high concentration of basic sites that ensures the catalytic activity, often from Ba, Ca, Mg, and Sr and can be mixed or doped. Soap formation is a recurring drawback of these systems. Acid catalysts get their activity either from Brønsted or Lewis acidity and are commonly zirconia, silica, zeolites or zeotype materials. Major advantages of heterogeneous catalysis is the ease of separation, recyclability and high selectivity.<ref name=":0" /> Current development for future heterogeneous catalytic systems are in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), magnetic catalysts, and solid phase ionic liquids.<ref name=":1" />
+[[Image:Hydrogenation on catalyst.svg|thumb|upright|Hydrogenation of ethene on a catalytic solid surface; (1) Adsorption, (2) Reaction, (3) Desorption]]
+A wide range of processes and technologies can make use of heterogeneous catalysts. Examples are [[pyrolysis]], hydro-processing, [[oxidation]], amination, dehydration, [[hydrolysis]], (trans)esterification, and isomerisation.<ref name=":1" /> The most common heterogeneous catalysts are heterogeneous solid base catalysts and heterogeneous solid acid catalysts. Base catalysts have a high concentration of basic sites that ensure the catalytic activity, often from Ba, Ca, Mg, and Sr and can be mixed or doped. Soap formation is a recurring drawback of these systems. Acid catalysts get their activity either from Brønsted or Lewis acidity and are commonly zirconia, silica, zeolites or zeotype materials. Major advantages of heterogeneous catalysis is the ease of separation, recyclability and high selectivity.<ref name=":0" /> Current development for future heterogeneous catalytic systems are in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), magnetic catalysts, and solid phase ionic liquids.<ref name=":1" />
+Some large-scale industrial processes incorporating heterogeneous catalysts are listed below:<ref>taken from [[:en:Heterogeneous catalysis|Heterogeneous catalysis]] in wikipedia.</ref>
+{| class="wikitable" style = "text-align:center"
+|-
+!Process
+!Reactants, Product/s (not balanced)
+!Catalyst
+!Comment
+|-
+|Sulfuric acid synthesis (Contact process)
+|SO<sub>2</sub> + O<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>3</sub>
+|vanadium oxides
+|Hydration of SO<sub>3</sub> gives H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>
+|-
+|Ammonia synthesis (Haber–Bosch process)
+|N<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub>
+|iron oxides on alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)
+|Consumes 1% of world's industrial energy budget
+|-
+|Nitric acid synthesis (Ostwald process)
+|NH<sub>3</sub> + O<sub>2</sub>, HNO<sub>3</sub>
+|unsupported Pt-Rh gauze
+|Direct routes from N<sub>2</sub> are uneconomical
+|-
+|Hydrogen production by Steam reforming
+|CH<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O, H<sub>2</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub>
+|Nickel or K<sub>2</sub>O
+|Greener routes to H<sub>2</sub> by water splitting actively sought
+|-
+|Ethylene oxide synthesis
+|C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> + O<sub>2</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O
+|silver on alumina, with many promoters
+|Poorly applicable to other alkenes
+|-
+|Hydrogen cyanide synthesis (Andrussov oxidation)
+|NH<sub>3</sub> + O<sub>2</sub>  +  CH<sub>4</sub>, HCN
+|Pt-Rh
+|Related ammoxidation process converts hydrocarbons to nitriles
+|-
+|Olefin polymerization Ziegler–Natta polymerization
+|propylene, polypropylene
+|TiCl<sub>3</sub> on MgCl<sub>2</sub>
+|Many variations exist, including some homogeneous examples
+|-
+|Desulfurization of petroleum (hydrodesulfurization)
+|H<sub>2</sub> + R<sub>2</sub>S (idealized organosulfur impurity), RH + H<sub>2</sub>S
+|Molybdenum-Cobalt on alumina
+|Produces low-sulfur hydrocarbons, sulfur recovered via the Claus process
+|}
 ==Product==
 Heterogeneous catalysis is widely used throughout chemistry and a plethora of products can be made. Heterogeneous catalysis is often used in the production of biodiesel<ref name=":0" />, but can also be employed in the [[pyrolysis]] process or in the production of many other value added chemicals.<ref name=":1" />
 === Post-treatment ===
+The post-treatment of the products of a heterogeneous catalysis is depending on the specific process and final products aimed for.
+[[File:Haber-Bosch-En.svg|center|thumb|upright=2.00|Process flow diagram illustrating the use of catalysis in the synthesis of ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>)]]
 ==Technology providers==
-{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
+{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
 |+'''Technology comparison'''
 ! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
 ! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
-! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology category
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
 ! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
 ! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
@@ Line 41: / Line 96: @@
 !
 |-
-| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_1|Company 1]]
+|[[Heterogeneous catalysis#Johnson Matthey|Johnson Matthey]]
-| [Country HQ location]
+|United Kingdom
-| [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
+|[[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Chemical%20processes%20and%20technologies|Chemical processes and technologies]])
-| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
+|Heterogeneous Catalyst
-| [4-9]
+|9
-| [numeric value]
+| -
-|
+|Various options (Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru)
-|
+| -
-| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
+|class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
-| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
+|class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
 |-
-| [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Company_2|Company 2]]
+| [[Heterogeneous catalysis#Tops.C3.B8e Renewables|Topsøe Renewables]]
-| [Country HQ location]
+| Denmark
-| [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter [[Help:Article content of technology pages#Process_and_technologies|Process and technologies]])]
+| [[Conversion]] ([[Conversion#Chemical%20processes%20and%20technologies|Chemical processes and technologies]])
-| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
+| HydroFlex<sup>TM</sup>
-| [4-9]
+| 6-7
-| [numeric value]
+| -
-|
+|Various available (e.g. noble-metal, base-metal)
-|
+| -
-| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
+|class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
-| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
+|class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
 |}
-=== Haldor Topsøe (HydroFlex) ===
+=== Johnson Matthey ===
+{{Infobox provider-heterogeneous catalysis|Company=Johnson Matthey|Country=United Kingdom|Contact=pharma@matthey.com|Webpage=https://matthey.com/|Technology name=Heterogeneous Catalyst|TRL=9|Catalyst=Various options (Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru)|Image=Johnson_Matthey.png|Product=Various|Feedstock=Various (e.g. Acetylenes, Alkanes, Aromatics, Dienes, Esters, Furans, Indoles, Lactones, Olefins, Phenols, Quinolines)}}
+As a global leader in sustainable technologies, we apply our cutting-edge science to create solutions with our customers that make a real difference to the world around us. We’ve been leaders in our field for more than 200 years, applying unrivalled scientific expertise to enable cleaner air, improved health and the more efficient use of our planet's natural resources. And now, as the world faces the challenges of climate change and resource scarcity, we have an even bigger role to play. Johnson Matthey will be central in accelerating the big transitions needed in transport, energy, chemicals production and creating a circular economy.
-===Sigma-Aldrich===
+By applying the extensive guidance and research from our experts, we can customise catalysts for your specific needs giving you the best catalyst and process parameters for success. Johnson Matthey provides an essential service in terms of both catalysts supply and supporting optimal catalyst identification through in-house parallel screening experimentation and/or expert recommendations. Whether you're looking for an existing catalyst, customised solution, or to improve an existing process, our highly accessible support team is ready to work with you.
-{{Infobox provider-heterogeneous catalysis|Company=Sigma-Aldrich|Webpage=https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/NL/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/catalysts/hydrogenation-catalysts|Country=USA|Technology category=Chemical processes}}
-== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
+=== Topsøe Renewables ===
+{{Infobox provider-heterogeneous catalysis|Company=Topsøe Renewables|Country=Denmark|Contact=https://renewables.topsoe.com/contact|Webpage=https://renewables.topsoe.com|Technology name=HydroFlex<sup>(TM)</sup>|TRL=6-7|Image=Topsoe.png|Feedstock=Biogenic feedstocks such as virgin oils, waste oils and fats, or liquified solid waste|Product=Drop-in fuels or naphtha|Catalyst=Various available (e.g. noble-metal, base-metal)}}
+Topsoe is a global supplier of catalysts, technology, and services to the chemical and refining industries, specialising in carbon reduction technologies. Topsoe Renewables is helping a number of major players in the refinery industry introduce full feedstock flexibility to their operations. Since 2004, Topsoe have been running dedicated research and development programs into renewable feedstocks for the refinery industry.
+Working closely with their customers, Topsoe tailors HydroFlex™ to the layout of the plant,  intended range of feedstocks, and the aied specifications of the renewable fuels. Renewable feedstocks, for example, all require dewaxing to optimise the cold flow properties of the resulting fuels.
+==Open access pilot and demo facility providers==
 [https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=102&field_technology_area_target_id%5B84%5D=84&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database]
 ==Patents==
 Currently no patents have been identified.
 ==References==
 <references />
+[[Category:Conversion]]
+[[Category:Technologies]]