Difference between revisions of "Primary processing"

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<onlyinclude>'''Physical pre-treatments''' are based on physical principles whithout significantly changing the chemical structure of the feedstock. A change in the overall chemical composition might occur due to physical separation of different substances.</onlyinclude>
<onlyinclude>'''Primary processing''' of biowaste results in intermediate chemicals and/or materials which will then go into the [[secondary processing]] or [[hybrid processing]] after which the final product is obtained. While some technologies are used exclusively for the purpose of primary processing, others (such as the [[Hybrid processing#Separation_processes_and_technologies|separation processes and technologies]]) can be utilised in both primary and [[secondary processing]] which places them into [[hybrid processing]].</onlyinclude>


== Densification ==
== Biochemical processes and technologies ==
* [[Anaerobic digestion]]
* [[Composting]]
*[[Enzymatic processes]]
* [[Insect farming]]


=== Pressure-densification ===
== Chemical processes and technologies (these might be [[hybrid processing]]) ==


== Drying (evaporation) ==
* [[Hydrolysis]]
All drying technologies are based on the evaporation of different liquids under different gas atmospheres and physical conditions resulting in dry products or products with a desired humidity.
** [[Hydrolysis#Acid|Acid]]
**[[Hydrolysis#Alkali|Alkali]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Salt|Salt]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Metal_salts|Metal salts]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Sulphite_salt|Sulphite salt]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Solvent|Solvent]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Organosolv|Organosolv]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Subcritical_water|Subcritical water]]
* [[Ionic liquids]]
* [[Oxidation]]


=== Air drying ===
== Physical processes and technologies (these might be [[hybrid processing]]) ==
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an oxygen atmosphere. The exchange of oxygen with low humidity accelerates this process but may lead to an (unwanted) oxidation of the product.


=== Nitrogen drying ===
* [[Densification]]
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an nitrogen atmosphere. The exchange of nitrogen accelerates this process. Since nitrogen is an inert gas unwanted reactions such as oxidation of the product are avoided.
*[[Sizing]]
**[[Sizing#Chipping|Chipping]]
**[[Sizing#Grinding|Grinding]]
* [[Microwave treatment]]
* [[Steam explosion]]
* [[Ultrasonication]]


=== Freeze drying ===
== Thermochemical processes and technologies ==
Also known as '''lyophilisation'''. The technology represents a low temperature dehydration process that involves freezing the product, lowering pressure, then removing the ice by sublimation.


=== Thermal drying ===
* [[Ammonia fibre expansion]]
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under different atmospheres. With increasing application of heat the process can be accelerated. Very high temperatures may lead to unwanted reactions of the product.
* [[Gasification]]
* [[Hydrothermal processing]]
* [[Pyrolysis]]
* [[Torrefaction]]


=== Vacuum drying ===
== Other processes and technologies ==
Process that involves the evaporation of Liquids under an vacuum atmosphere. The vacuum atmosphere  allows the evaporation of liquids at lower temperatures than under atmospheric pressure.
*[[Pulping]]
 
**[[Pulping#Chemical_pulping|Chemical pulping]]
=== Technology providers ===
*** [[Pulping#Dissolving_pulp_and_organosolv|Organosolv]]
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
*** [[Pulping#Cold_soda_pulping|Soda]]
|+
*** [[Pulping#Sulphate_pulping_(Kraft)|Sulphate]]
!Company name
*** [[Pulping#Sulphite_pulping|Sulphite]]
!Country
** [[Pulping#Hybrid_pulping|Hybrid pulping]]
!City
*** [[Pulping#Chemi-thermo-mechanical_pulping_(CTMP)|Chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP)]]
!Dryig (evaporation) technology
***[[Pulping#Neutral_Sulfite_Semi_Chemical_Pulping_(NSSC)|Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical pulping (NSSC)]]
!TRL
**[[Pulping#Mechanical_pulping|Mechanical pulping]]
!Typical feedstock
*** [[Pulping#Refiner|Refiner]]
!Typical product
**** [[Pulping#Refiner_mechanical_pulping_(RMP)|Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)]]
!Max volume [L]
****[[Pulping#Thermomechanical_pulping_(TMP)|Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)]]
!Max Mass
*** [[Pulping#Groundwood|Groundwood]]
 
**** [[Pulping#Pressure_groundwood_(PGW)|Pressure groundwood (PGW)]]
[g]
****[[Pulping#Stone_groundwood_(SGW)|Stone groundwood (SGW)]]
!Capacity
**** [[Pulping#Thermal_groundwood_(TGW)|Thermal groundwood (TGW)]]
 
[g/h]
!Temperature [°C]
!Pressure [Bar]
!Gas atmosphere
!Evaporable substances
|-
|[https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Physical_pre-treatments#Company_1 Company 1]
|Germany
|Cologne
|Freeze drying
|9
|Plant material
|Freeze-dried plant material
|100
|1000
|1.38
| -20
|0.0004
|Vacuum
|Alcohol, Water
|-
|Company 2
|France
|Paris
|Nitrogen drying
|9
|Protein solution
|Protein
|0.5
|500
|3
|20
|1
|Nitrogen
|Alcohol, Water
|}
 
==== Company 1 ====
Here you can find further information about company 1.
 
== Separation ==
 
=== Centrifugation ===
 
=== Dialysis ===
 
=== Distillation ===
 
=== Field-Flow fractionation (FFF) ===
 
=== Filtration ===
 
==== Membrane Filtration ====
 
==== Pressure filtration ====
 
==== Ultrafiltration ====
 
=== Sedimentation ===
 
=== Sieving ===
 
== Steam explosion ==
 
== Sizing ==

Latest revision as of 12:58, 9 February 2022

Primary processing of biowaste results in intermediate chemicals and/or materials which will then go into the secondary processing or hybrid processing after which the final product is obtained. While some technologies are used exclusively for the purpose of primary processing, others (such as the separation processes and technologies) can be utilised in both primary and secondary processing which places them into hybrid processing.

Biochemical processes and technologies

Chemical processes and technologies (these might be hybrid processing)

Physical processes and technologies (these might be hybrid processing)

Thermochemical processes and technologies

Other processes and technologies

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