Difference between revisions of "Primary processing"

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<onlyinclude>'''Pre-treatments''' are used to prepare raw materials so that they can be processed by core technologies.</onlyinclude>
<onlyinclude>'''Primary processing''' of biowaste results in intermediate chemicals and/or materials which will then go into the [[secondary processing]] or [[hybrid processing]] after which the final product is obtained. While some technologies are used exclusively for the purpose of primary processing, others (such as the [[Hybrid processing#Separation_processes_and_technologies|separation processes and technologies]]) can be utilised in both primary and [[secondary processing]] which places them into [[hybrid processing]].</onlyinclude>


== Biochemical pre-treatments ==
== Biochemical processes and technologies ==
* [[Anaerobic digestion]]
* [[Composting]]
*[[Enzymatic processes]]
* [[Insect farming]]


=== Enzymatic ===
== Chemical processes and technologies (these might be [[hybrid processing]]) ==


== Chemical pre-treatments ==
* [[Hydrolysis]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Acid|Acid]]
**[[Hydrolysis#Alkali|Alkali]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Salt|Salt]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Metal_salts|Metal salts]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Sulphite_salt|Sulphite salt]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Solvent|Solvent]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Organosolv|Organosolv]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Subcritical_water|Subcritical water]]
* [[Ionic liquids]]
* [[Oxidation]]


=== Hydrolysis ===
== Physical processes and technologies (these might be [[hybrid processing]]) ==


== Physical pre-treatments ==
* [[Densification]]
*[[Sizing]]
**[[Sizing#Chipping|Chipping]]
**[[Sizing#Grinding|Grinding]]
* [[Microwave treatment]]
* [[Steam explosion]]
* [[Ultrasonication]]


=== Densification ===
== Thermochemical processes and technologies ==


==== Pressure-densification ====
* [[Ammonia fibre expansion]]
* [[Gasification]]
* [[Hydrothermal processing]]
* [[Pyrolysis]]
* [[Torrefaction]]


=== Sizing ===
== Other processes and technologies ==
 
*[[Pulping]]
==== Chipping ====
**[[Pulping#Chemical_pulping|Chemical pulping]]
 
*** [[Pulping#Dissolving_pulp_and_organosolv|Organosolv]]
==== Grinding ====
*** [[Pulping#Cold_soda_pulping|Soda]]
 
*** [[Pulping#Sulphate_pulping_(Kraft)|Sulphate]]
=== Steam explosion ===
*** [[Pulping#Sulphite_pulping|Sulphite]]
 
** [[Pulping#Hybrid_pulping|Hybrid pulping]]
== Separation ==
*** [[Pulping#Chemi-thermo-mechanical_pulping_(CTMP)|Chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP)]]
 
***[[Pulping#Neutral_Sulfite_Semi_Chemical_Pulping_(NSSC)|Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical pulping (NSSC)]]
=== Mechanical separations ===
**[[Pulping#Mechanical_pulping|Mechanical pulping]]
 
*** [[Pulping#Refiner|Refiner]]
==== Centrifugation ====
**** [[Pulping#Refiner_mechanical_pulping_(RMP)|Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)]]
 
****[[Pulping#Thermomechanical_pulping_(TMP)|Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)]]
==== Filtration ====
*** [[Pulping#Groundwood|Groundwood]]
 
**** [[Pulping#Pressure_groundwood_(PGW)|Pressure groundwood (PGW)]]
===== Membrane Filtration =====
****[[Pulping#Stone_groundwood_(SGW)|Stone groundwood (SGW)]]
 
**** [[Pulping#Thermal_groundwood_(TGW)|Thermal groundwood (TGW)]]
===== Pressure filtration =====
 
===== Ultrafiltration =====
 
===== Sedimentation =====
 
===== Sieving =====
 
=== Physicochemical separations ===
 
==== Chromatography ====
 
==== Dialysis ====
 
==== Dissolution, Crystallisation, flocculation, precipitation ====
 
==== Distillation ====
 
==== Drying (evaporation) ====
All drying technologies are based on the evaporation of different liquids under different gas atmospheres and physical conditions resulting in dry products or products with a desired humidity.
 
===== Air drying =====
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an oxygen atmosphere. The exchange of oxygen with low humidity accelerates this process but may lead to an (unwanted) oxidation of the product.
 
===== Nitrogen drying =====
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an nitrogen atmosphere. The exchange of nitrogen accelerates this process. Since nitrogen is an inert gas unwanted reactions such as oxidation of the product are avoided.
 
===== Freeze drying =====
Also known as '''lyophilisation'''. The technology represents a low temperature dehydration process that involves freezing the product, lowering pressure, then removing the ice by sublimation.
 
===== Thermal drying =====
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under different atmospheres. With increasing application of heat the process can be accelerated. Very high temperatures may lead to unwanted reactions of the product.
 
===== Vacuum drying =====
Process that involves the evaporation of Liquids under an vacuum atmosphere. The vacuum atmosphere  allows the evaporation of liquids at lower temperatures than under atmospheric pressure.
 
===== Technology providers =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+Technology comparison
!Company name
!Country
!City
!Technology category
!Technology name
!TRL
!Typical feedstock
!Typical product
!Capacity
 
[kg/h]
!Max volume [L]
!Max Mass
 
[kg]
!Temperature [°C]
!Pressure [bar]
!Gas atmosphere
!Evaporable substances
|-
|[https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Physical_pre-treatments#Company_1 Company 1]
|Germany
|Cologne
|Freeze drying
|Powerdry 5000
|9
|Plant material
|Freeze-dried plant material
|0.00138
|100
|1
| -20
|0.0004
|Vacuum
|Alcohol, Water
|-
|[https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Physical_pre-treatments#Company_2 Company 2]
|France
|Paris
|Nitrogen drying
|Nitrodry
|9
|Protein solution
|Protein
|0.003
|0.5
|0.5
|20
|1
|Nitrogen
|Alcohol, Water
|}
 
===== Company 1 =====
Here you can find further information about company 1.
 
===== Company 2 =====
Here you can find further information about company 2.
 
==== Extraction ====
 
===== Acid treatment =====
 
===== Alkali treatment =====
 
==== Field-Flow fractionation (FFF) ====
 
== Thermochemical pre-treatments ==
 
=== Ammonia fibre expansion ===
 
=== Dry torrefaction ===
 
=== Wet torrefaction ===

Latest revision as of 12:58, 9 February 2022

Primary processing of biowaste results in intermediate chemicals and/or materials which will then go into the secondary processing or hybrid processing after which the final product is obtained. While some technologies are used exclusively for the purpose of primary processing, others (such as the separation processes and technologies) can be utilised in both primary and secondary processing which places them into hybrid processing.

Biochemical processes and technologies

Chemical processes and technologies (these might be hybrid processing)

Physical processes and technologies (these might be hybrid processing)

Thermochemical processes and technologies

Other processes and technologies

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