Difference between revisions of "Drying"

[checked revision]

Latest revision as of 15:06, 22 November 2023

Technology

Technology details
Name:	Drying
Category:	Pre-processing (Separation technologies), Post-processing (Separation technologies)
Feedstock:	Biowaste including liquids
Product:	Dry biomass

Drying technologies are based on the vaporisation/evaporation or sublimation of different liquids or solids under different gas atmospheres and physical conditions resulting in dry products or products with a desired humidity.

Feedstock

Origin and composition

Pre-treatment

In view of the energy costs involved in drying, this technology is of limited use in pre-treatment. The need to dry biomass feedstocks before they can for example be gasified, can place a large energy and capital cost burden on small-to-medium scale biomass gasification plants for the production of heat and power. Drying may not always be unavoidable, but as biomass moisture content to the gasifier increases, the quality of the product gas deteriorates along with the overall performance of the whole system.

Process and technologies

Air drying

Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an oxygen atmosphere. The exchange of oxygen with low humidity accelerates this process, but may lead to an (unwanted) oxidation of the product.

Nitrogen drying

Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an nitrogen atmosphere. The exchange of nitrogen accelerates this process. Since nitrogen is an inert gas, unwanted reactions such as oxidation of the product are avoided.

Freeze drying

Also known as lyophilisation. The technology represents a low temperature and pressure dehydration process that involves freezing the product, lowering pressure ("vacuum"), then removing the ice by sublimation and condensing.

Thermal drying

Process that involves the vaporisation/evaporation of liquids through the application of heat under different atmospheres. With increasing application of heat, the process can be accelerated. Very high temperatures may lead to unwanted reactions of the product. Examples for thermal drying technologies are flash (pneumatic) drying, radiative drying, solar drying, drum drying, and supercritical drying.

Vacuum drying

Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under a vacuum atmosphere. The vacuum atmosphere allows the evaporation of liquids at lower temperatures than under atmospheric pressure.

Product

Post-treatment

Drying is a widely used process in industry worldwide, with many different reasons: to save weight, to make transport easier, to extend the shelf life of food, to obtain a product that can be further processed, etc.

The importance of drying efficiency has increased significantly due to high energy costs and increasingly stringent customer quality requirements.

Technology providers

**Technology comparison**
Company name	Country	Technology subcategory	Technology name	TRL	Capacity [kg/h]	Processable volume [L]	Processable mass [kg]	Temperature [°C]	Pressure [Bar]	Feedstock: Food waste	Feedstock: Garden & park waste

Andritz	Austria, Sweden	-	ANDRITZ	9	-	-	-	-	-	●	●
CENER (ES)	Spain	-	BIO2C – DryingPlant	6-7	200-700	-	200-700	300	-	●	●
Dorset Group	The Netherlands	-	Dorset Drying	9	-	-	-	-	-	●	●
Mastershred GmbH	Germany	-	Mastershred	-	-	-	-	-	-	●	●

Andritz

Drying provider
General information
Company:	Andritz
Country:	Austria, Sweden
Contact:	Andritz AB, Sweden, Kvarnvägen, SE-351 87 Växjö; Email: flakt.drying{at}andritz.com
Webpage:	https://www.andritz.com
Technology and process details
Technology name:	ANDRITZ	Technology category:	Pre-processing (Separation technologies), Post-processing (Separation technologies)
TRL:	Commercial	Capacity:	kg·h^-1
Atmosphere:		Evaporable substances:
Pressure:	bar	Processable mass:	kg
Processable volume:	L	Temperature:	°C
		Other:
Feedstock and product details
Feedstock:	mixed biomass, sawdust	Product:	dried biomass

Andritz is an international technology group providing plants, systems, equipment, and services for various industries. The company is one of the technology and global market leaders in the hydropower business, the pulp and paper industry, the metal working and steel industries, and in solid/liquid separation in the municipal and industrial segments. The listed Group is headquartered in Graz, Austria. Since its foundation 170 years ago, Andritz has developed into a Group with approximately 27,400 employees, and more than 280 locations in over 40 countries worldwide.

ANDRITZ offers several different drying technologies to match the application and heat source available, mainly for pulp and paper industries. The different technologies are:

Rotary drum
Belt dryer
Pneumatic
Fluidbed

Information: Andritz biomass drying

CENER (ES)

Drying provider
General information
Company:	CENER BIO2C
Country:	Spain
Contact:	Goizeder Barberena, info@cener.com
Webpage:	Pretreatment Unit - Cener BIO2C
Technology and process details
Technology name:	BIO2C – DryingPlant	Technology category:	Pre-processing (Separation technologies), Post-processing (Separation technologies)
TRL:	6-7	Capacity:	Burner power: 580 KW; 200 – 700 kg·h^-1
Atmosphere:	trommel-type rotary dryer	Evaporable substances:	not available
Pressure:	not available bar	Processable mass:	200 – 700 kg
Processable volume:	not relevant L	Temperature:	Hot gas flow: 6000 kg/h at 300ºC °C
		Other:	More info: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSzeXOrNTnQ
Feedstock and product details
Feedstock:	Various Biomass Materiasl: Herbaceous (cereal straw, agro-residues…), woody (pine, poplar, beech, eucalyptus, pawlonia, olive tree pruning…), variety of organic wastes (including low density materials and materials with high content of fines and dust).	Product:	Dried Biomass

CENER Biomass Department performs applied research activities in the field of biomass, providing R&D services and technical assistance to all agents of the sector. The area is focused on the development & optimization of production processes of bioproducts, solid biofuels, advanced liquid or gaseous biofuels, as well as biorefinery concepts. Indeed, the main pillars are focused on solid biofuels, bioprocesses and comprehensive sustainability assessment. The main infrastructures in this department include the Biomass Laboratory (biomass & biofuels characterization and process development at lab scale), as well as the Biorefinery and Bioenergy Centre (BIO2C).

Dorset Group

Drying provider
General information
Company:	Dorset Group
Country:	The Netherlands
Contact:	Dorset Green Machines BV, Weverij 26, 7122 MS Aalten, The Netherlands; Email: gm[at]dorset.nu
Webpage:	https://www.dorset.nu
Technology and process details
Technology name:	Dorset Drying	Technology category:	Pre-processing (Separation technologies), Post-processing (Separation technologies)
TRL:	Commercial	Capacity:	kg·h^-1
Atmosphere:		Evaporable substances:
Pressure:	bar	Processable mass:	kg
Processable volume:	L	Temperature:	°C
		Other:
Feedstock and product details
Feedstock:	mixed biomass, sawdust	Product:	dried biomass

Dorset was founded in 1984 for the import of Daltec feeding systems for pig feeding. In late eighties and early nineties more divisions were founded that started the development and production of a variety of machinery and electronic products. Today the group consists of two divisions, each with their own development and production. The group is globally active with a headquarters in the Netherlands.

Dorset offers drying technologies for several biomass streams like digestate, sewage sludge or mixed biomass. It has a lot of experience with drying several biomass materials incl. grass, compost, fats and food residues. The warm air required for the use of a conveyor belt dryer, can be supplied by the use of either warm stable air or air heated in another way.

Information: Dorset dryers, Biomass solutions

Lignopure GmbH

Drying provider
General information
Company:	Lignopure GmbH
Country:	Germany
Contact:	info@lignopure.de
Webpage:	https://www.lignopure.com/lignin/
Technology and process details
Technology name:	Lignin downstream processing, drying, microparticle generation, application development, lab/pilot/demo scale	Technology category:	Pre-processing (Separation technologies), Post-processing (Separation technologies)
TRL:	5-7	Capacity:	1 – 200 kg/day, depending on raw material and desired scale kg·h^-1
Atmosphere:	air (ambient?)	Evaporable substances:	water
Pressure:	ambient bar	Processable mass:	1 – 1000 kg on dry basis, also more if required kg
Processable volume:	depends on solids content, see processable mass L	Temperature:	Various, depending on raw material and processing target °C
		Other:	Processing yields fine and flowable powders, potentially reduced odour, hygienic processing possible
Feedstock and product details
Feedstock:	Lignin (Wet filter cake/suspension, dry powder, lignin-rich residues/lignocellulosic biomass, black liquor)	Product:	Lignin microparticles, powder, lignin intermediate products

Lignopure’s years of research and experience in the field of lignin have enabled us to develop technologies and expert, project-based services for lignin producers and companies interested in making more of their lignin side streams or the utilization of tailored lignin-particles for innovative materials and applications. Our goal at Lignopure is to bring value to lignin by being the connection link between raw lignin and industries interested in novel lignin-containing applications. This is possible thanks to our extensive know-how on lignin together with Lignopure’s patented particle technology that optimizes lignin particle and powder properties without altering their multifunctional natural structure, which then enables the use of this amazing biopolymer to its fullest. You have a lignin-rich side side stream which you want to valorize? Let us guide you through the process of developing a lignin downstream process, tailored to your raw material and the requirements of your clients, from initial lignin quality and process feasibility evaluation, via lab testing and pilot production of lignin powder prototypes up to the implementation of our technology as part of your process. Our knowhow and technology is available for licensing to crude lignin producers who want to market their raw material as a high quality, ready-to-use powder in various markets.

Mastershred GmbH

Drying provider
General information
Company:	Mastershred GmbH
Country:	Germany
Contact:	Raphael Barth, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-140, Email: barth(at)mastershred.de Michael Schubert, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-70, Email: schubert(at)mastershred.de
Webpage:	https://mastershred.de/
Technology and process details
Technology name:	Mastershred	Technology category:	Pre-processing (Separation technologies), Post-processing (Separation technologies)
TRL:		Capacity:	kg·h^-1
Atmosphere:		Evaporable substances:
Pressure:	bar	Processable mass:	kg
Processable volume:	L	Temperature:	°C
		Other:
Feedstock and product details
Feedstock:	mixed biowaste	Product:	- Bio-Liquid for methane production - dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy

Mastershred offers a technology to valorize biowaste for energy supply. With a mobile compact plant in the size of a container they use novel shredding and squeezing process to produce three fractions from the biowaste:

a bio-Liquid for methane production
pressed material for composting, soil improvement or peat replacement
dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy

Open access pilot and demo facility providers

Pilots4U Database (Drying)

Pilots4U Database (Evaporation)

Patents

Currently no patents have been identified.

References

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Drying (evaporation)
+{{Infobox technology
+| Feedstock = Biowaste including liquids
+| Product = Dry biomass
+|Name=Drying|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]]), [[Post-processing]] ([[Post-processing#Separation_technologies|Separation technologies]])}}
+<onlyinclude>
-All drying technologies are based on the evaporation of different liquids under different gas atmospheres and physical conditions resulting in dry products or products with a desired humidity.
-Air drying
+'''Drying''' technologies are based on the vaporisation/evaporation or sublimation of different liquids or solids under different gas atmospheres and physical conditions resulting in dry products or products with a desired humidity.
-Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an oxygen atmosphere. The exchange of oxygen with low humidity accelerates this process but may lead to an (unwanted) oxidation of the product.
+</onlyinclude>
-Nitrogen drying
+== Feedstock ==
-Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an nitrogen atmosphere. The exchange of nitrogen accelerates this process. Since nitrogen is an inert gas unwanted reactions such as oxidation of the product are avoided.
+=== Origin and composition ===
-Freeze drying
+=== Pre-treatment ===
+In view of the energy costs involved in drying, this technology is of limited use in pre-treatment.   The need to dry biomass feedstocks before they can for example be gasified, can place a large energy and capital cost burden on small-to-medium scale biomass gasification plants for the production of heat and power. Drying may not always be unavoidable, but as biomass moisture content to the gasifier increases, the quality of the product gas deteriorates along with the overall performance of the whole system.
-Also known as lyophilisation. The technology represents a low temperature dehydration process that involves freezing the product, lowering pressure, then removing the ice by sublimation.
+== Process and technologies ==
-Thermal drying
+=== Air drying ===
+Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an oxygen atmosphere. The exchange of oxygen with low humidity accelerates this process, but may lead to an (unwanted) oxidation of the product.
-Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under different atmospheres. With increasing application of heat the process can be accelerated. Very high temperatures may lead to unwanted reactions of the product.
+=== Nitrogen drying ===
+Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an nitrogen atmosphere. The exchange of nitrogen accelerates this process. Since nitrogen is an inert gas, unwanted reactions such as oxidation of the product are avoided.
-Vacuum drying
+=== Freeze drying ===
+Also known as lyophilisation. The technology represents a low temperature and pressure dehydration process that involves freezing the product, lowering pressure ("vacuum"), then removing the ice by sublimation and condensing.
-Process that involves the evaporation of Liquids under an vacuum atmosphere. The vacuum atmosphere allows the evaporation of liquids at lower temperatures than under atmospheric pressure.
+=== Thermal drying ===
+Process that involves the vaporisation/evaporation of liquids through the application of heat under different atmospheres. With increasing application of heat, the process can be accelerated. Very high temperatures may lead to unwanted reactions of the product. Examples for thermal drying technologies are flash (pneumatic) drying, radiative drying, solar drying, drum drying, and supercritical drying.
-Technology providers
+=== Vacuum drying ===
+Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under a vacuum atmosphere. The vacuum atmosphere allows the evaporation of liquids at lower temperatures than under atmospheric pressure.
+== Product ==
+=== Post-treatment ===
+Drying is a widely used process in industry worldwide, with many different reasons: to save weight, to make transport easier, to extend the shelf life of food, to obtain a product that can be further processed, etc.
+The importance of drying efficiency has increased significantly due to high energy costs and increasingly stringent customer quality requirements.
+== Technology providers ==
+{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
+|+'''Technology comparison'''
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable volume [L]
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Processable mass [kg]
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Temperature [°C]
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Pressure [Bar]
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
+! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
+|-
+! style="height:1.8em;"|
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+|-
+|[[Drying#Andritz|Andritz]]
+|Austria, Sweden
+| -
+|ANDRITZ
+|9
+| -
+| -
+| -
+| -
+| -
+| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
+| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
+|-
+| [[Drying#CENER .28ES.29|CENER (ES)]]
+|Spain
+| -
+|BIO2C – DryingPlant
+|6-7
+|200-700
+| -
+|200-700
+|300
+| -
+| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
+| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
+|-
+|[[Drying#Dorset Group|Dorset Group]]
+|The Netherlands
+| -
+|Dorset Drying
+|9
+| -
+| -
+| -
+| -
+| -
+| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
+| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
+|-
+|[[Drying#Mastershred%20GmbH|Mastershred GmbH]]
+|Germany
+| -
+|Mastershred
+| -
+| -
+| -
+| -
+| -
+| -
+| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
+| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center"|●
+|}
+=== Andritz ===
+{{Infobox provider-drying|Company= Andritz|Country=Austria, Sweden
+|Contact=Andritz AB, Sweden, Kvarnvägen, SE-351 87 Växjö; Email: flakt.drying{at}andritz.com
+|Webpage=https://www.andritz.com|Image=Anditz Logo.png
+|Technology name= ANDRITZ |TRL= Commercial |Capacity= |Feedstock=mixed biomass, sawdust|Product=dried biomass}}
+'''Andritz''' is an international technology group providing plants, systems, equipment, and services for various industries. The company is one of the technology and global market leaders in the hydropower business, the pulp and paper industry, the metal working and steel industries, and in solid/liquid separation in the municipal and industrial segments. The listed Group is headquartered in Graz, Austria. Since its foundation 170 years ago, Andritz has developed into a Group with approximately 27,400 employees, and more than 280 locations in over 40 countries worldwide.
+ANDRITZ offers several different drying technologies to match the application and heat source available, mainly for pulp and paper industries. The different technologies are:
+* Rotary drum
+* Belt dryer
+* Pneumatic
+* Fluidbed
+Information: [https://www.andritz.com/products-en/group/pulp-and-paper/power-generation/biomass-handling-systems/biomass-drying Andritz biomass drying]
+=== CENER (ES) ===
+{{Infobox provider-drying|Company=CENER BIO2C|Capacity=Burner power: 580 KW; 200 – 700|Processable mass=200 – 700|Evaporable substances=not available|Product=Dried Biomass|Feedstock=Various Biomass Materiasl: Herbaceous (cereal straw, agro-residues…), woody (pine, poplar, beech, eucalyptus, pawlonia, olive tree pruning…), variety of organic wastes (including low density materials and materials with high content of fines and dust).|Other=More info: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSzeXOrNTnQ|Temperature=Hot gas flow: 6000 kg/h at 300ºC|Processable volume=not relevant|Country=Spain|Pressure=not available|Atmosphere=trommel-type rotary dryer|TRL=6-7|Technology name=BIO2C – DryingPlant|Webpage=Pretreatment Unit - Cener BIO2C|Contact=Goizeder Barberena, info@cener.com|Image=Logo-cener-bio2c-english-1.png}}
+'''CENER Biomass Department''' performs applied research activities in the field of biomass, providing R&D services and technical assistance to all agents of the sector. The area is focused on the development & optimization of production processes of bioproducts, solid biofuels, advanced liquid or gaseous biofuels, as well as biorefinery concepts. Indeed, the main pillars are focused on '''solid biofuels, bioprocesses and comprehensive sustainability assessment'''. The main infrastructures in this department include the '''Biomass Laboratory''' (biomass & biofuels characterization and process development at lab scale), as well as the '''Biorefinery and Bioenergy Centre (BIO2C)'''.
+=== Dorset Group ===
+{{Infobox provider-drying|Company= Dorset Group|Country=The Netherlands
+|Contact=Dorset Green Machines BV, Weverij 26, 7122 MS Aalten, The Netherlands; Email: gm[at]dorset.nu
+|Webpage=https://www.dorset.nu|Image=Dorset Group logo.jpg
+|Technology name= Dorset Drying|TRL= Commercial |Capacity= |Feedstock=mixed biomass, sawdust|Product=dried biomass}}
+'''Dorset''' was founded in 1984 for the import of Daltec feeding systems for pig feeding. In late eighties and early nineties more divisions were founded that started the development and production of a variety of machinery and electronic products. Today the group consists of two divisions, each with their own development and production. The group is globally active with a headquarters in the Netherlands.
+Dorset offers drying technologies for several biomass streams like digestate, sewage sludge or mixed biomass. It has a lot of experience with drying several biomass materials incl. grass, compost, fats and food residues. The warm air required for the use of a conveyor belt dryer, can be supplied by the use of either warm stable air or air heated in another way.
+Information: [https://www.dorset.nu/green-machines/products/dorset-dryers/ Dorset dryers], [https://www.dorset.nu/green-machines/solutions/drying-biomass/ Biomass solutions]
+=== Lignopure GmbH ===
+{{Infobox provider-drying|Company=Lignopure GmbH|Country=Germany|Contact=info@lignopure.de|Webpage=https://www.lignopure.com/lignin/|Processable mass=1 – 1000 kg on dry basis, also more if required|Temperature=Various, depending on raw material and processing target|Evaporable substances=water|Capacity=1 – 200 kg/day, depending on raw material and desired scale|Processable volume=depends on solids content, see processable mass|Product=Lignin microparticles, powder, lignin intermediate products|Pressure=ambient|Atmosphere=air (ambient?)|Feedstock=Lignin (Wet filter cake/suspension, dry powder, lignin-rich residues/lignocellulosic biomass, black liquor)|TRL=5-7|Technology name=Lignin downstream processing, drying, microparticle generation, application development, lab/pilot/demo scale|Image=LOGO_CMYK_Lignopure-COLOR.jpg|Other=Processing yields fine and flowable powders, potentially reduced odour, hygienic processing possible}}
+Lignopure’s years of research and experience in the field of lignin have enabled us to develop technologies and expert, project-based services for lignin producers and companies interested in making more of their lignin side streams or the utilization of tailored lignin-particles for innovative materials and applications.
+Our goal at Lignopure is to bring value to lignin by being the connection link between raw lignin and industries interested in novel lignin-containing applications. This is possible thanks to our extensive know-how on lignin together with Lignopure’s patented particle technology that optimizes lignin particle and powder properties without altering their multifunctional natural structure, which then enables the use of this amazing biopolymer to its fullest.
+You have a lignin-rich side side stream which you want to valorize? Let us guide you through the process of developing a lignin downstream process, tailored to your raw material and the requirements of your clients, from initial lignin quality and process feasibility evaluation, via lab testing and pilot production of lignin powder prototypes up to the implementation of our technology as part of your process. Our knowhow and technology is available for licensing to crude lignin producers who want to market their raw material as a high quality, ready-to-use powder in various markets.
+=== Mastershred GmbH ===
+{{Infobox provider-drying|Company=Mastershred GmbH|Country=Germany
+|Contact=Raphael Barth, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-140, Email: barth(at)mastershred.de
+Michael Schubert, Managing Director, Tel.: 07173 186-70, Email: schubert(at)mastershred.de
+|Webpage=https://mastershred.de/|Image=Mastershred Wort logo.png
+|Technology name= Mastershred |TRL= |Capacity= |Feedstock=mixed biowaste|Product=
+- Bio-Liquid for methane production
+- dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy}}
+'''Mastershred''' offers a technology to valorize biowaste for energy supply. With a mobile compact plant in the size of a container they use novel shredding and squeezing process to produce three fractions from the biowaste:
+* a bio-Liquid for methane production
+* pressed material for composting, soil improvement or peat replacement
+* dried and pressed briquettes for bioenergy
+== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
+[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B77%5D=77&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Drying)]
+[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B78%5D=78&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database (Evaporation)]
+== Patents ==
+Currently no patents have been identified.
+== References ==
+[[Category:Pre-processing]]
+[[Category:Post-processing]]
+[[Category:Technologies]]