Difference between revisions of "Primary processing"

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<onlyinclude>'''Pre-treatments''' are used to prepare raw materials so that they can be processed by core technologies.</onlyinclude>
<onlyinclude>'''Primary processing''' of biowaste results in intermediate chemicals and/or materials which will then go into the [[secondary processing]] or [[hybrid processing]] after which the final product is obtained. While some technologies are used exclusively for the purpose of primary processing, others (such as the [[Hybrid processing#Separation_processes_and_technologies|separation processes and technologies]]) can be utilised in both primary and [[secondary processing]] which places them into [[hybrid processing]].</onlyinclude>


* '''Biochemical pre-treatments'''
== Biochemical processes and technologies ==
** Enzymatic
* [[Anaerobic digestion]]
* [[Composting]]
*[[Enzymatic processes]]
* [[Insect farming]]


* '''Chemical pre-treatments'''
== Chemical processes and technologies (these might be [[hybrid processing]]) ==
** Hydrolysis


* '''Physical pre-treatments'''
* [[Hydrolysis]]
** Densification
** [[Hydrolysis#Acid|Acid]]
*** Pressure-densification
**[[Hydrolysis#Alkali|Alkali]]
** Sizing
** [[Hydrolysis#Salt|Salt]]
*** Chipping
*** [[Hydrolysis#Metal_salts|Metal salts]]
*** Grinding
*** [[Hydrolysis#Sulphite_salt|Sulphite salt]]
** Steam explosion
** [[Hydrolysis#Solvent|Solvent]]
*** [[Hydrolysis#Organosolv|Organosolv]]
** [[Hydrolysis#Subcritical_water|Subcritical water]]
* [[Ionic liquids]]
* [[Oxidation]]


* '''Separation'''
== Physical processes and technologies (these might be [[hybrid processing]]) ==
** Mechanical separations
*** Centrifugation
*** Filtration
*** Membrane Filtration
**** Pressure filtration
**** Ultrafiltration
*** Sedimentation
*** Sieving
** Physicochemical separations
*** Chromatography
*** Dialysis
*** Dissolution, Crystallisation, flocculation, precipitation
*** Distillation
*** [[Drying (evaporation)]]
**** Air drying
**** Nitrogen drying
**** Freeze drying
**** Thermal drying
**** Vacuum drying


==== Drying (evaporation) ====
* [[Densification]]
All drying technologies are based on the evaporation of different liquids under different gas atmospheres and physical conditions resulting in dry products or products with a desired humidity.
*[[Sizing]]
**[[Sizing#Chipping|Chipping]]
**[[Sizing#Grinding|Grinding]]
* [[Microwave treatment]]
* [[Steam explosion]]
* [[Ultrasonication]]


===== Air drying =====
== Thermochemical processes and technologies ==
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an oxygen atmosphere. The exchange of oxygen with low humidity accelerates this process but may lead to an (unwanted) oxidation of the product.


===== Nitrogen drying =====
* [[Ammonia fibre expansion]]
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an nitrogen atmosphere. The exchange of nitrogen accelerates this process. Since nitrogen is an inert gas unwanted reactions such as oxidation of the product are avoided.
* [[Gasification]]
* [[Hydrothermal processing]]
* [[Pyrolysis]]
* [[Torrefaction]]


===== Freeze drying =====
== Other processes and technologies ==
Also known as '''lyophilisation'''. The technology represents a low temperature dehydration process that involves freezing the product, lowering pressure, then removing the ice by sublimation.
*[[Pulping]]
 
**[[Pulping#Chemical_pulping|Chemical pulping]]
===== Thermal drying =====
*** [[Pulping#Dissolving_pulp_and_organosolv|Organosolv]]
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under different atmospheres. With increasing application of heat the process can be accelerated. Very high temperatures may lead to unwanted reactions of the product.
*** [[Pulping#Cold_soda_pulping|Soda]]
 
*** [[Pulping#Sulphate_pulping_(Kraft)|Sulphate]]
===== Vacuum drying =====
*** [[Pulping#Sulphite_pulping|Sulphite]]
Process that involves the evaporation of Liquids under an vacuum atmosphere. The vacuum atmosphere  allows the evaporation of liquids at lower temperatures than under atmospheric pressure.
** [[Pulping#Hybrid_pulping|Hybrid pulping]]
 
*** [[Pulping#Chemi-thermo-mechanical_pulping_(CTMP)|Chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP)]]
===== Technology providers =====
***[[Pulping#Neutral_Sulfite_Semi_Chemical_Pulping_(NSSC)|Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical pulping (NSSC)]]
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
**[[Pulping#Mechanical_pulping|Mechanical pulping]]
|+Technology comparison
*** [[Pulping#Refiner|Refiner]]
!Company name
**** [[Pulping#Refiner_mechanical_pulping_(RMP)|Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)]]
!Country
****[[Pulping#Thermomechanical_pulping_(TMP)|Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)]]
!City
*** [[Pulping#Groundwood|Groundwood]]
!Technology category
**** [[Pulping#Pressure_groundwood_(PGW)|Pressure groundwood (PGW)]]
!Technology name
****[[Pulping#Stone_groundwood_(SGW)|Stone groundwood (SGW)]]
!TRL
**** [[Pulping#Thermal_groundwood_(TGW)|Thermal groundwood (TGW)]]
!Typical feedstock
!Typical product
!Capacity
 
[kg/h]
!Max volume [L]
!Max Mass
 
[kg]
!Temperature [°C]
!Pressure [bar]
!Gas atmosphere
!Evaporable substances
|-
|[https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Physical_pre-treatments#Company_1 Company 1]
|Germany
|Cologne
|Freeze drying
|Powerdry 5000
|9
|Plant material
|Freeze-dried plant material
|0.00138
|100
|1
| -20
|0.0004
|Vacuum
|Alcohol, Water
|-
|[https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Physical_pre-treatments#Company_2 Company 2]
|France
|Paris
|Nitrogen drying
|Nitrodry
|9
|Protein solution
|Protein
|0.003
|0.5
|0.5
|20
|1
|Nitrogen
|Alcohol, Water
|}
 
===== Company 1 =====
Here you can find further information about company 1.
 
===== Company 2 =====
Here you can find further information about company 2.
 
==== Extraction ====
 
===== Acid treatment =====
 
===== Alkali treatment =====
 
==== Field-Flow fractionation (FFF) ====
 
== Thermochemical pre-treatments ==
 
=== Ammonia fibre expansion ===
 
=== Dry torrefaction ===
 
=== Wet torrefaction ===

Latest revision as of 12:58, 9 February 2022

Primary processing of biowaste results in intermediate chemicals and/or materials which will then go into the secondary processing or hybrid processing after which the final product is obtained. While some technologies are used exclusively for the purpose of primary processing, others (such as the separation processes and technologies) can be utilised in both primary and secondary processing which places them into hybrid processing.

Biochemical processes and technologies

Chemical processes and technologies (these might be hybrid processing)

Physical processes and technologies (these might be hybrid processing)

Thermochemical processes and technologies

Other processes and technologies

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