Primary processing

Primary processing of biowaste results in intermediate chemicals and/or materials which will then go into the secondary processing after which the final product is obtained. While some technologies are used exclusively for the purpose of primary processing, others (such as the separation technologies) can be utilised in both primary and secondary processing.

Biochemical pre-treatments

• Enzymatic (in vitro)
• Fungal
• Microbial
  • Aeration

Chemical pre-treatments

• Hydrolysis
  • Acid Acid
  • Alkali
  • Salt
    • Metal salts
    • Sulphite salt
  • Solvent
    • Organosolv
• Ionic liquids
• Oxidation
• Plasma

Hybrid pre-treatments

• Pulping
  • Chemical pulping
    • Organosolv
    • Soda
    • Sulphate
    • Sulphite
  • Hybrid pulping
    • Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical pulping (NSSC)
    • Chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP)
  • Mechanical pulping
    • Refiner
      • Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)
      • Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)
    • Groundwood
      • Stone groundwood (SGW)
      • Thermal groundwood (TGW)
      • Pressure groundwood (PGW)

Physical pre-treatments

• Densification
  • Pressure densification
• Microwave
• Pressure-densification
• Sizing
  • Chipping
  • Grinding
• Steam explosion
  • Air
  • Supercritical CO₂
• Thermal expansion
• Ultrasonication

Separation pre-treatments

• Physicomechanical separations
  • Centrifugation
  • Filtration
    • Membrane Filtration
    • Pressure filtration
    • Ultrafiltration
  • Sieving
• Physicochemical separations
  • Chromatography
  • Dialysis
  • Dissolution, Crystallisation, flocculation, precipitation
  • Distillation
  • Drying
    • Air drying
    • Nitrogen drying
    • Freeze drying
    • Thermal drying
    • Vacuum drying
  • Extraction
    • Acid treatment
    • Alkali treatment
  • Extrusion
  • Field-Flow fractionation (FFF)
    • Asymmatric flow FFF (AF4)
    • Centrifugal FFF
    • Electrical FFF
    • Split flow thin-cell fractionation (SPLITT)
    • Thermal FFF
  • Integrated hydroxyl radicals and hot water pre-treatment (IHRWT)

Thermochemical pre-treatments

• Ammonia fibre expansion
• Dry torrefaction
• Wet torrefaction

Pulping (we need to divide all pulping subcatecories to the existing ones, suggestions are welcome)

• Chemical pulping
  • Organosolv
  • Soda
  • Sulphate
  • Sulphite
• Hybrid pulping
  • Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical pulping (NSSC)
  • Chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP)
• Mechanical pulping
  • Refiner
    • Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)
    • Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)
  • Groundwood
    • Stone groundwood (SGW)
    • Thermal groundwood (TGW)
    • Pressure groundwood (PGW)