Difference between revisions of "Heterogeneous catalysis"
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{{Infobox technology|Name=Heterogeneous catalysis|Category= [[Conversion]], [[Conversion#Chemical processes and technologies|Chemical conversion]]|Feedstock=Wide range|Product=Wide range}} | {{Infobox technology|Name=Heterogeneous catalysis|Category= [[Conversion]], [[Conversion#Chemical processes and technologies|Chemical conversion]]|Feedstock=Wide range|Product=Wide range}} | ||
<onlyinclude>Heterogeneous catalysis is a catalysis in which the catalyst and the feedstock are different phases. In practice, this often means that the feedstock is a liquid or gas and the catalyst is a solid, also known as ''solid catalysis.'' Heterogeneous catalysis is the most widely used form of catalysis in the current chemical industry.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The critical role of heterogeneous catalysis in lignocellulosic biomass conversion|year=2009|author=Yu-Chuan Lin, George W. Huber|journal=Energy Environ. Sci.|volume=2|issue=1|page=68–80|doi=10.1039/B814955K}}</ref> There is a wide variety of catalytic systems and many reactions can be catalysed with a solid catalyst. Examples are [[pyrolysis]], hydro-processing, [[oxidation]], amination, dehydration, [[hydrolysis]], (trans)esterification, and isomerisation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Functionalised heterogeneous catalysts for sustainable biomass valorisation|year=2018|author=Putla Sudarsanam, Ruyi Zhong, Sander Van den Bosch, Simona M. Coman, Vasile I. Parvulescu, Bert F. Sels|journal=Chemical Society Reviews|volume=47|issue=22|page=8349–8402|doi=10.1039/C8CS00410B}}</ref> Common heterogeneous catalysts are heterogeneous solid base catalysts and heterogeneous solid acid catalysts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=A review of sustainable biodiesel production using biomass derived heterogeneous catalysts|year=2021-10-22|author=Semakula Maroa, Freddie Inambao|journal=Engineering in Life Sciences|page=elsc.202100025|doi=10.1002/elsc.202100025}}</ref></onlyinclude> | <onlyinclude>Heterogeneous catalysis is a catalysis in which the catalyst and the feedstock are in different phases. In practice, this often means that the feedstock is a liquid or gas and the catalyst is a solid, also known as ''solid catalysis.'' Heterogeneous catalysis is the most widely used form of catalysis in the current chemical industry.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The critical role of heterogeneous catalysis in lignocellulosic biomass conversion|year=2009|author=Yu-Chuan Lin, George W. Huber|journal=Energy Environ. Sci.|volume=2|issue=1|page=68–80|doi=10.1039/B814955K}}</ref> There is a wide variety of catalytic systems and many reactions can be catalysed with a solid catalyst. Examples are [[pyrolysis]], hydro-processing, [[oxidation]], amination, dehydration, [[hydrolysis]], (trans)esterification, and isomerisation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Functionalised heterogeneous catalysts for sustainable biomass valorisation|year=2018|author=Putla Sudarsanam, Ruyi Zhong, Sander Van den Bosch, Simona M. Coman, Vasile I. Parvulescu, Bert F. Sels|journal=Chemical Society Reviews|volume=47|issue=22|page=8349–8402|doi=10.1039/C8CS00410B}}</ref> Common heterogeneous catalysts are heterogeneous solid base catalysts and heterogeneous solid acid catalysts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=A review of sustainable biodiesel production using biomass derived heterogeneous catalysts|year=2021-10-22|author=Semakula Maroa, Freddie Inambao|journal=Engineering in Life Sciences|page=elsc.202100025|doi=10.1002/elsc.202100025}}</ref></onlyinclude> | ||
==Feedstock== | ==Feedstock== | ||
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=== Pre-treatment === | === Pre-treatment === | ||
The pre-treatment of the feedstock for a heterogeneous catalysis is depending on the specific process and feedstock used. In principal the feedstock normally is a liquid or gas so for solid feedstocks a conversion process like a pyrolysis or gasification or a solution is needed. | The pre-treatment of the feedstock for a heterogeneous catalysis is depending on the specific process and feedstock used. In principal, the feedstock normally is a liquid or gas so for solid feedstocks a conversion process like a pyrolysis or gasification or a solution is needed. | ||
==Process and technologies== | ==Process and technologies== | ||
[[Image:Hydrogenation on catalyst.svg|thumb|upright|Hydrogenation of ethene on a catalytic solid surface; (1) Adsorption, (2) Reaction, (3) Desorption]] | [[Image:Hydrogenation on catalyst.svg|thumb|upright|Hydrogenation of ethene on a catalytic solid surface; (1) Adsorption, (2) Reaction, (3) Desorption]] | ||
A wide range of processes and technologies can make use of heterogeneous catalysts. Examples are [[pyrolysis]], hydro-processing, [[oxidation]], amination, dehydration, [[hydrolysis]], (trans)esterification, and isomerisation.<ref name=":1" /> The most common heterogeneous catalysts are heterogeneous solid base catalysts and heterogeneous solid acid catalysts. Base catalysts have a high concentration of basic sites that | A wide range of processes and technologies can make use of heterogeneous catalysts. Examples are [[pyrolysis]], hydro-processing, [[oxidation]], amination, dehydration, [[hydrolysis]], (trans)esterification, and isomerisation.<ref name=":1" /> The most common heterogeneous catalysts are heterogeneous solid base catalysts and heterogeneous solid acid catalysts. Base catalysts have a high concentration of basic sites that ensure the catalytic activity, often from Ba, Ca, Mg, and Sr and can be mixed or doped. Soap formation is a recurring drawback of these systems. Acid catalysts get their activity either from Brønsted or Lewis acidity and are commonly zirconia, silica, zeolites or zeotype materials. Major advantages of heterogeneous catalysis is the ease of separation, recyclability and high selectivity.<ref name=":0" /> Current development for future heterogeneous catalytic systems are in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), magnetic catalysts, and solid phase ionic liquids.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
Some large-scale industrial processes incorporating heterogeneous catalysts are listed below:<ref>taken from [[:en:Heterogeneous catalysis|Heterogeneous catalysis]] in wikipedia.</ref> | Some large-scale industrial processes incorporating heterogeneous catalysts are listed below:<ref>taken from [[:en:Heterogeneous catalysis|Heterogeneous catalysis]] in wikipedia.</ref> | ||
Revision as of 08:52, 2 February 2022
| Technology | |
| |
| Technology details | |
| Name: | Heterogeneous catalysis |
| Category: | Conversion, Chemical conversion |
| Feedstock: | Wide range |
| Product: | Wide range |
Heterogeneous catalysis is a catalysis in which the catalyst and the feedstock are in different phases. In practice, this often means that the feedstock is a liquid or gas and the catalyst is a solid, also known as solid catalysis. Heterogeneous catalysis is the most widely used form of catalysis in the current chemical industry.[1] There is a wide variety of catalytic systems and many reactions can be catalysed with a solid catalyst. Examples are pyrolysis, hydro-processing, oxidation, amination, dehydration, hydrolysis, (trans)esterification, and isomerisation.[2] Common heterogeneous catalysts are heterogeneous solid base catalysts and heterogeneous solid acid catalysts.[3]
Feedstock
Origin and composition
Due to the wide range of available catalysts and the large spectrum of reactions they can catalyse, the feedstock range for heterogeneous catalysis is significant. This ranges from biomass feedstocks such as lignocellulose, lignin, cellulose, sugars, and fatty acids, to products derived from biomass, such as glycerol and furfural.[2]
Pre-treatment
The pre-treatment of the feedstock for a heterogeneous catalysis is depending on the specific process and feedstock used. In principal, the feedstock normally is a liquid or gas so for solid feedstocks a conversion process like a pyrolysis or gasification or a solution is needed.
Process and technologies
A wide range of processes and technologies can make use of heterogeneous catalysts. Examples are pyrolysis, hydro-processing, oxidation, amination, dehydration, hydrolysis, (trans)esterification, and isomerisation.[2] The most common heterogeneous catalysts are heterogeneous solid base catalysts and heterogeneous solid acid catalysts. Base catalysts have a high concentration of basic sites that ensure the catalytic activity, often from Ba, Ca, Mg, and Sr and can be mixed or doped. Soap formation is a recurring drawback of these systems. Acid catalysts get their activity either from Brønsted or Lewis acidity and are commonly zirconia, silica, zeolites or zeotype materials. Major advantages of heterogeneous catalysis is the ease of separation, recyclability and high selectivity.[3] Current development for future heterogeneous catalytic systems are in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), magnetic catalysts, and solid phase ionic liquids.[2]
Some large-scale industrial processes incorporating heterogeneous catalysts are listed below:[4]
| Process | Reactants, Product/s (not balanced) | Catalyst | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sulfuric acid synthesis (Contact process) | SO2 + O2, SO3 | vanadium oxides | Hydration of SO3 gives H2SO4 |
| Ammonia synthesis (Haber–Bosch process) | N2 + H2, NH3 | iron oxides on alumina (Al2O3) | Consumes 1% of world's industrial energy budget |
| Nitric acid synthesis (Ostwald process) | NH3 + O2, HNO3 | unsupported Pt-Rh gauze | Direct routes from N2 are uneconomical |
| Hydrogen production by Steam reforming | CH4 + H2O, H2 + CO2 | Nickel or K2O | Greener routes to H2 by water splitting actively sought |
| Ethylene oxide synthesis | C2H4 + O2, C2H4O | silver on alumina, with many promoters | Poorly applicable to other alkenes |
| Hydrogen cyanide synthesis (Andrussov oxidation) | NH3 + O2 + CH4, HCN | Pt-Rh | Related ammoxidation process converts hydrocarbons to nitriles |
| Olefin polymerization Ziegler–Natta polymerization | propylene, polypropylene | TiCl3 on MgCl2 | Many variations exist, including some homogeneous examples |
| Desulfurization of petroleum (hydrodesulfurization) | H2 + R2S (idealized organosulfur impurity), RH + H2S | Molybdenum-Cobalt on alumina | Produces low-sulfur hydrocarbons, sulfur recovered via the Claus process |
Product
Heterogeneous catalysis is widely used throughout chemistry and a plethora of products can be made. Heterogeneous catalysis is often used in the production of biodiesel[3], but can also be employed in the pyrolysis process or in the production of many other value added chemicals.[2]
Post-treatment
The post-treatment of the products of a heterogeneous catalysis is depending on the specific process and final products aimed for.
Technology providers
| Company name | Country | Technology category | Technology name | TRL | Capacity [kg/h] | Catalyst | Temperature [°C] | Feedstock: Food waste | Feedstock: Garden & park waste |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Company 1 | [Country HQ location] | [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter Process and technologies)] | [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)] | [4-9] | [numeric value] | ● | ● | ||
| Company 2 | [Country HQ location] | [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter Process and technologies)] | [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)] | [4-9] | [numeric value] | ● | ● |
Haldor Topsøe (HydroFlex)
Sigma-Aldrich
| General information | |||
| Company: | Sigma-Aldrich |
| |
| Country: | USA | ||
| Contact: | |||
| Webpage: | https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/NL/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/catalysts/hydrogenation-catalysts | ||
| Technology and process details | |||
| Technology name: | Technology category: | Conversion (Chemical processes and technologies) | |
| TRL: | Capacity: | kg·h-1 | |
| Catalyst: | Temperature: | °C | |
| Other: | |||
| Feedstock and product details | |||
| Feedstock: | Product: | ||
Open access pilot and demo facility providers
Patents
Currently no patents have been identified.
References
- ↑ Yu-Chuan Lin, George W. Huber, 2009: The critical role of heterogeneous catalysis in lignocellulosic biomass conversion. Energy Environ. Sci., Vol. 2, (1), 68–80. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/B814955K
- ↑ a b c d e Putla Sudarsanam, Ruyi Zhong, Sander Van den Bosch, Simona M. Coman, Vasile I. Parvulescu, Bert F. Sels, 2018: Functionalised heterogeneous catalysts for sustainable biomass valorisation. Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 47, (22), 8349–8402. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CS00410B
- ↑ a b c Semakula Maroa, Freddie Inambao, 2021-10-22: A review of sustainable biodiesel production using biomass derived heterogeneous catalysts. Engineering in Life Sciences, Vol. , elsc.202100025. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.202100025
- ↑ taken from Heterogeneous catalysis in wikipedia.