Difference between revisions of "Help:Article content of technology pages"

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=== Origin and composition ===
=== Origin and composition ===
Since all kind of [[biowaste]] contains hydrocarbonaceous material it can also be processed via pyrolysis. However, the composition of the feedstock has an impact on the pyrolysis process and therewith on the products which can be obtained. Usually wood and herbaceous feedstocks are processed which are composed differently<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Carpenter, D., Westover, T. L., Czernik, S. and Jablonski, W.|year=2014|title=Biomass feedstocks for renewable fuel production: a review of the impacts of feedstock and pretreatment on the yield and product distribution of fast pyrolysis bio-oils and vapors|journal=Green Chemistry|volume=16|issue=2|page=384-406|doi=10.1039/C3GC41631C}}</ref> which qualifies [[garden waste]] as suitable feedstock.       
Description about which kind of relevant feedstock (biowaste) is usually processed (relevant feedstocks can be found under [[Biowaste]]). More information about origin and composition and how is that related to the process and product outcome (quality, advantages, disadvantages). Tables can help to give a better overview.       
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Typical composition of typical pyrolysis feedstocks<ref name=":2" />
!Feedstock:
!Corn stover
!Switchgrass
!Wood
|-
| colspan="4" |Proximate analysis wt [%]
|-
|Moisture
|8.0
|9.8
|42.0
|-
|Ash
|6.9
|8.1
|2.3
|-
|Volatile matter
|69.7
|69.1
|47.8
|-
|Fixed carbon
|15.4
|12.9
|7.9
|-
| colspan="4" |Elemental analysis [%]
|-
|Carbon
|49.7
|50.7
|51.5
|-
|Hydrogen
|5.91
|6.32
|4.71
|-
|Oxygen
|42.6
|41.0
|40.9
|-
|Nitrogen
|0.97
|0.83
|1.06
|-
|Sulphur
|0.11
|0.21
|0.12
|-
|Chlorine
|0.28
|0.22
|0.02
|-
| colspan="4" |Structural organics wt [%]
|-
|Cellulose
|36.3
|44.8
|38.3
|-
|Hemicellulose
|23.5
|35.3
|33.4
|-
|Lignin
|17.5
|11.9
|25.2
|}
 
=== Pre-treatment ===
=== Pre-treatment ===
The [[Pre-treatments|pre-treatment]] of the feedstock has an impact on the pyrolysis process, its efficiency, and the yield of certain products. The following pre-treatments may be considered <ref name=":0" />:
Description or list about pre-treatments that are necessary before the feedstock can be processed via the technology. [[Primary processing]] or [[Hybrid processing]] might provide suitable candidates. If they are not covered yet please provide feedback or feel free to create pages for missing pre-treatments.
*[https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Physical_pre-treatments#Sizing Sizing] (e.g. chipping, grinding)
* [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Physical_pre-treatments#Densification Densification] (e.g. pressure-densification)
* [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Physical_pre-treatments#Steam_explosion Steam explosion]
* [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Physical_pre-treatments#Drying_(evaporation) Drying (evaporation)] (e.g. air drying, freeze-drying)
* [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Physical_pre-treatments#Extraction Extraction] (e.g. acid and alkali treatment for the removal of minerals)
* [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Physical_pre-treatments#Wet_torrefaction Wet torrefaction]
*[https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Physical_pre-treatments#Ammonia_fibre_expansion Ammonia fibre expansion]
* [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Physical_pre-treatments#Enzymatic Enzymatic] (e.g. Decomposing via fungi)


== Process and technologies ==
== Process and technologies ==
The pyrolysis is an endothermal process which requires the input of energy in form of heat which can either be directly (direct pyrolysis) applied via hot gases or indirectly (indirect pyrolysis) via external heating of the reactor. Compared to [[gasification]], the process takes place in an atmosphere without oxygen or at least under a limitation of oxygen.
Main description about the process and technologies (including process conditions etc.). The technologies might have further sub-categorisations that can be introduced and described in subchapters as follows:
 
In general, pyrolysis can be divided into different steps which includes:
 
# Evaporation and vapourisation of water and other volatile molecules which is induced at temperatures > 100 °C
# Thermal excitation and dissociation of the molecules induced at temperatures between 100-600 °C, which also may involve the production of free radicals as intermediate stage
# Reaction and recombination of the molecules, and triggering of chain reactions through free radicals
 
The pyrolysis process and the formation of products can be controlled to a certain extend via different temperature ranges and reaction times as well as by utilising reactive gases, liquids, catalysts, alternative forms of heat application (e.g. via microwaves or plasma), and a variety of [[reactor designs]]. Depending on the residence time and temperature as well as different technical reaction environments the pyrolysis can be categorised under diffferent terms as follows.
 
=== Categorisation according residence time and temperature ===
 
* Fast pyrolysis
* Intermediate pyrolysis
* Slow pyrolysis (charring, torrefaction)


=== Categorisation according technical reaction environment ===
=== Category 1 ===
Depending on these factors the pyrolysis technology can be divided into different categories as follows:
Description about a special sub-category of the technology including the main features and differentiation from the other subcategories. If applies: advantages, disadvantages, limitations, differences in ability to process different feedstocks, product quality.


* Catalytic cracking
=== Category 2 ===
** One-step process
Description about a special sub-category of the technology including the main features and differentiation from the other subcategories. If applies: advantages, disadvantages, limitations, differences in ability to process different feedstocks, product quality.
** Two-step process
* Hydrocracking
* Thermal cracking
* Thermal depolymerisation?


=== Reactions ===
=== Reactions or physical principle ===
A range of different reactions occur during the process such as [[dehydration]], [[depolymerisation]], [[isomerisation]], [[aromatisation]], [[decarboxylation]], and [[charring]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hu, X. and Gholizadeh, M.|year=2019|title=Biomass pyrolysis: A review of the process development and challenges from initial researches up to the commercialisation stage|journal=Journal of Energy Chemistry|volume=39|issue=|page=109-143|doi=doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2019.01.024}}</ref>.
Reactions or physical principles can explaned in more detail if needed.


== Product ==
== Product ==
A range of solid, liquid, and gaseous products can be obtained from the pyrolysis process including [[char]], [[pyrolysis oil]], and [[pyrolysis gas]]. Depending on the feedstock origin and composition as well as the pre-treatment and process the yield as well as the chemical and physical properties of the products can vary.
Main description about the products that are obtained including application fields, as well as potentially impacts on quality, yield etc. Sub-chapters as follows are recommended if several products are obtained
 
=== Char ===
[[File:Charcoal.jpg|thumb|Wood-based char]]
As mentioned the functional properties of char may vary which includes carbon content, functional groups, heating value, surface area, and pore-size distribution. The application possibilities are versatile, the char can be used as soil amendment for carbon sequestration, soil fertility improvement, and pollution remediation. Furthermore the char can be used for catalytic purposes, energy storage, or sorbent for pollutant removal from water or flue-gas.


=== Pyrolysis oil ===
=== Product 1 ===
[[File:Corn Stover Tar from Pyrolysis by Microwave Heating.jpg|thumb|upright|Pyrolysis oil from corn stover pyrolysis]]
Description about the products that are obtained including application fields, as well as potentially impacts on quality, yield etc.  
Produced pyrolysis oil is a multiphase emulsion composed of water and and hundrets of organic molecules such as acids, alcohols, ketones, furans, phenols, ethers, esters, sugars, aldehydes, alkenes, nitrogen- and oxygen- containing molecules. A longer storage or exposure to higher temperature increases the viscosity due to possible chemical reactions of the compounds in the oil which leads to the formation of larger molecules<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Czernik, S. and Bridgwater|year=2004|title=Overview of Applications of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Oil|journal=Energy & Fuels|volume=18|issue=2|page=590-598|doi=10.1021/ef034067u}}</ref>. The presence of oligomeric species with a molecular weight >5000 decreases the stability of the oil<ref name=":0" />, furthermore the formation of aerosols from volatile substances accelerates the aging process in which the water content and phase separation increases. The application as fuel in standard equipment for petroleum fuels (e.g. boilers, engines, turbines) may be limited due to poor volatility, high viscosity, coking, and corrosiveness of the oil<ref name=":1" />. To overcome these problems the pyrolysis oil has to be upgraded in a [[post-treatment]] to be used as fuel and/or the equipment for the end-application has to be adapted.


=== Pyrolysis gas ===
=== Product 2 ===
Syngas can be obtained from the pyrolysis gas which is composed of different gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, suphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia<ref name=":0" />. The different gases can be fractionated from each other in the post-treatment to utilise them for different applications such as the production of chemicals, cosmetics, food, polymers or the utilisation as fuel or technical gas.
Description about the products that are obtained including application fields, as well as potentially impacts on quality, yield etc.


=== Post-treatment ===
=== Post-treatment ===
 
Description or list about post-treatments that are necessary after the feedstock is processed via the technology. [[Primary processing]] or [[Hybrid processing]] might provide suitable candidates. If they are not covered yet please provide feedback or feel free to create pages for missing pre-treatments.
* [[Fischer-Tropsch-Synthesis]]


== Technology providers ==
== Technology providers ==
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!
|-
|-
|[https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Pyrolysis#BioBTX BioBTX]
| Company 1
|The Netherlands
| Country 1
|Groningen
|Catalytic Pyrolysis, two-step
|Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) technology
|5-6
|10
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|-
|[https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Pyrolysis#BTG_Bioliquids BTG Bioliquids]
|The Netherlands
|Zoetermeer
|Fast Pyrolysis
|BTG fast pyrolysis technology
|8-9
|5,000
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| Company 3
| Country 3
| City 3
| City 3
| Technology category
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| Technology name
| Technology name
| 5
| 1
| 1
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| Company 4
| Company 2
| Country 4
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| City 4
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===BioBTX===
===Company 1===
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis
| Company = Bio-BTX B.V.
| Company = Bio-BTX B.V.

Revision as of 09:13, 8 September 2021

Technology
21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste rect-p.png
Technology details
Name: Technology name
Category:
Feedstock: Food and kitchen waste (specified example 1, specified example 2...), Garden and park waste (specified examples), Municipal waste (specified example 1, specified example 2...)
Product: Product 1, product 2, product 3

Technology name and short description/introduction of its basic process principles, capabilities, feedstock, product, application fields etc.

Feedstock

Origin and composition

Description about which kind of relevant feedstock (biowaste) is usually processed (relevant feedstocks can be found under Biowaste). More information about origin and composition and how is that related to the process and product outcome (quality, advantages, disadvantages). Tables can help to give a better overview.

Pre-treatment

Description or list about pre-treatments that are necessary before the feedstock can be processed via the technology. Primary processing or Hybrid processing might provide suitable candidates. If they are not covered yet please provide feedback or feel free to create pages for missing pre-treatments.

Process and technologies

Main description about the process and technologies (including process conditions etc.). The technologies might have further sub-categorisations that can be introduced and described in subchapters as follows:

Category 1

Description about a special sub-category of the technology including the main features and differentiation from the other subcategories. If applies: advantages, disadvantages, limitations, differences in ability to process different feedstocks, product quality.

Category 2

Description about a special sub-category of the technology including the main features and differentiation from the other subcategories. If applies: advantages, disadvantages, limitations, differences in ability to process different feedstocks, product quality.

Reactions or physical principle

Reactions or physical principles can explaned in more detail if needed.

Product

Main description about the products that are obtained including application fields, as well as potentially impacts on quality, yield etc. Sub-chapters as follows are recommended if several products are obtained

Product 1

Description about the products that are obtained including application fields, as well as potentially impacts on quality, yield etc.

Product 2

Description about the products that are obtained including application fields, as well as potentially impacts on quality, yield etc.

Post-treatment

Description or list about post-treatments that are necessary after the feedstock is processed via the technology. Primary processing or Hybrid processing might provide suitable candidates. If they are not covered yet please provide feedback or feel free to create pages for missing pre-treatments.

Technology providers

Technology comparison
Company name Country City Technology category Technology name TRL Capacity [kg/h] Feedstock: Food & kitchen waste Feedstock: Garden & park waste Feedstock: Municipal waste Product: Char Product: Oil Product: Syngas
Company 1 Country 1 City 3 Technology category Technology name 5 1 ● ● ●
Company 2 Country 4 City 4 Technology category Technology name 1 10 ● ● ●

Company 1

Pyrolysis provider
General information
Company: Bio-BTX B.V. 21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste rect-p.png
Country:
Contact:
Webpage: https://biobtx.com/
Technology and process details
Technology name: Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) technology Technology category: Conversion (Thermochemical processes and technologies)
TRL: 5-6 Capacity: 10 kg·h-1
Atmosphere: Inert Catalyst: Zeolite
Heating: Fluidised sand bed Pressure: 1-4 bar
Reactor: Fluidised sand bed, fixed bed Temperature: 450-650 °C
Other: Unknown
Feedstock and product details
Feedstock: Biomass (liquid, solid), wood pulp lignin residues, used cooking oil Product: Benzene, toluene, xylene, aromatics, light gases

BioBTX was founded in 2012 by KNN and Syncom, in collaboration with the university of Groningen, Netherlands. The company is a technology provider developing chemical recycling technologies for different feedstocks including non-food bio- and plastics waste. In 2018 a pilot plant with the capability to process biomass and plastic waste was set up at the Zernike Advanced Processing (ZAP) Facility. The company is now focused on setting up their first commercial plant with a capacity of 20,000 to 30,000 tonnes. The investing phase B was recently completed, with the last investment phase in 2019 the financial requirements are fulfilled to complete the commercialisation activities to build the plant which is expected for 2023.

The technology is based on an Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) process, being able to produce aromatics including benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) as well as light olefins from low grade biomass and plastics waste. This technology utilises catalytic cracking in a two-step process at temperatures between 450- 850 °C. In the first step the feedstock material is vaporised via thermal cracking. The pyrolysis vapours are then directly passed into a second reactor in which they are converted into aromatics by utilising a zeolite catalyst which can be continuously regenerated. Finally, the products are separated from the gas via condensation. An ex situ approach of catalytic conversion has several advantages such as the protection of the catalyst from deactivation/degradation expanding its lifetime, a greater variety of feedstock, and a precise adjustment of process conditions (e.g. temperature, catalyst design, and Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) in each step for improved yields. In current pilot plant with 10 kg h-1 feed capacity for either waste plastics or biomass, final design details are established, which will be include in the running engineering activities for the commercial plant.

BTG Bioliquids

Pyrolysis provider
General information
Company: BTG Bioliquids 21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste rect-p.png
Country:
Contact:
Webpage: https://www.btg-bioliquids.com/
Technology and process details
Technology name: BTG fast pyrolysis technology Technology category: Conversion (Thermochemical processes and technologies)
TRL: 8-9 Capacity: 5,000 kg·h-1
Atmosphere: Inert Catalyst: -
Heating: Fluidised sand bed Pressure: - bar
Reactor: Rotating Cone Reactor Temperature: 400-550 °C
Other: -
Feedstock and product details
Feedstock: Woody biomass Product: Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil (FPBO), heat (steam), power (electricity)
EMPYRO factory
The EMPYRO pyrolysis factory in Hengelo, the Netherlands.

BTG Bioliquids, a spin-off company from BTG Biomass Technology Group, was founded in 2007 in Enschede, the Netherlands. BTG Bioliquids aims for commercial implementation of their fast pyrolysis technology, which focuses on wood residues. Since 2015, the first successful production plant EMPYRO is in operation in Hengelo, the Netherlands, producing 24,000 tonnes pyrolysis oil per year. In 2018 EMPYRO was sold to Twence. Several new plants with Green Fuel Nordic in Finland and with Pyrocell in Sweden are announced, with currently one plant operational in Sweden.

Fortum (Combined Heat and Power plant, CHP; LignoCat?)

Fraunhofer UMSICHT (TCR-Process --> Susteen Technologies GmbH?)

Green Fuel Nordic

KIT (bioliq-Project)

Preem (Biozin; RenFuel)

Pyrocell

Statkraft (Silva Green Fuel)

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

Further providers

Pilots4U Database

Patents

References

Al Arni, S. 2018: Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for converting biomass into fuel. Renewable Energy, Vol. 124 197-201. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.060

Czajczyńska, D., Anguilano, L., Ghazal, H., Krzyżyńska, R., Reynolds, A. J., Spencer, N. and Jouhara, H. 2017: Potential of pyrolysis processes in the waste management sector. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, Vol. 3 171-197. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2017.06.003

Speight, J. 2019: Handbook of Industrial Hydrocarbon Processes. Gulf Professional Publishing, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Tan, H., Lee, C. T., Ong, P. Y., Wong, K. Y., Bong, C. P. C., Li, C. and Gao, Y. 2021: A Review On The Comparison Between Slow Pyrolysis And Fast Pyrolysis On The Quality Of Lignocellulosic And Lignin-Based Biochar. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 1051 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1051/1/012075

Waheed, Q. M. K., Nahil, M. A. and Williams, P. T. 2013: Pyrolysis of waste biomass: investigation of fast pyrolysis and slow pyrolysis process conditions on product yield and gas composition. Journal of the Energy Institute, Vol. 86 (4), 233-241. doi:10.1179/1743967113Z.00000000067

Zaman, C. Z., Pal, K., Yehye, W. A., Sagadevan, S., Shah, S. T., Adebisi, G. A., Marliana, E., Rafique, R. F. and Johan, R. B. 2017: Pyrolysis: A Sustainable Way to Generate Energy from Waste. IntechOpen


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