Difference between revisions of "Enzymatic processes"

[checked revision]

Revision as of 11:41, 24 January 2022

Technology

Technology details
Name:	Enzymatic processes
Category:	Biochemical processes and technologies
Feedstock:	Garden and park waste
Product:	Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin

Enzymatic processes utilise enzymes (/ˈɛnzaɪmz/) which are proteins that act as biological catalysts (biocatalysts).^[1] In terms of lignocellulosic biomass valorisation, enzymes find two main applications: i) biomass pretreatment, and ii) polysaccharides hydrolysis. Biomass enzymatic pretreatment falls under the category of "biological pretreatment". Other pretreatment methods for lignocellulosic biomass includes, physical (e.g., mechanical), chemical (e.g., acid and alkali), physico-chemical (e.g., steam explosion and AFEX), and a combination thereof^[2]. polysaccharides hydrolysis is a concept mostly applied in biorefineries as part of the hydrolysis of plant cell wall constituents like cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.

Feedstock

Origin and composition

Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is mainly characterized by the presence of two carbohydrate polymers, namely cellulose and hemicellulose, as well as an aromatic polymer called lignin. Other components in LCB, found in smaller amounts, are ash, pectin, and proteins. The percentage content of celluloce, hemicelllulose, and lignin are varied among different lignocellulosic materials. In general, the content of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in LCB is in the range of 30-60%, 20-40%, and 15-25%, respectively.^[3]

Pre-treatment

Process and technologies

Enzymatic pre-treatment (biological pre-treatment)

Pre-treatment of biomass is the first step in most, if not, all biorefinery related processes. For instance, it is the first and most challenging step in the bioethanol process, and is considered a critical step having a large impact on digestibility and downstream costs.

Enzymatic hydrolysis

Enzymatic hydrolysis processes allow to produce monomeric sugars from (ligno)cellulosic biomass by using specific enzymes (i.e. cellulases and hemicellulases) able to break down the chemical bonds in cellulose and hemicellulose polymers. Several factors can affect the efficiency of this process: accessible surface area and crystallinity of the biomass, as well as pH, time and temperatures of the process^[4]. Enzymatic hydrolysis is gaining increased attention with respect to acid hydrolysis due to equipment corrosion, energy consumption, non-recyclability of reagents, fermentation inhibitors production during acid hydrolysis ^[5]. To increase the hydrolysis efficiency, a pretreatment step prior to enzymatic reaction is usually required due to the complex lignocellulosic biomass composition (Primary processing).

Product

Technology providers

Company 1

Enzymatic processes provider
General information
Company:
Country:
Contact:
Webpage:
Technology and process details
Technology name:		Technology category:	Conversion (Biochemical processes and technologies)
TRL:		Capacity:	kg·h^-1
Agitator:		Controlled parameters:
Processable volume:	L	Reactor:
Reactor material:		Safety restrictions:
Temperature:	°C	Other:
Feedstock and product details
Feedstock:		Product:

Open access pilot and demo facility providers

Pilots4U Database

Patents

Currently no patents have been identified.

References

↑ , 2021: Enzyme , Last access 24-09-21. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme
↑ E. Hosseini Koupaie, S. Dahadha, A.A. Bazyar Lakeh, A. Azizi, E. Elbeshbishy, 2018: Enzymatic pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced biomethane production - A review. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 233, 774-784. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.106
↑ Sawatdeenarunat, C., Surendra, K., Takara, D., Oechsner, H., Khanal, S.K., 2015: Anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass: challenges and opportunities. Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 178, 178-186. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.103
↑ Saverio Niglio, Alessandra Procentese, Maria Elena Russo, Giovanni Sannia, Antonio Marzocchella, 2019-06-01: Investigation of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Coffee Silverskin Aimed at the Production of Butanol and Succinic Acid by Fermentative Processes. BioEnergy Research, Vol. 12, (2), 312–324. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-019-09969-6
↑ Gabriela Piccolo Maitan-Alfenas, Evan Michael Visser, Valéria Monteze Guimarães, 2015-02-01: Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: converting food waste in valuable products. Current Opinion in Food Science, Vol. 1, 44–49. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2014.10.001

[1] , 2021: Enzyme , Last access 24-09-21. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme

[2] E. Hosseini Koupaie, S. Dahadha, A.A. Bazyar Lakeh, A. Azizi, E. Elbeshbishy, 2018: Enzymatic pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced biomethane production - A review. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 233, 774-784. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.106

[3] Sawatdeenarunat, C., Surendra, K., Takara, D., Oechsner, H., Khanal, S.K., 2015: Anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass: challenges and opportunities. Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 178, 178-186. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.103

[4] Saverio Niglio, Alessandra Procentese, Maria Elena Russo, Giovanni Sannia, Antonio Marzocchella, 2019-06-01: Investigation of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Coffee Silverskin Aimed at the Production of Butanol and Succinic Acid by Fermentative Processes. BioEnergy Research, Vol. 12, (2), 312–324. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-019-09969-6

[5] Gabriela Piccolo Maitan-Alfenas, Evan Michael Visser, Valéria Monteze Guimarães, 2015-02-01: Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: converting food waste in valuable products. Current Opinion in Food Science, Vol. 1, 44–49. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2014.10.001

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 === Enzymatic pre-treatment (biological pre-treatment) ===
+Pre-treatment of biomass is the first step in most, if not, all biorefinery related processes. For instance, it is the first and most challenging step in the bioethanol process, and is considered a critical step having a large impact on digestibility and downstream costs.
 === Enzymatic hydrolysis ===
 Enzymatic hydrolysis processes allow to produce monomeric sugars from (ligno)cellulosic biomass by using specific enzymes (i.e. cellulases and hemicellulases) able to break down the chemical bonds in cellulose and hemicellulose polymers. Several factors can affect the efficiency of this process: accessible surface area and crystallinity of the biomass, as well as pH, time and temperatures of the process<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Investigation of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Coffee Silverskin Aimed at the Production of Butanol and Succinic Acid by Fermentative Processes|year=2019-06-01|author=Saverio Niglio, Alessandra Procentese, Maria Elena Russo, Giovanni Sannia, Antonio Marzocchella|journal=BioEnergy Research|volume=12|issue=2|page=312–324|doi=10.1007/s12155-019-09969-6}}</ref>. Enzymatic hydrolysis is gaining increased attention with respect to acid hydrolysis due to equipment corrosion, energy consumption, non-recyclability of reagents, fermentation inhibitors production during acid hydrolysis <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: converting food waste in valuable products|year=2015-02-01|author=Gabriela Piccolo Maitan-Alfenas, Evan Michael Visser, Valéria Monteze Guimarães|journal=Current Opinion in Food Science|volume=1|page=44–49|doi=10.1016/j.cofs.2014.10.001}}</ref>. To increase the hydrolysis efficiency, a pretreatment step prior to enzymatic reaction is usually required due to the complex lignocellulosic biomass composition ([[Primary processing]]).