Difference between revisions of "Distillation"
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|Name= Distillation}} | |Name= Distillation}} | ||
<onlyinclude>'''Distillation''' is the process of separating | <onlyinclude>'''Distillation''' is the process of separating components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture. In industrial applications, distillation is a physical separation process, not a chemical reaction. The application of distillation covers various options, for example purification of alcohol, desalination, crude oil refining, or making liquefied gases from air.</onlyinclude> | ||
==Feedstock== | ==Feedstock== | ||
=== Origin and composition === | === Origin and composition === | ||
Since distillation is limited for the use of liquid mixtures, the feedstock needs to be in liquid form. Examples in the field of [[biowaste]] here are fermented biowaste resources (as bioethanol) or bio oils. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Techno-economic assessment of hybrid extraction and distillation processes for furfural production from lignocellulosic biomass|year=2017-12|author=Le Cao Nhien, Nguyen Van Duc Long, Sangyong Kim, Moonyong Lee|journal=Biotechnology for Biofuels|volume=10|issue=1|page=81|doi=10.1186/s13068-017-0767-3}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Renewable diesel blendstocks produced by hydrothermal liquefaction of wet biowaste|year=2018-11|author=Wan-Ting Chen, Yuanhui Zhang, Timothy H. Lee, Zhenwei Wu, Buchun Si, Chia-Fon F. Lee|journal=Nature Sustainability|volume=1|issue=11|page=702–710|doi=10.1038/s41893-018-0172-3}}</ref> | |||
=== Pre-treatment === | |||
For a distillation no specific pre-treatment is needed since it is used to separate different fraction within a process chain. To gain a liquid product from bio waste resources, [[fermentation]] or [[hydrothermal processing]] (hydrothermal liquefaction) are possible pre-treatment technologies. Sometimes there are combination options with other technologies, such as [[extraction]] or [[esterification]], for higher efficiencies.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> | |||
With distillation, it is not possible to completely purify a mixture of components, as this would require each component in the mixture to have a zero partial pressure. If ultra-pure products are the goal, then further chemical separation must be applied. | |||
==Process and technologies== | ==Process and technologies== | ||
[[File:Colonne distillazione.jpg|thumb | [[File:Total Reflux.png|thumb|219x219px|Distillation column]] | ||
Distillation exploits differences in ''relative volatilities'' of the feed mixture components. In a distillation column a feed stream enters in the middle of the column and two streams leave, one at the top and one at the bottom. Components with ''lower boiling points'' are concentrated in the stream leaving the top while components with ''higher boiling points'' are concentrated in the stream leaving the bottom. | |||
Separation is achieved by controlling the column temperature and pressure profiles to take advantage of differences in the relative volatility of the mixture components and therefore tendency to change phase. The lighter, lower boiling point components evaporate to the top of the column and the heavier, higher boiling point components condense to the bottom of the column. | |||
This application is often referred to as ''rectification'', which is a successive distillation. A simple distillation is not often used for industrial applications. The main advantages of rectification are that the system can be operated continuously and that the separation effect is many times greater than that of a simple distillation. The reason for this lies in the several countercurrent contacts of the vapour with the liquid. Therefore, rectification is preferred to sequential single distillations.[[File:Colonne distillazione.jpg|thumb|Typical industrial distillation towers|237x237px]] | |||
A plant that performs distillation is called a ''distillery''. The apparatus used to perform distillation is called a ''still''. | |||
Dry distillation is the heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products (which may condense into liquids or solids). Dry distillation may involve chemical changes such as destructive distillation or cracking and is not | ==== Dry distillation ==== | ||
Dry distillation is the heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products (which may condense into liquids or solids). Dry distillation may involve chemical changes such as destructive distillation or cracking and is not further addressed under this article. | |||
==Products== | ==Products== | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
* [[:en:distillation|Distilation]] in Wikipedia | * [[:en:distillation|Distilation]] in Wikipedia | ||
*[https://neutrium.net/unit-operations/distillation-fundamentals/ Distilliation Fundamentals] at Neutrium | |||
[[Category:Pre-processing]] | [[Category:Pre-processing]] | ||
[[Category:Post-processing]] | [[Category:Post-processing]] | ||
[[Category:Technologies]] | [[Category:Technologies]] | ||
Revision as of 12:19, 21 February 2022
| Technology | |
| |
| Technology details | |
| Name: | Distillation |
| Category: | Pre-processing (Separation technologies), Post-processing (Separation technologies) |
| Feedstock: | all materials |
| Product: | separated products |
Distillation is the process of separating components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture. In industrial applications, distillation is a physical separation process, not a chemical reaction. The application of distillation covers various options, for example purification of alcohol, desalination, crude oil refining, or making liquefied gases from air.
Feedstock
Origin and composition
Since distillation is limited for the use of liquid mixtures, the feedstock needs to be in liquid form. Examples in the field of biowaste here are fermented biowaste resources (as bioethanol) or bio oils. [1][2]
Pre-treatment
For a distillation no specific pre-treatment is needed since it is used to separate different fraction within a process chain. To gain a liquid product from bio waste resources, fermentation or hydrothermal processing (hydrothermal liquefaction) are possible pre-treatment technologies. Sometimes there are combination options with other technologies, such as extraction or esterification, for higher efficiencies.[1][2]
With distillation, it is not possible to completely purify a mixture of components, as this would require each component in the mixture to have a zero partial pressure. If ultra-pure products are the goal, then further chemical separation must be applied.
Process and technologies
Distillation exploits differences in relative volatilities of the feed mixture components. In a distillation column a feed stream enters in the middle of the column and two streams leave, one at the top and one at the bottom. Components with lower boiling points are concentrated in the stream leaving the top while components with higher boiling points are concentrated in the stream leaving the bottom.
Separation is achieved by controlling the column temperature and pressure profiles to take advantage of differences in the relative volatility of the mixture components and therefore tendency to change phase. The lighter, lower boiling point components evaporate to the top of the column and the heavier, higher boiling point components condense to the bottom of the column.
This application is often referred to as rectification, which is a successive distillation. A simple distillation is not often used for industrial applications. The main advantages of rectification are that the system can be operated continuously and that the separation effect is many times greater than that of a simple distillation. The reason for this lies in the several countercurrent contacts of the vapour with the liquid. Therefore, rectification is preferred to sequential single distillations.
A plant that performs distillation is called a distillery. The apparatus used to perform distillation is called a still.
Dry distillation
Dry distillation is the heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products (which may condense into liquids or solids). Dry distillation may involve chemical changes such as destructive distillation or cracking and is not further addressed under this article.
Products
Post-treatment
The post-treatment of the different products are depending on the next steps within the production chain.
Technology providers
| Company name | Country | Technology category | Technology name | TRL | Capacity [kg/h] | Processable volume [L] | Feedstock: Food waste | Feedstock: Garden & park waste |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Company 1 | [Country HQ location] | [Technology category (if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter Process and technologies)] | [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)] | [4-9] | [numeric value] | ● | ● | |
| Company 2 | [Country HQ location] | [(if different sub-categories are defined this has to be specified here, the available categories can be found on each technology page under the chapter Process and technologies)] | [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)] | [4-9] | [numeric value] | ● | ● |
ABC
| General information | |||
| Company: |
| ||
| Country: | |||
| Contact: | |||
| Webpage: | |||
| Technology and process details | |||
| Technology name: | Technology category: | Pre-processing (Separation technologies), Post-processing (Separation technologies) | |
| TRL: | Capacity: | kg·h-1 | |
| Processable volume: | [L] | Other: | |
| Feedstock and product details | |||
| Feedstock: | Product: | ||
describe the company, here is an example
ABC was founded in 20... 12 by KNN and Syncom, in collaboration with the university of Groningen, Netherlands. The company is a technology provider developing chemical recycling technologies for different feedstocks including non-food bio- and plastics waste. In 2018 a pilot plant with the capability to process biomass and plastic waste was set up at the Zernike Advanced Processing (ZAP) Facility. The company is now focused on setting up their first commercial plant with a capacity of 20,000 to 30,000 tonnes. The investing phase B was recently completed, with the last investment phase in 2019 the financial requirements are fulfilled to complete the commercialisation activities to build the plant which is expected for 2023.
describe their technology, here is an example
The technology is based on an Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) process, being able to produce aromatics including benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) as well as light olefins from low grade biomass and plastics waste. This technology utilises catalytic cracking in a two-step process at temperatures between 450- 850 °C. In the first step the feedstock material is vaporised via thermal cracking. The pyrolysis vapours are then directly passed into a second reactor in which they are converted into aromatics by utilising a zeolite catalyst which can be continuously regenerated. Finally, the products are separated from the gas via condensation. An ex situ approach of catalytic conversion has several advantages such as the protection of the catalyst from deactivation/degradation expanding its lifetime, a greater variety of feedstock, and a precise adjustment of process conditions (e.g. temperature, catalyst design, and Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) in each step for improved yields. In current pilot plant with 10 kg h-1 feed capacity for either waste plastics or biomass, final design details are established, which will be include in the running engineering activities for the commercial plant.
Open access pilot and demo facility providers
Patents
Currently no patents have been identified.
References
- Distilation in Wikipedia
- Distilliation Fundamentals at Neutrium
- ↑ a b Le Cao Nhien, Nguyen Van Duc Long, Sangyong Kim, Moonyong Lee, 2017-12: Techno-economic assessment of hybrid extraction and distillation processes for furfural production from lignocellulosic biomass. Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 10, (1), 81. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0767-3
- ↑ a b Wan-Ting Chen, Yuanhui Zhang, Timothy H. Lee, Zhenwei Wu, Buchun Si, Chia-Fon F. Lee, 2018-11: Renewable diesel blendstocks produced by hydrothermal liquefaction of wet biowaste. Nature Sustainability, Vol. 1, (11), 702–710. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0172-3