Difference between revisions of "Primary processing"

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<onlyinclude>'''Pre-treatments''' are used to prepare raw materials so that they can be processed by core technologies.</onlyinclude>
<onlyinclude>'''Pre-treatments''' are used to prepare raw materials so that they can be processed by core technologies.</onlyinclude>


* '''Biochemical pre-treatments'''
== '''Biochemical pre-treatments''' ==
** Enzymatic
* Enzymatic


* '''Chemical pre-treatments'''
== '''Chemical pre-treatments''' ==
** Hydrolysis


* '''Physical pre-treatments'''
* Hydrolysis
** Densification
*** Pressure-densification
** Sizing
*** Chipping
*** Grinding
** Steam explosion


* '''Separation'''
== '''Physical pre-treatments''' ==
** Mechanical separations
*** Centrifugation
*** Filtration
*** Membrane Filtration
**** Pressure filtration
**** Ultrafiltration
*** Sedimentation
*** Sieving
** Physicochemical separations
*** Chromatography
*** Dialysis
*** Dissolution, Crystallisation, flocculation, precipitation
*** Distillation
*** [[Drying (evaporation)]]
**** Air drying
**** Nitrogen drying
**** Freeze drying
**** Thermal drying
**** Vacuum drying


==== Drying (evaporation) ====
* Densification
All drying technologies are based on the evaporation of different liquids under different gas atmospheres and physical conditions resulting in dry products or products with a desired humidity.
* Pressure-densification
* Sizing
* Chipping
* Grinding
* Steam explosion


===== Air drying =====
== '''Separation''' ==
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an oxygen atmosphere. The exchange of oxygen with low humidity accelerates this process but may lead to an (unwanted) oxidation of the product.


===== Nitrogen drying =====
* Physicomechanical separations
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under an nitrogen atmosphere. The exchange of nitrogen accelerates this process. Since nitrogen is an inert gas unwanted reactions such as oxidation of the product are avoided.
** Centrifugation
 
** Filtration
===== Freeze drying =====
*** Membrane Filtration
Also known as '''lyophilisation'''. The technology represents a low temperature dehydration process that involves freezing the product, lowering pressure, then removing the ice by sublimation.
*** Pressure filtration
 
*** Ultrafiltration
===== Thermal drying =====
** Sieving
Process that involves the evaporation of liquids under different atmospheres. With increasing application of heat the process can be accelerated. Very high temperatures may lead to unwanted reactions of the product.
* Physicochemical separations
 
** Chromatography
===== Vacuum drying =====
** Dialysis
Process that involves the evaporation of Liquids under an vacuum atmosphere. The vacuum atmosphere  allows the evaporation of liquids at lower temperatures than under atmospheric pressure.
** Dissolution, Crystallisation, flocculation, precipitation
 
** Distillation
===== Technology providers =====
** [[Drying (evaporation)]]
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
*** Air drying
|+Technology comparison
*** Nitrogen drying
!Company name
*** Freeze drying
!Country
*** Thermal drying
!City
*** Vacuum drying
!Technology category
**Extraction
!Technology name
***Acid treatment
!TRL
***Alkali treatment
!Typical feedstock
**Field-Flow fractionation (FFF)
!Typical product
!Capacity
 
[kg/h]
!Max volume [L]
!Max Mass
 
[kg]
!Temperature [°C]
!Pressure [bar]
!Gas atmosphere
!Evaporable substances
|-
|[https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Physical_pre-treatments#Company_1 Company 1]
|Germany
|Cologne
|Freeze drying
|Powerdry 5000
|9
|Plant material
|Freeze-dried plant material
|0.00138
|100
|1
| -20
|0.0004
|Vacuum
|Alcohol, Water
|-
|[https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Physical_pre-treatments#Company_2 Company 2]
|France
|Paris
|Nitrogen drying
|Nitrodry
|9
|Protein solution
|Protein
|0.003
|0.5
|0.5
|20
|1
|Nitrogen
|Alcohol, Water
|}
 
===== Company 1 =====
Here you can find further information about company 1.
 
===== Company 2 =====
Here you can find further information about company 2.
 
==== Extraction ====
 
===== Acid treatment =====
 
===== Alkali treatment =====
 
==== Field-Flow fractionation (FFF) ====


== Thermochemical pre-treatments ==
== Thermochemical pre-treatments ==


=== Ammonia fibre expansion ===
* Ammonia fibre expansion
 
* Dry torrefaction
=== Dry torrefaction ===
* Wet torrefaction
 
=== Wet torrefaction ===

Revision as of 14:10, 13 July 2021

Pre-treatments are used to prepare raw materials so that they can be processed by core technologies.

Biochemical pre-treatments

  • Enzymatic

Chemical pre-treatments

  • Hydrolysis

Physical pre-treatments

  • Densification
  • Pressure-densification
  • Sizing
  • Chipping
  • Grinding
  • Steam explosion

Separation

  • Physicomechanical separations
    • Centrifugation
    • Filtration
      • Membrane Filtration
      • Pressure filtration
      • Ultrafiltration
    • Sieving
  • Physicochemical separations
    • Chromatography
    • Dialysis
    • Dissolution, Crystallisation, flocculation, precipitation
    • Distillation
    • Drying (evaporation)
      • Air drying
      • Nitrogen drying
      • Freeze drying
      • Thermal drying
      • Vacuum drying
    • Extraction
      • Acid treatment
      • Alkali treatment
    • Field-Flow fractionation (FFF)

Thermochemical pre-treatments

  • Ammonia fibre expansion
  • Dry torrefaction
  • Wet torrefaction
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