Secondary processing

Core technologies are used to valorise raw materials either directly or indirectly (after being processed via pre-treatment technologies).

Biochemical

• Composting
• Anaerobic digestion
• Gas fermentation
• Industrial fermantation
• Insect farming
• Solid state fermentation

Biocomposite processing

• Co-processing with plastics via extruder (see: UBQ)

Physicochemical

• Chemical extraction
• Crystallisation, flocculation, precipitation

Pulping

• Chemical pulping
  • Organosolv
  • Soda
  • Sulphate
  • Sulphite
• Hybrid pulping
  • Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical pulping (NSSC)
  • Chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP)
• Mechanical pulping
  • Refiner
    • Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)
    • Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)
  • Groundwood
    • Stone groundwood (SGW)
    • Thermal groundwood (TGW)
    • Pressure groundwood (PGW)

Thermochemical

• Gasification
  • Air/Oxygen gasification
  • Catalytic gasification (indirect hydrogenation)
  • Hydrogasification (direct hydrogenation)
  • Steam gasification
• Pyrolysis
  • Catalysic cracking
    • One-step process
    • Two-step process
  • Hydrocracking
  • Thermal cracking
  • Thermal depolymerisation (does this apply also to biowaste?)