Conversion

Conversion (not to be confused with chemical conversion) covers either the direct (without pre-processing) or indirect (with pre-processing) valorisation of biowaste into a final product followed by an optional post-processing.

Biochemical processes and technologies

• Anaerobic digestion
• Bioremediation

• Composting
• Enzymatic processes
• Gas fermentation
• Industrial fermentation
• Insect farming
• Solid state fermentation

Chemical processes and technologies

• Heterogeneous catalysis
• Polymerisation

Material processes and technologies

• Biocomposite processing

Thermochemical processes and technologies

• Gasification
• Hydrothermal processing
• Pyrolysis
• Torrefaction

Other processes and technologies

• Pulping and fractionation
  • Chemical pulping
    • Organosolv
    • Soda
    • Sulphate
    • Sulphite
  • Hybrid pulping
    • Chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP)
    • Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical pulping (NSSC)
  • Mechanical pulping
    • Groundwood
    • Refiner
      • Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)
      • Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)