Primary processing

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Pre-treatments are used to prepare raw materials so that they can be processed by core technologies.

Biochemical pre-treatments

  • Enzymatic

Chemical pre-treatments

  • Hydrolysis

Physical pre-treatments

  • Densification
  • Pressure-densification
  • Sizing
  • Chipping
  • Grinding
  • Steam explosion

Separation

  • Physicomechanical separations
    • Centrifugation
    • Filtration
      • Membrane Filtration
      • Pressure filtration
      • Ultrafiltration
    • Sieving
  • Physicochemical separations
    • Chromatography
    • Dialysis
    • Dissolution, Crystallisation, flocculation, precipitation
    • Distillation
    • Drying (evaporation)
      • Air drying
      • Nitrogen drying
      • Freeze drying
      • Thermal drying
      • Vacuum drying
    • Extraction
      • Acid treatment
      • Alkali treatment
    • Field-Flow fractionation (FFF)

Thermochemical pre-treatments

  • Ammonia fibre expansion
  • Dry torrefaction
  • Wet torrefaction
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