Primary processing

Pre-treatment technologies are used to prepare raw materials so that they can be processed by core technologies.

Biochemical pre-treatments

• Enzymatic (in vitro)
• Fungal
• Microbial
  • Aeration

Chemical pre-treatments

• Hydrolysis
  • Acid
  • Alkali
  • Salt
    • Metal salts
    • Sulphite salt
  • Solvent
    • Organosolv
• Ionic liquids
• Oxidation
• Plasma

Physical pre-treatments

• Densification
• Microwave
• Pressure-densification
• Sizing
  • Chipping
  • Grinding
• Steam explosion
  • Air
  • Supercritical CO₂
• Thermal expansion
• Ultrasonication

Separation pre-treatments

• Physicomechanical separations
  • Centrifugation
  • Filtration
    • Membrane Filtration
    • Pressure filtration
    • Ultrafiltration
  • Sieving
• Physicochemical separations
  • Chromatography
  • Dialysis
  • Dissolution, Crystallisation, flocculation, precipitation
  • Distillation
  • Drying
    • Air drying
    • Nitrogen drying
    • Freeze drying
    • Thermal drying
    • Vacuum drying
  • Extraction
    • Acid treatment
    • Alkali treatment
  • Extrusion
  • Field-Flow fractionation (FFF)
    • Asymmatric flow FFF (AF4)
    • Centrifugal FFF
    • Electrical FFF
    • Split flow thin-cell fractionation (SPLITT)
    • Thermal FFF
  • Integrated hydroxyl radicals and hot water pre-treatment (IHRWT)

Thermochemical pre-treatments

• Ammonia fibre expansion
• Dry torrefaction
• Wet torrefaction

Pulping (we need to divide all pulping subcatecories to the existing ones, suggestions are welcome)

• Chemical pulping
  • Organosolv
  • Soda
  • Sulphate
  • Sulphite
• Hybrid pulping
  • Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical pulping (NSSC)
  • Chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP)
• Mechanical pulping
  • Refiner
    • Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)
    • Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)
  • Groundwood
    • Stone groundwood (SGW)
    • Thermal groundwood (TGW)
    • Pressure groundwood (PGW)