Primary processing

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Pre-treatments are used to prepare raw materials so that they can be processed by core technologies.

Biochemical pre-treatments

Enzymatic

Chemical pre-treatments

Hydrolysis

Physical pre-treatments

Densification
Pressure-densification
Sizing
Chipping
Grinding
Steam explosion

Separation pre-treatments

Physicomechanical separations
- Centrifugation
- Filtration
  - Membrane Filtration
  - Pressure filtration
  - Ultrafiltration
- Sieving
Physicochemical separations
- Chromatography
- Dialysis
- Dissolution, Crystallisation, flocculation, precipitation
- Distillation
- Drying (evaporation)
  - Air drying
  - Nitrogen drying
  - Freeze drying
  - Thermal drying
  - Vacuum drying
- Extraction
  - Acid treatment
  - Alkali treatment
- Field-Flow fractionation (FFF)

Thermochemical pre-treatments

Ammonia fibre expansion
Dry torrefaction
Wet torrefaction

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