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Difference between revisions of "Distillation"
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<onlyinclude>'''Distillation''' is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. In industrial applications, distillation is a physical separation process, not a chemical reaction.</onlyinclude> | {{Infobox technology}}<onlyinclude>'''Distillation''' is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. In industrial applications, distillation is a physical separation process, not a chemical reaction.</onlyinclude> | ||
The distillation of fermented products produces distilled beverages with a high alcohol content, or separates other fermentation products of commercial value. | The distillation of fermented products produces distilled beverages with a high alcohol content, or separates other fermentation products of commercial value. | ||
== | ==Feedstock== | ||
=== Origin and composition === | |||
=== Pre-treatment === | |||
==Process and technologies== | ==Process and technologies== | ||
An installation used for distillation, especially of distilled beverages, is a distillery. The distillation equipment itself is a still. | An installation used for distillation, especially of distilled beverages, is a distillery. The distillation equipment itself is a still. | ||
Dry distillation is the heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products (which may condense into liquids or solids). Dry distillation may involve chemical changes such as destructive distillation or cracking and is not discussed under this article. Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture. In either case, the process exploits differences in the relative volatility of the mixture's components. | Dry distillation is the heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products (which may condense into liquids or solids). Dry distillation may involve chemical changes such as destructive distillation or cracking and is not discussed under this article. Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture. In either case, the process exploits differences in the relative volatility of the mixture's components. | ||
== | ==Products== | ||
Distillation is an effective and traditional method of desalination. | Distillation is an effective and traditional method of desalination. | ||
=== Post-treatment === | |||
==Technology providers== | ==Technology providers== | ||
===ABC=== | ===ABC=== | ||
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''The technology is based on an Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) process, being able to produce aromatics including benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) as well as light olefins from low grade biomass and plastics waste. This technology utilises catalytic cracking in a two-step process at temperatures between 450- 850 °C. In the first step the feedstock material is vaporised via thermal cracking. The pyrolysis vapours are then directly passed into a second reactor in which they are converted into aromatics by utilising a zeolite catalyst which can be continuously regenerated. Finally, the products are separated from the gas via condensation. An ex situ approach of catalytic conversion has several advantages such as the protection of the catalyst from deactivation/degradation expanding its lifetime, a greater variety of feedstock, and a precise adjustment of process conditions (e.g. temperature, catalyst design, and Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) in each step for improved yields. In current pilot plant with 10 kg h-1 feed capacity for either waste plastics or biomass, final design details are established, which will be include in the running engineering activities for the commercial plant.''{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis | ''The technology is based on an Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) process, being able to produce aromatics including benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) as well as light olefins from low grade biomass and plastics waste. This technology utilises catalytic cracking in a two-step process at temperatures between 450- 850 °C. In the first step the feedstock material is vaporised via thermal cracking. The pyrolysis vapours are then directly passed into a second reactor in which they are converted into aromatics by utilising a zeolite catalyst which can be continuously regenerated. Finally, the products are separated from the gas via condensation. An ex situ approach of catalytic conversion has several advantages such as the protection of the catalyst from deactivation/degradation expanding its lifetime, a greater variety of feedstock, and a precise adjustment of process conditions (e.g. temperature, catalyst design, and Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) in each step for improved yields. In current pilot plant with 10 kg h-1 feed capacity for either waste plastics or biomass, final design details are established, which will be include in the running engineering activities for the commercial plant.''{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis | ||
|Company=ABC|Webpage=https://biobtx.com/|Location=The Netherlands|Business-Model=Licensing|TRL=5-6|Patent=WO2017222380A1|Technology name=Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) technology|Technology category=Catalytic Pyrolysis, two-step|Feedstock=Biomass (liquid, solid), wood pulp lignin residues, used cooking oil|Product=Benzene, toluene, xylene, aromatics, light gases|Reactor=Fluidised sand bed, fixed bed|Heating=Fluidised sand bed|Atmosphere=Inert|Pressure=1-4|Capacity=10|Temperature=450-650|Catalyst=Zeolite|Other=Unknown}} | |Company=ABC|Webpage=https://biobtx.com/|Location=The Netherlands|Business-Model=Licensing|TRL=5-6|Patent=WO2017222380A1|Technology name=Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) technology|Technology category=Catalytic Pyrolysis, two-step|Feedstock=Biomass (liquid, solid), wood pulp lignin residues, used cooking oil|Product=Benzene, toluene, xylene, aromatics, light gases|Reactor=Fluidised sand bed, fixed bed|Heating=Fluidised sand bed|Atmosphere=Inert|Pressure=1-4|Capacity=10|Temperature=450-650|Catalyst=Zeolite|Other=Unknown}} | ||
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers == | |||
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=106&field_technology_area_target_id%5B76%5D=76&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database] | |||
==Patents== | ==Patents== | ||