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Difference between revisions of "Pyrolysis"
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== Process and technologies == | == Process and technologies == | ||
The pyrolysis is an endothermal process | The pyrolysis is an endothermal process requiring the input of energy in form of heat which can either be directly (direct pyrolysis) applied via hot gases or indirectly (indirect pyrolysis) via external heating of the reactor. Compared to [[gasification]], the process takes place in an atmosphere without oxygen or at least under a limitation of oxygen. | ||
In general, pyrolysis can be divided into different steps which include: | In general, pyrolysis can be divided into different steps which include: | ||
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=== Pyrolysis oil === | === Pyrolysis oil === | ||
[[File:Corn Stover Tar from Pyrolysis by Microwave Heating.jpg|thumb|upright|Pyrolysis oil from corn stover pyrolysis]] | [[File:Corn Stover Tar from Pyrolysis by Microwave Heating.jpg|thumb|upright|Pyrolysis oil from corn stover pyrolysis]] | ||
Produced pyrolysis oil is a multiphase emulsion composed of water and hundreds of organic molecules such as acids, alcohols, ketones, furans, phenols, ethers, esters, sugars, aldehydes, alkenes, nitrogen- and oxygen- containing molecules. A longer storage or exposure to higher temperature increases the viscosity due to possible chemical reactions of the compounds in the oil which leads to the formation of larger molecules<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Czernik, S. and Bridgwater|year=2004|title=Overview of Applications of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Oil|journal=Energy & Fuels|volume=18|issue=2|page=590-598|doi=10.1021/ef034067u}}</ref>. The presence of oligomeric species with a molecular weight >5000 decreases the stability of the oil<ref name=":0" />, | Produced pyrolysis oil is a multiphase emulsion composed of water and hundreds of organic molecules such as acids, alcohols, ketones, furans, phenols, ethers, esters, sugars, aldehydes, alkenes, nitrogen- and oxygen- containing molecules. A longer storage or exposure to higher temperature increases the viscosity due to possible chemical reactions of the compounds in the oil which leads to the formation of larger molecules<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Czernik, S. and Bridgwater|year=2004|title=Overview of Applications of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Oil|journal=Energy & Fuels|volume=18|issue=2|page=590-598|doi=10.1021/ef034067u}}</ref>. The presence of oligomeric species with a molecular weight >5000 decreases the stability of the oil<ref name=":0" />. Furthermore, the formation of aerosols from volatile substances accelerates the aging process in which the water content and phase separation increases. The application as fuel in standard equipment for petroleum fuels (e.g. boilers, engines, turbines) may be limited due to poor volatility, high viscosity, coking, and corrosiveness of the oil<ref name=":1" />. To overcome these problems, the pyrolysis oil has to be upgraded in a post-treatment to be used as fuel and/or the equipment for the end-application has to be adapted. | ||
=== Pyrolysis gas === | === Pyrolysis gas === | ||
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| Other = Unknown | | Other = Unknown | ||
}} | }} | ||
BioBTX was founded in 2012 by KNN and Syncom | BioBTX was founded in 2012 by KNN and Syncom in collaboration with the university of Groningen, Netherlands. The company is a technology provider developing chemical recycling technologies for different feedstocks including non-food bio- and plastics waste. In 2018 a pilot plant with the capability to process biomass and plastic waste was set up at the Zernike Advanced Processing (ZAP) Facility. The company is now focused on setting up their first commercial plant with a capacity of 20,000 to 30,000 tonnes. The investing phase B was recently completed, with the last investment phase in 2019 the financial requirements are fulfilled to complete the commercialisation activities to build the plant which is expected for 2023. | ||
The technology is based on an Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) process, being able to produce aromatics including benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) as well as light olefins from low grade biomass and plastics waste. This technology utilises catalytic cracking in a two-step process at temperatures between 450- 850 °C. In the first step the feedstock material is vaporised via thermal cracking. The pyrolysis vapours are then directly passed into a second reactor in which they are converted into aromatics by utilising a zeolite catalyst which can be continuously regenerated. Finally, the products are separated from the gas via condensation. An ex situ approach of catalytic conversion has several advantages such as the protection of the catalyst from deactivation/degradation expanding its lifetime, a greater variety of feedstock, and a precise adjustment of process conditions (e.g. temperature, catalyst design, and Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) in each step for improved yields. In current pilot plant with 10 kg h-1 feed capacity for either waste plastics or biomass, final design details are established, which will be include in the running engineering activities for the commercial plant. | The technology is based on an Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) process, being able to produce aromatics including benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) as well as light olefins from low grade biomass and plastics waste. This technology utilises catalytic cracking in a two-step process at temperatures between 450- 850 °C. In the first step the feedstock material is vaporised via thermal cracking. The pyrolysis vapours are then directly passed into a second reactor in which they are converted into aromatics by utilising a zeolite catalyst which can be continuously regenerated. Finally, the products are separated from the gas via condensation. An ex situ approach of catalytic conversion has several advantages such as the protection of the catalyst from deactivation/degradation expanding its lifetime, a greater variety of feedstock, and a precise adjustment of process conditions (e.g. temperature, catalyst design, and Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) in each step for improved yields. In current pilot plant with 10 kg h-1 feed capacity for either waste plastics or biomass, final design details are established, which will be include in the running engineering activities for the commercial plant. | ||