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Difference between revisions of "Distillation"
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=== Pre-treatment === | === Pre-treatment === | ||
For a distillation no specific pre-treatment is needed since it is used to separate different fraction within a process chain. To gain a liquid product from bio waste resources, [[fermentation]] or [[hydrothermal processing]] (hydrothermal liquefaction) are possible pre-treatment technologies. | For a distillation, no specific pre-treatment is needed since it is used to separate different fraction within a process chain. To gain a liquid product from bio waste resources, [[fermentation]] or [[hydrothermal processing]] (hydrothermal liquefaction) are possible pre-treatment technologies. | ||
Sometimes there are combination options with other technologies, such as [[extraction]] or [[esterification]], for higher efficiencies.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> | Sometimes there are combination options with other technologies, such as [[extraction]] or [[esterification]], for higher efficiencies.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> | ||
==Process and technologies== | ==Process and technologies== | ||
[[File:Total Reflux.png|thumb|266x266px|Distillation column]][[File:Colonne distillazione.jpg|thumb|Typical industrial distillation towers|237x237px]] | [[File:Total Reflux.png|thumb|266x266px|Distillation column]][[File:Colonne distillazione.jpg|thumb|Typical industrial distillation towers|237x237px]] | ||
Distillation exploits differences in ''relative volatilities'' of the feed mixture components. In a distillation column a feed stream enters | Distillation exploits differences in ''relative volatilities'' of the feed mixture components. In a distillation column, a feed stream enters the middle of the column and two streams leave, one at the top and one at the bottom. Components with ''lower boiling points'' are concentrated in the stream leaving the top, while components with ''higher boiling points'' are concentrated in the stream leaving the bottom. | ||
Separation is achieved by controlling the column temperature and pressure profiles to take advantage of differences in the relative volatility of the mixture components and therefore tendency to change phase. The lighter, lower boiling point components evaporate to the top of the column and the heavier, higher boiling point components condense to the bottom of the column. | Separation is achieved by controlling the column temperature and pressure profiles to take advantage of differences in the relative volatility of the mixture components and therefore tendency to change phase. The lighter, lower boiling point components evaporate to the top of the column and the heavier, higher boiling point components condense to the bottom of the column. | ||
This application is often referred to as ''rectification'', which is a successive distillation. A simple distillation, as it can be seen below, is not | This application is often referred to as ''rectification'', which is a successive distillation. A simple distillation, as it can be seen below, is not typically used for industrial applications. In simple distillation, the vapor is immediately channeled into a condenser. As a result, simple distillation is effective only when the liquid boiling points differ greatly or when separating liquids from non-volatile solids or oils. For these cases, the vapor pressures of the components are usually different enough that the distillate may be sufficiently pure for its intended purpose. | ||
[[File:Distillation Apparatus.jpg|center|thumb|Simple distillation apparatus]] | [[File:Distillation Apparatus.jpg|center|thumb|Simple distillation apparatus]] | ||
The main advantages of rectification are that the system can be operated continuously through the refluxes and that the separation effect is many times greater than that of a simple distillation. The reason for this lies in the several countercurrent contacts of the | The main advantages of rectification are that the system can be operated continuously through the refluxes and that the separation effect is many times greater than that of a simple distillation. The reason for this lies in the several countercurrent contacts of the vapor with the liquid. Therefore, rectification is preferred to sequential single distillations. | ||
A plant that performs distillation is called a ''distillery''. The apparatus used to perform distillation is called a ''still''. | A plant that performs distillation is called a ''distillery''. The apparatus used to perform distillation is called a ''still''. | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
* [[:en:distillation| | * [[:en:distillation|Distillation]] in Wikipedia | ||
*[https://neutrium.net/unit-operations/distillation-fundamentals/ Distilliation Fundamentals] at Neutrium | *[https://neutrium.net/unit-operations/distillation-fundamentals/ Distilliation Fundamentals] at Neutrium | ||
*[https://my.che.utah.edu/~ring/Design%20I/Articles/distillation%20design.pdf Distillation] University of Utah | |||
[[Category:Pre-processing]] | [[Category:Pre-processing]] | ||
[[Category:Post-processing]] | [[Category:Post-processing]] | ||
[[Category:Technologies]] | [[Category:Technologies]] | ||