Primary processing
Primary processing of biowaste results in intermediate chemicals and/or materials which will then go into the secondary processing after which the final product is obtained. While some technologies are used exclusively for the purpose of primary processing, others (such as the separation technologies) can be utilised in both primary and secondary processing.
Biochemical pre-treatments
- Enzymatic (in vitro)
- Fungal
- Microbial
- Aeration
Chemical pre-treatments
- Hydrolysis
- Ionic liquids
- Oxidation
- Plasma
Physical pre-treatments
- Densification
- Pressure densification
- Mechanical pulping
- Refiner
- Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)
- Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)
- Groundwood
- Stone groundwood (SGW)
- Thermal groundwood (TGW)
- Pressure groundwood (PGW)
- Refiner
- Microwave
- Pressure-densification
- Sizing
- Chipping
- Grinding
- Steam explosion
- Air
- Supercritical CO2
- Thermal expansion
- Ultrasonication
Separation pre-treatments
- Physicomechanical separations
- Centrifugation
- Filtration
- Membrane Filtration
- Pressure filtration
- Ultrafiltration
- Sieving
- Physicochemical separations
- Chromatography
- Dialysis
- Dissolution, Crystallisation, flocculation, precipitation
- Distillation
- Drying
- Extraction
- Acid treatment
- Alkali treatment
- Extrusion
- Field-Flow fractionation (FFF)
- Integrated hydroxyl radicals and hot water pre-treatment (IHRWT)
Thermochemical pre-treatments
- Ammonia fibre expansion
- Dry torrefaction
- Wet torrefaction
Pulping (we need to divide all pulping subcatecories to the existing ones, suggestions are welcome)
- Chemical pulping
- Organosolv
- Soda
- Sulphate
- Sulphite
- Hybrid pulping
- Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical pulping (NSSC)
- Chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP)
- Mechanical pulping
- Refiner
- Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)
- Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)
- Groundwood
- Stone groundwood (SGW)
- Thermal groundwood (TGW)
- Pressure groundwood (PGW)
- Refiner