Secondary processing

Secondary processing covers either the direct or indirect (processing of intermediates from primary processing) valorisation of biowaste into a final product. While some technologies are used exclusively for the purpose of secondary processing, others (such as the separation processes and technologies) can be utilised in both primary and secondary processing which places them into hybrid processing.

Biochemical processes and technologies

• Gas fermentation
• Industrial fermentation
• Solid state fermentation
• Other biocatalytic conversions
  • In vitro processes
  • In vivo processes

Chemical processes and technologies

• Chemical conversion
• Heterogeneous catalysis
• Polymerisation

Material processes and technologies

• Biocomposite processing
• Coating and lamination
• Fibre web production
• Nano/micro fibre production
• Textile fibre spinning

Thermochemical processes and technologies

• Gasification
  • Air/Oxygen gasification
  • Catalytic gasification (indirect hydrogenation)
  • Hydrogasification (direct hydrogenation)
  • Steam gasification
• Pyrolysis
  • Catalysic cracking
    • One-step process
    • Two-step process
  • Hydrocracking
  • Thermal cracking
  • Thermal depolymerisation (does this apply also to biowaste?)