Conversion

Conversion covers either the direct (without pre-processing) or indirect (with pre-processing) valorisation of biowaste into a final product followed by an optional post-processing.

Biochemical processes and technologies

• Anaerobic digestion
• Composting
• Enzymatic processes
  • Gas fermentation
  • Industrial fermentation
  • Solid state fermentation
• Insect farming

Chemical processes and technologies

• Heterogeneous catalysis
• Polymerisation

Material processes and technologies

• Biocomposite processing
• Fibre web production
• Nano/micro fibre production

Thermochemical processes and technologies

• Gasification
• Pyrolysis
• Torrefaction

Other processes and technologies

• Pulping
  • Chemical pulping
    • Organosolv
    • Soda
    • Sulphate
    • Sulphite
  • Hybrid pulping
    • Chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP)
    • Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical pulping (NSSC)
  • Mechanical pulping
    • Refiner
      • Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)
      • Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)
    • Groundwood
      • Pressure groundwood (PGW)
      • Stone groundwood (SGW)
      • Thermal groundwood (TGW)