Primary processing

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Physical pre-treatments are based on physical principles whithout significantly changing the chemical structure of the feedstock. A change in the overall chemical composition might occur due to physical separation of different substances.

Densification

Pressure-densification

Drying (evaporation)

Air drying

Nitrogen drying

Freeze drying

Thermal drying

Separation

Centrifugation

Dialysis

Distillation

Field-Flow fractionation (FFF)

Filtration

Membrane Filtration

Pressure filtration

Ultrafiltration

Sedimentation

Sieving

Steam explosion

Sizing