Secondary processing

Core technologies are used to valorise raw materials either directly or indirectly (after being processed via pre-treatment technologies).

• Biochemical
  • Composting
  • Anaerobic digestion
  • Insect farming

• Biocomposite processing
  • Co-processing with plastics via extruder (see: UBQ)
• Physicochemical
  • Chemical extraction
  • Crystallisation, flocculation, precipitation

• Pulping
  • Chemical pulping
    • Organosolv
    • Soda
    • Sulphate
    • Sulphite
  • Hybrid pulping
    • Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical pulping (NSSC)
    • Chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP)
  • Mechanical pulping
    • Refiner
      • Thermomechanical pulping (TMP)
      • Refiner mechanical pulping (RMP)
    • Groundwood
      • Stone groundwood (SGW)
      • Thermal groundwood (TGW)
      • Pressure groundwood (PGW)

• Thermochemical conversion
  • Gasification
    • Air/Oxygen gasification
    • Catalytic gasification (indirect hydrogenation)
    • Hydrogasification (direct hydrogenation)
    • Steam gasification
  • Pyrolysis
    • Catalysic cracking
      • One-step process
      • Two-step process
    • Hydrocracking
    • Thermal cracking
    • Thermal depolymerisation (does this apply also to biowaste?)