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→‎Origin and composition
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=== Origin and composition ===
=== Origin and composition ===
Since all kind of [[biowaste]] contains hydrocarbonaceous material it can also be processed via pyrolysis. However, the composition of the feedstock has an impact on the pyrolysis process and therewith on the products which can be obtained. Usually wood and herbaceous feedstocks are processed which are composed differently<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Carpenter, D., Westover, T. L., Czernik, S. and Jablonski, W.|year=2014|title=Biomass feedstocks for renewable fuel production: a review of the impacts of feedstock and pretreatment on the yield and product distribution of fast pyrolysis bio-oils and vapors|journal=Green Chemistry|volume=16|issue=2|page=384-406|doi=10.1039/C3GC41631C}}</ref> which qualifies [[garden waste]] as suitable feedstock.       
Description about which kind of relevant feedstock (biowaste) is usually processed (relevant feedstocks can be found under [[Biowaste]]). More information about origin and composition and how is that related to the process and product outcome (quality, advantages, disadvantages). Tables can help to give a better overview.       
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Typical composition of typical pyrolysis feedstocks<ref name=":2" />
!Feedstock:
!Corn stover
!Switchgrass
!Wood
|-
| colspan="4" |Proximate analysis wt [%]
|-
|Moisture
|8.0
|9.8
|42.0
|-
|Ash
|6.9
|8.1
|2.3
|-
|Volatile matter
|69.7
|69.1
|47.8
|-
|Fixed carbon
|15.4
|12.9
|7.9
|-
| colspan="4" |Elemental analysis [%]
|-
|Carbon
|49.7
|50.7
|51.5
|-
|Hydrogen
|5.91
|6.32
|4.71
|-
|Oxygen
|42.6
|41.0
|40.9
|-
|Nitrogen
|0.97
|0.83
|1.06
|-
|Sulphur
|0.11
|0.21
|0.12
|-
|Chlorine
|0.28
|0.22
|0.02
|-
| colspan="4" |Structural organics wt [%]
|-
|Cellulose
|36.3
|44.8
|38.3
|-
|Hemicellulose
|23.5
|35.3
|33.4
|-
|Lignin
|17.5
|11.9
|25.2
|}
 
=== Pre-treatment ===
=== Pre-treatment ===
The [[Pre-treatments|pre-treatment]] of the feedstock has an impact on the pyrolysis process, its efficiency, and the yield of certain products. The following pre-treatments may be considered <ref name=":0" />:
Description or list about pre-treatments that are necessary before the feedstock can be processed via the technology. [[Primary processing]] or [[Hybrid processing]] might provide suitable candidates. If they are not covered yet please provide feedback or feel free to create pages for missing pre-treatments.
*[https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Physical_pre-treatments#Sizing Sizing] (e.g. chipping, grinding)
* [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Physical_pre-treatments#Densification Densification] (e.g. pressure-densification)
* [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Physical_pre-treatments#Steam_explosion Steam explosion]
* [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Physical_pre-treatments#Drying_(evaporation) Drying (evaporation)] (e.g. air drying, freeze-drying)
* [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Physical_pre-treatments#Extraction Extraction] (e.g. acid and alkali treatment for the removal of minerals)
* [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Physical_pre-treatments#Wet_torrefaction Wet torrefaction]
*[https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Physical_pre-treatments#Ammonia_fibre_expansion Ammonia fibre expansion]
* [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Physical_pre-treatments#Enzymatic Enzymatic] (e.g. Decomposing via fungi)


== Process and technologies ==
== Process and technologies ==
The pyrolysis is an endothermal process which requires the input of energy in form of heat which can either be directly (direct pyrolysis) applied via hot gases or indirectly (indirect pyrolysis) via external heating of the reactor. Compared to [[gasification]], the process takes place in an atmosphere without oxygen or at least under a limitation of oxygen.
Main description about the process and technologies (including process conditions etc.). The technologies might have further sub-categorisations that can be introduced and described in subchapters as follows:
 
In general, pyrolysis can be divided into different steps which includes:
 
# Evaporation and vapourisation of water and other volatile molecules which is induced at temperatures > 100 °C
# Thermal excitation and dissociation of the molecules induced at temperatures between 100-600 °C, which also may involve the production of free radicals as intermediate stage
# Reaction and recombination of the molecules, and triggering of chain reactions through free radicals
 
The pyrolysis process and the formation of products can be controlled to a certain extend via different temperature ranges and reaction times as well as by utilising reactive gases, liquids, catalysts, alternative forms of heat application (e.g. via microwaves or plasma), and a variety of [[reactor designs]]. Depending on the residence time and temperature as well as different technical reaction environments the pyrolysis can be categorised under diffferent terms as follows.
 
=== Categorisation according residence time and temperature ===
 
* Fast pyrolysis
* Intermediate pyrolysis
* Slow pyrolysis (charring, torrefaction)


=== Categorisation according technical reaction environment ===
=== Category 1 ===
Depending on these factors the pyrolysis technology can be divided into different categories as follows:
Description about a special sub-category of the technology including the main features and differentiation from the other subcategories. If applies: advantages, disadvantages, limitations, differences in ability to process different feedstocks, product quality.


* Catalytic cracking
=== Category 2 ===
** One-step process
Description about a special sub-category of the technology including the main features and differentiation from the other subcategories. If applies: advantages, disadvantages, limitations, differences in ability to process different feedstocks, product quality.
** Two-step process
* Hydrocracking
* Thermal cracking
* Thermal depolymerisation?


=== Reactions ===
=== Reactions or physical principle ===
A range of different reactions occur during the process such as [[dehydration]], [[depolymerisation]], [[isomerisation]], [[aromatisation]], [[decarboxylation]], and [[charring]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hu, X. and Gholizadeh, M.|year=2019|title=Biomass pyrolysis: A review of the process development and challenges from initial researches up to the commercialisation stage|journal=Journal of Energy Chemistry|volume=39|issue=|page=109-143|doi=doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2019.01.024}}</ref>.
Reactions or physical principles can explaned in more detail if needed.


== Product ==
== Product ==
A range of solid, liquid, and gaseous products can be obtained from the pyrolysis process including [[char]], [[pyrolysis oil]], and [[pyrolysis gas]]. Depending on the feedstock origin and composition as well as the pre-treatment and process the yield as well as the chemical and physical properties of the products can vary.
Main description about the products that are obtained including application fields, as well as potentially impacts on quality, yield etc. Sub-chapters as follows are recommended if several products are obtained
 
=== Char ===
[[File:Charcoal.jpg|thumb|Wood-based char]]
As mentioned the functional properties of char may vary which includes carbon content, functional groups, heating value, surface area, and pore-size distribution. The application possibilities are versatile, the char can be used as soil amendment for carbon sequestration, soil fertility improvement, and pollution remediation. Furthermore the char can be used for catalytic purposes, energy storage, or sorbent for pollutant removal from water or flue-gas.


=== Pyrolysis oil ===
=== Product 1 ===
[[File:Corn Stover Tar from Pyrolysis by Microwave Heating.jpg|thumb|upright|Pyrolysis oil from corn stover pyrolysis]]
Description about the products that are obtained including application fields, as well as potentially impacts on quality, yield etc.  
Produced pyrolysis oil is a multiphase emulsion composed of water and and hundrets of organic molecules such as acids, alcohols, ketones, furans, phenols, ethers, esters, sugars, aldehydes, alkenes, nitrogen- and oxygen- containing molecules. A longer storage or exposure to higher temperature increases the viscosity due to possible chemical reactions of the compounds in the oil which leads to the formation of larger molecules<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Czernik, S. and Bridgwater|year=2004|title=Overview of Applications of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Oil|journal=Energy & Fuels|volume=18|issue=2|page=590-598|doi=10.1021/ef034067u}}</ref>. The presence of oligomeric species with a molecular weight >5000 decreases the stability of the oil<ref name=":0" />, furthermore the formation of aerosols from volatile substances accelerates the aging process in which the water content and phase separation increases. The application as fuel in standard equipment for petroleum fuels (e.g. boilers, engines, turbines) may be limited due to poor volatility, high viscosity, coking, and corrosiveness of the oil<ref name=":1" />. To overcome these problems the pyrolysis oil has to be upgraded in a [[post-treatment]] to be used as fuel and/or the equipment for the end-application has to be adapted.


=== Pyrolysis gas ===
=== Product 2 ===
Syngas can be obtained from the pyrolysis gas which is composed of different gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, suphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia<ref name=":0" />. The different gases can be fractionated from each other in the post-treatment to utilise them for different applications such as the production of chemicals, cosmetics, food, polymers or the utilisation as fuel or technical gas.
Description about the products that are obtained including application fields, as well as potentially impacts on quality, yield etc.


=== Post-treatment ===
=== Post-treatment ===
 
Description or list about post-treatments that are necessary after the feedstock is processed via the technology. [[Primary processing]] or [[Hybrid processing]] might provide suitable candidates. If they are not covered yet please provide feedback or feel free to create pages for missing pre-treatments.
* [[Fischer-Tropsch-Synthesis]]


== Technology providers ==
== Technology providers ==
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!
|-
|-
|[https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Pyrolysis#BioBTX BioBTX]
| Company 1
|The Netherlands
| Country 1
|Groningen
|Catalytic Pyrolysis, two-step
|Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) technology
|5-6
|10
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|-
|[https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Pyrolysis#BTG_Bioliquids BTG Bioliquids]
|The Netherlands
|Zoetermeer
|Fast Pyrolysis
|BTG fast pyrolysis technology
|8-9
|5,000
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| Company 3
| Country 3
| City 3
| City 3
| Technology category
| Technology category
| Technology name
| Technology name
| 5
| 1
| 1
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| Company 2
| Country 4
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| City 4
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===BioBTX===
===Company 1===
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis
{{Infobox provider-pyrolysis
| Company = Bio-BTX B.V.
| Company = Bio-BTX B.V.
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