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Difference between revisions of "Pyrolysis"
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== Process == | == Process == | ||
The pyrolysis is an endothermal process which requires the input of energy in form of heat which can either be directly (direct pyrolysis) | The pyrolysis is an endothermal process which requires the input of energy in form of heat which can either be directly (direct pyrolysis) applied via hot gases or indirectly (indirect pyrolysis) via external heating of the reactor. Compared to gasification, the process takes place in an atmosphere without oxygen or at least under a limitation of oxygen. | ||
In general, pyrolysis can be divided into different steps which includes: | In general, pyrolysis can be divided into different steps which includes: | ||
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# Evaporation and vapourisation of water and other volatile molecules which is induced at temperatures > 100 °C | # Evaporation and vapourisation of water and other volatile molecules which is induced at temperatures > 100 °C | ||
# Thermal excitation and dissociation of the molecules induced at temperatures between 100-600 °C, which also may involve the production of free radicals as intermediate stage | # Thermal excitation and dissociation of the molecules induced at temperatures between 100-600 °C, which also may involve the production of free radicals as intermediate stage | ||
# | # Reaction and recombination of the molecules, and triggering of chain reactions through free radicals | ||
The pyrolysis process and the formation of products can be controlled to a certain extend via different temperature ranges and reaction times as well as by utilising reactive gases, liquids, catalysts, alternative forms of heat application (e.g. via microwaves or plasma), and a variety of reactor designs. | The pyrolysis process and the formation of products can be controlled to a certain extend via different temperature ranges and reaction times as well as by utilising reactive gases, liquids, catalysts, alternative forms of heat application (e.g. via microwaves or plasma), and a variety of reactor designs. | ||
=== Reactions === | |||
A range of different reactions occur during the process such as dehydration, depolymerisation, isomerisation, aromatisation, decarboxylation, and charring<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hu, X. and Gholizadeh, M.|year=2019|title=Biomass pyrolysis: A review of the process development and challenges from initial researches up to the commercialisation stage|journal=Journal of Energy Chemistry|volume=39|issue=|page=109-143|doi=doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2019.01.024}}</ref>. | |||
== Product == | == Product == | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
Al Arni, S. 2018: Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for converting biomass into fuel. Renewable Energy, Vol. 124 197-201. doi:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.060</nowiki> | |||
Czajczyńska, D., Anguilano, L., Ghazal, H., Krzyżyńska, R., Reynolds, A. J., Spencer, N. and Jouhara, H. 2017: Potential of pyrolysis processes in the waste management sector. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, Vol. 3 171-197. doi:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2017.06.003</nowiki> | Czajczyńska, D., Anguilano, L., Ghazal, H., Krzyżyńska, R., Reynolds, A. J., Spencer, N. and Jouhara, H. 2017: Potential of pyrolysis processes in the waste management sector. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, Vol. 3 171-197. doi:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2017.06.003</nowiki> | ||
Hu, X. and Gholizadeh, M. 2019: Biomass pyrolysis: A review of the process development and challenges from initial researches up to the commercialisation stage. Journal of Energy Chemistry, Vol. 39 109-143. doi:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2019.01.024</nowiki> | |||
Speight, J. 2019: Handbook of Industrial Hydrocarbon Processes. Gulf Professional Publishing, Oxford, United Kingdom. | Speight, J. 2019: Handbook of Industrial Hydrocarbon Processes. Gulf Professional Publishing, Oxford, United Kingdom. | ||
Zaman, C. Z., Pal, K., Yehye, W. A., Sagadevan, S., Shah, S. T., Adebisi, G. A., Marliana, E., Rafique, R. F. and Johan, R. B. 2017: Pyrolysis: A Sustainable Way to Generate Energy from Waste. IntechOpen | Tan, H., Lee, C. T., Ong, P. Y., Wong, K. Y., Bong, C. P. C., Li, C. and Gao, Y. 2021: A Review On The Comparison Between Slow Pyrolysis And Fast Pyrolysis On The Quality Of Lignocellulosic And Lignin-Based Biochar. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 1051 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1051/1/012075 | ||
Waheed, Q. M. K., Nahil, M. A. and Williams, P. T. 2013: Pyrolysis of waste biomass: investigation of fast pyrolysis and slow pyrolysis process conditions on product yield and gas composition. Journal of the Energy Institute, Vol. 86 (4), 233-241. doi:10.1179/1743967113Z.00000000067 | |||
Zaman, C. Z., Pal, K., Yehye, W. A., Sagadevan, S., Shah, S. T., Adebisi, G. A., Marliana, E., Rafique, R. F. and Johan, R. B. 2017: Pyrolysis: A Sustainable Way to Generate Energy from Waste. IntechOpen | |||