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Difference between revisions of "Industrial fermentation"
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Industrial fermentation (view source)
Revision as of 10:31, 30 November 2021
, 10:31, 30 November 2021added post treatment, started on product section
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{{Infobox technology}}<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of renewable feedstocks to bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics ... It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude> | {{Infobox technology}} | ||
<onlyinclude>'''Industrial fermentation''' is a biotechnological process which uses microorganisms (genetically modified or not), in particular bacteria, yeasts, fungi or algae, to make useful products. The cells are real "cell factories" for the industrial conversion of renewable feedstocks to bulk chemicals, fine chemicals, platform chemicals, pharmaceutical ingredients, bio-fuels, bio-plastics ... It is a multidisciplinary technology and includes the integrated application of disciplines such as biochemistry, microbiology, molecular genetics and process technology to develop useful processes and products.</onlyinclude> | |||
== Feedstock == | == Feedstock == | ||
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==Process and technologies== | ==Process and technologies== | ||
=== Microorganisms === | |||
In practice, well-known, productive and harmless production organisms are used that, equipped with the new genetic information, will produce the desired products in high yield and efficiency. These are the so-called GRAS organisms (Generally Regarded As Safe) and belong to the genera Bacillus, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Saccharomyces, etc. A major advantage is that these genetically modified microorganisms do their work under controlled conditions in a fermenter or bio-reactor, carefully contained and separated from the outside world (contained environment). They cannot escape from the factory so that ecological problems or concerns regarding the release of genetically modified organisms in the environment are avoided. | |||
=== Fermentation mode === | === Fermentation mode === | ||
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# Mixed acid fermentation. | # Mixed acid fermentation. | ||
==Products== | ==Products== | ||
=== Biomass === | |||
Single cell protein (SCP) | |||
=== Bio-products === | |||
==== Enzymes ==== | |||
==== Biopolymers ==== | |||
==== Bio-colorants ==== | |||
==== Organic acids ==== | |||
'''Lactic acid''' can further be converted into polylactic acid (PLA), a bioplastic. | |||
'''Citric acid''' a feed additive | |||
==== Bio-ethanol ==== | |||
==== Vitamins ==== | |||
Vitamin C | |||
Vitamin-B12 | |||
==== Antibiotics ==== | |||
Amino-acids | |||
Several products possible, examples | Several products possible, examples | ||
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* advanced fuels | * advanced fuels | ||
== Post-treatment == | |||
The first step in the post-treatment of fermentation broths cultures, also known as '''downstream processing (DSP)''', to remove the cells from the medium. This is typically performed by a solid-liquid separation technology, such, as [[centrifugation]] or [[membrane filtration]]. Each fraction can then undergo further processing, depending on whether the product is the biomass itself or an intra- or extracellular product. While intracellular products require cell disruption to release the products, extracellular products are solubilized in the depleted fermentation medium. Cell disruption techniques can be divided into mechanical methods (f.e. [[homogenisation]], [[Sizing|grinding]], [[Ultrasonication|sonication]], [[microwave treatment]], [[steam explosion]]) and non-mechanical methods (f.e. osmotic or temperature shock, [[Enzymatic processes|enzymatic destruction]]). To further purify and concentrate the products several methods can be used including [[chromatography]], [[solvent extraction]], [[Crystallisation and precipitation|crystallization]], [[distillation]], [[drying]] etc. | |||
== Technology providers == | == Technology providers == | ||