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Difference between revisions of "Pyrolysis"
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The pre-treatment of the feedstock has an impact on the pyrolysis process, its efficiency, and the yield of certain products. The following pre-treatments may be considered <ref name=":0" />: | The pre-treatment of the feedstock has an impact on the pyrolysis process, its efficiency, and the yield of certain products. The following pre-treatments may be considered <ref name=":0" />: | ||
* Sizing (e.g. chipping) | * Sizing (e.g. chipping, grinding) | ||
* Densification | * Densification | ||
* Chemical pre-treatment | * Chemical pre-treatment | ||
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=== Pyrolysis oil === | === Pyrolysis oil === | ||
Produced pyrolysis oil is a multiphase emulsion composed of water and and hundrets of organic molecules such as acids, alcohols, ketones, furans, phenols, ethers, esters, sugars, aldehydes, alkenes, nitrogen- and oxygen- containing molecules. A longer storage or exposure to higher temperature increases the viscosity due to possible chemical reactions of the compounds in the oil which leads to the formation of larger molecules<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Czernik, S. and Bridgwater|year=2004|title=Overview of Applications of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Oil|journal=Energy & Fuels|volume=18|issue=2|page=590-598|doi=10.1021/ef034067u}}</ref>. The presence of oligomeric species with a molecular weight >5000 decreases the stability of the oil, furthermore the formation of aerosols from volatile substances accelerates the aging process in which the water content and phase separation increases. The application as fuel in standard equipment for petroleum fuels (e.g. boilers, engines, turbines) may be limited due to poor volatility, high viscosity, coking, and corrosiveness of the oil<ref name=":1" />. To overcome these problems the pyrolysis oil has to be upgraded in a post-treatment to be used as fuel and/or the equipment for the end-application has to be adapted. | Produced pyrolysis oil is a multiphase emulsion composed of water and and hundrets of organic molecules such as acids, alcohols, ketones, furans, phenols, ethers, esters, sugars, aldehydes, alkenes, nitrogen- and oxygen- containing molecules. A longer storage or exposure to higher temperature increases the viscosity due to possible chemical reactions of the compounds in the oil which leads to the formation of larger molecules<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Czernik, S. and Bridgwater|year=2004|title=Overview of Applications of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Oil|journal=Energy & Fuels|volume=18|issue=2|page=590-598|doi=10.1021/ef034067u}}</ref>. The presence of oligomeric species with a molecular weight >5000 decreases the stability of the oil<ref name=":0" />, furthermore the formation of aerosols from volatile substances accelerates the aging process in which the water content and phase separation increases. The application as fuel in standard equipment for petroleum fuels (e.g. boilers, engines, turbines) may be limited due to poor volatility, high viscosity, coking, and corrosiveness of the oil<ref name=":1" />. To overcome these problems the pyrolysis oil has to be upgraded in a post-treatment to be used as fuel and/or the equipment for the end-application has to be adapted. | ||
=== Pyrolysis gas === | === Pyrolysis gas === | ||
Syngas can be obtained from the pyrolysis gas which is composed of different gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, suphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia<ref name=":0" />. The different gases can be fractionated from each other in the post-treatment to utilise them for different applications such as the production of chemicals, cosmetics, food, polymers or the utilisation as fuel or technical gas. | |||
=== Post-treatent === | |||
* Fischer-Tropsch-Synthesis | |||
== Technology providers == | == Technology providers == | ||
=== BioBTX === | === BioBTX (ICCP technology) === | ||
=== Fortum (Combined Heat and Power plant, CHP; LignoCat?) === | |||
=== Fraunhofer UMSICHT (TCR-Process --> Susteen Technologies GmbH?) === | |||
=== Green Fuel Nordic === | |||
=== KIT (bioliq-Project) === | |||
=== Preem (Biozin; RenFuel) === | |||
=== Pyrocell === | |||
=== Statkraft (Silva Green Fuel) === | |||
=== VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland === | === VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland === | ||