377
edits
Difference between revisions of "Centrifugation"
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
no edit summary
Lars Krause (talk | contribs) |
|||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Infobox technology}} | {{Infobox technology | ||
| Feedstock = all materials | |||
| Category = Separation process | |||
| Product = separated products | |||
|Name= Centrifugation}} | |||
<onlyinclude>'''Centrifugation''' is a mechanical separation process which involves the use of the centrifugal force to separate particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, medium viscosity and rotor speed. The more dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge, while the less dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis.</onlyinclude> Chemists and biologists may increase the effective gravitational force of the test tube so that the precipitate (pellet) will travel quickly and fully to the bottom of the tube. | <onlyinclude>'''Centrifugation''' is a mechanical separation process which involves the use of the centrifugal force to separate particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, medium viscosity and rotor speed. The more dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge, while the less dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis.</onlyinclude> Chemists and biologists may increase the effective gravitational force of the test tube so that the precipitate (pellet) will travel quickly and fully to the bottom of the tube. | ||
==Feedstock== | ==Feedstock== | ||
[[File:Centrifuga_Hermle_2.jpg|thumb|upright|Laboratory centrifuge]] | |||
[[File:How centrifuge works.png|thumb|upright|Testtube with precipitate (pellet) and supernatant after centrifugation]] | |||
=== Origin and composition === | === Origin and composition === | ||
The centrifugation method is used to separate two miscible substances. | The centrifugation method is used to separate two miscible substances. The most common application is the separation of solids from highly concentrated suspensions, which is used in the treatment of sewage sludges for dewatering where less consistent sediment is produced. In the food industries, special centrifuges can process a continuous stream of particle-laden liquid. | ||
=== Pre-treatment === | === Pre-treatment === | ||
For a centrifugation in general no specific pre-treatment is needed since it is used to separate different fraction within a process chain. Sometimes it is combined with other separation technologies like [[filtration]]. | |||
==Process and technologies== | ==Process and technologies== | ||
| Line 15: | Line 21: | ||
==Products== | ==Products== | ||
The remaining liquid that lies above the precipitate is called a supernatant or supernate. | The remaining liquid that lies above the precipitate is called a supernatant or supernate. The precipitate and the supernatant can then be further processed or are the final product. | ||
=== Post-treatment === | === Post-treatment === | ||
| Line 29: | Line 35: | ||
''The technology is based on an Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) process, being able to produce aromatics including benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) as well as light olefins from low grade biomass and plastics waste. This technology utilises catalytic cracking in a two-step process at temperatures between 450- 850 °C. In the first step the feedstock material is vaporised via thermal cracking. The pyrolysis vapours are then directly passed into a second reactor in which they are converted into aromatics by utilising a zeolite catalyst which can be continuously regenerated. Finally, the products are separated from the gas via condensation. An ex situ approach of catalytic conversion has several advantages such as the protection of the catalyst from deactivation/degradation expanding its lifetime, a greater variety of feedstock, and a precise adjustment of process conditions (e.g. temperature, catalyst design, and Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) in each step for improved yields. In current pilot plant with 10 kg h-1 feed capacity for either waste plastics or biomass, final design details are established, which will be include in the running engineering activities for the commercial plant.'' | ''The technology is based on an Integrated Cascading Catalytic Pyrolysis (ICCP) process, being able to produce aromatics including benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) as well as light olefins from low grade biomass and plastics waste. This technology utilises catalytic cracking in a two-step process at temperatures between 450- 850 °C. In the first step the feedstock material is vaporised via thermal cracking. The pyrolysis vapours are then directly passed into a second reactor in which they are converted into aromatics by utilising a zeolite catalyst which can be continuously regenerated. Finally, the products are separated from the gas via condensation. An ex situ approach of catalytic conversion has several advantages such as the protection of the catalyst from deactivation/degradation expanding its lifetime, a greater variety of feedstock, and a precise adjustment of process conditions (e.g. temperature, catalyst design, and Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) in each step for improved yields. In current pilot plant with 10 kg h-1 feed capacity for either waste plastics or biomass, final design details are established, which will be include in the running engineering activities for the commercial plant.'' | ||
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers == | == Open access pilot and demo facility providers == | ||
[https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=105&field_technology_area_target_id%5B70%5D=70&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database] | [https://biopilots4u.eu/database?field_technology_area_data_target_id=105&field_technology_area_target_id%5B70%5D=70&field_contact_address_value_country_code=All&field_scale_value=All&combine=&combine_1= Pilots4U Database] | ||
| Line 36: | Line 43: | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
* [[:en:Centrifugation|Centrifugation]] in Wikipedia | |||
* [[:en:Centrifuge|Centrifuge]] in Wikipedia | |||
[[Category:Hybrid processing]] | [[Category:Hybrid processing]] | ||
[[Category:Separation]] | [[Category:Separation]] | ||