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Difference between revisions of "Membrane filtration"
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[[File:NF solute transport.jpg|alt=Schematic graphic showing nanofiltration solute transport|thumb|Nanofiltration solute transport]] | [[File:NF solute transport.jpg|alt=Schematic graphic showing nanofiltration solute transport|thumb|Nanofiltration solute transport]] | ||
[[File:NF exclusion mechanisms.jpg|alt=Schematic graphic showing nanofiltration exclusion mechanisms|thumb|Nanofiltration exclusion mechanisms]] | [[File:NF exclusion mechanisms.jpg|alt=Schematic graphic showing nanofiltration exclusion mechanisms|thumb|Nanofiltration exclusion mechanisms]] | ||
=== Different driving forces === | |||
Membrane separation processes differ based on driving force and size of the separated particles. Pressure driven processes include microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. Other driving forces such as electrical potential, concentration gradient or vapor/pressure gradient include electrolysis, dialysis, electrodialysis, gas separation, vapor permeation, pervaporation, membrane distillation, and membrane contactors. All processes except for pervaporation involve no phase change. Microfiltration and ultrafiltration is widely used in food and beverage processing, biotechnological applications and pharmaceutical industry, water purification and wastewater treatment, the microelectronics industry, and others. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes are mainly used for water purification purposes. | Membrane separation processes differ based on driving force and size of the separated particles. Pressure driven processes include microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. Other driving forces such as electrical potential, concentration gradient or vapor/pressure gradient include electrolysis, dialysis, electrodialysis, gas separation, vapor permeation, pervaporation, membrane distillation, and membrane contactors. All processes except for pervaporation involve no phase change. Microfiltration and ultrafiltration is widely used in food and beverage processing, biotechnological applications and pharmaceutical industry, water purification and wastewater treatment, the microelectronics industry, and others. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes are mainly used for water purification purposes. | ||