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Difference between revisions of "Composting"
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== Process == | == Process == | ||
Composting occurs through the activity of micro-organisms naturally found in soils. Under natural conditions, earthworms, nematodes and soil insects do most of the initial mechanical breakdown of organic materials into smaller particles. Under controlled conditions, composters break down large particles through grinding or chopping. Once optimal physical conditions are established, soil bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and protozoa colonize the organic material and initiate the composting process. These mesophilic organisms function best at warm temperatures (10-45°C). As temperatures in the compost pile increase, thermophiles (i.e., micro-organisms that thrive at temperatures above 45°C) take over. In the active "thermophilic" phase, temperatures of 54-65°C are reached which is high enough to kill pathogens and weed seeds and to break down phytotoxic compounds (i.e., organic compounds toxic to plants). After the active composting phase, temperatures gradually decline to around 37°C. The mesophiles recolonize the pile and the compost enters the "curing phase". During curing, organic materials continue to decompose and are converted to biologically stable humic substances (i.e., the mature or finished compost). There is no clear defined time for curing. Common practices in commercial composting operations range from one to four months. | Composting occurs through the activity of micro-organisms naturally found in soils. Under natural conditions, earthworms, nematodes and soil insects do most of the initial mechanical breakdown of organic materials into smaller particles. Under controlled conditions, composters break down large particles through grinding or chopping. Once optimal physical conditions are established, soil bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and protozoa colonize the organic material and initiate the composting process. These mesophilic organisms function best at warm temperatures (10-45°C). As temperatures in the compost pile increase, thermophiles (i.e., micro-organisms that thrive at temperatures above 45°C) take over. In the active "thermophilic" phase, temperatures of 54-65°C are reached which is high enough to kill pathogens and weed seeds and to break down phytotoxic compounds (i.e., organic compounds toxic to plants). After the active composting phase, temperatures gradually decline to around 37°C. The mesophiles recolonize the pile and the compost enters the "curing phase". During curing, organic materials continue to decompose and are converted to biologically stable humic substances (i.e., the mature or finished compost). There is no clear defined time for curing. Common practices in commercial composting operations range from one to four months. | ||
=== Bioremediation === | |||
Bioremediation techniques are destruction techniques to stimulate the growth of micro-organisms, using the contaminants as a food and energy source. These techniques have been successfully used to remediate soils/sludges & groundwater contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, wood preservatives, and other organic chemicals. Oxygen, water & nutrients are added, and the temperature and pH are controlled. The rate microorganisms degrade the contaminants is influenced by: the specific contaminants present, their concentrations, the oxygen supply, moisture, temperature, pH, nutrient supply, bio-augmentation, and co-metabolism. Micro-organisms can be adapted to degrade specific contaminants or enhance the process. | |||
==== Process ==== | |||
Bioremediation is '''a process where biological organisms are used to remove or neutralize an environmental pollutant by metabolic process'''. The “biological” organisms include microscopic organisms, such as fungi, algae and bacteria, and the “remediation”—treating the situation. Some examples of bioremediation technologies are '''bioventing, landfarming, bioreactor, composting, bioaugmentation, rhizofiltration, and biostimulation''' | |||
== Product == | == Product == | ||
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{{Infobox provider-composting|Company=Attero|Webpage=https://www.attero.nl/|Country=The Netherlands|TRL=9|Product=Soil amendment, biofuel|Feedstock=OFMSW|Technology category=Biochemical processes|Processable mass=300.000.000}} | {{Infobox provider-composting|Company=Attero|Webpage=https://www.attero.nl/|Country=The Netherlands|TRL=9|Product=Soil amendment, biofuel|Feedstock=OFMSW|Technology category=Biochemical processes|Processable mass=300.000.000}} | ||
Attero is a Dutch industrial scale waste processing company. It has a long history in processing the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), which are further processes at various locations. At first, the OFMSW is digested after which the resulting solid fraction will be composted togther with e.g., twigs. Subsequently, any contaminating component like glas or plastics are removed from the compost using various techniques. The various fractions within the compost are sifted for different applications. | Attero is a Dutch industrial scale waste processing company. It has a long history in processing the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), which are further processes at various locations. At first, the OFMSW is digested after which the resulting solid fraction will be composted togther with e.g., twigs. Subsequently, any contaminating component like glas or plastics are removed from the compost using various techniques. The various fractions within the compost are sifted for different applications. | ||
=== Blueotter === | |||
{{Infobox provider-composting|Company=Blueotter|Country=Portugal|Contact=Tel:. +351 219 499 200 | |||
Blueotter CIRCULAR | |||
circular@blueotter.pt|Webpage=https://blueotter.pt/|Technology name=Bioremediation|TRL=4-9|Capacity=totalling 28,000 metric tons per year|Microorganism:=not relevant|Processable mass=28,000 metric tons per year|Other=not relevant|Feedstock=organic waste|Product=recycled and recovered fractions of soil|Image=Blueotter_Logo.png}} | |||
BLUEOTTER provides premium environmental services to its clients and partners through industrial waste recovery and treatment units, operating with maximum environmental responsibility and implementing the best environmental practices and techniques. You may not know the name Blueotter, but you know what we do. We started our group in 2016 when we acquired CITRI and later acquired CME ÁGUAS / PRORESI waste management units, creating a new brand to take waste management to a whole new level of service and environmental progression. In 2019 we expanded further with our acquisition of the non-hazardous activities of EGEO GROUP, renaming it BLUEOTTER CIRCULAR. With this latest acquisition, we can provide our customers more services, including recycling, municipal waste, and sanitation services. We operate on a national level, from Trofa to Algarve. Our goal is to follow the best environmental and management practices in waste sorting and recycling; organic waste treatment; and processing and preparing alternative fuels from waste. We are committed to responding to society´s needs with the best environmental solutions while safeguarding natural resources. | |||
=== Ekolive === | |||
{{Infobox provider-composting|Company=ekolive|Country=Slovakia|Contact=Business Unit: | |||
ekolive(at)ekolive.eu | |||
+49 5251 297 219 0|Webpage=https://ekolive.eu|Technology name=Bioremediation, Bioleaching, Biofertilisation|TRL=4-9|Capacity=not relevant|Microorganism:=bacteria mix - microlive®|Processable mass=not relevant|Other=not relevant|Feedstock=contaminated soil|Product=microlive® and ekocomplex®|Image=Logo_cropped-ekolive-2048x689.png}} | |||
''ekolive'' is the first and leading provider of an EU/ETV certified eco-innovative bioleaching method (''InnoBioTech®'') for processing waste/minerals/soil using bacteria. This allows new raw material resources to be explored or giving various industrial waste a second life, replacing dangerous mining and processing methods, environmental hazards to be sustainable eliminated, and biostimulants/organic fertilizers to be produced – to replace agrochemicals and increase yields in organic farming as well as to restore the microbiome in the soil. ''ekolive'' is ecological, innovative, value-adding; the breadth and contribution of it’s innovative technology to achieving global sustainability goals is exceptional. | |||
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers == | == Open access pilot and demo facility providers == | ||
[[File:Pilots4U Database Logo 0.png|thumb]] | [[File:Pilots4U Database Logo 0.png|thumb]] | ||