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Lignocellulosic biomass, such as wood, exists of composite materials with high mechanical strength composed of cellulose fibres, lignin polymers as a matrix and hemicelluloses in a tightly packed cellular structure of fibres that form fibre bundles. Their natural function is to bear high mechanical loads, and to resist chemical and enzymatic degradation through microorganisms. Steam explosion breaks this structure down to enable these chemical and enzymatic [[Conversion|conversions]]. It converts biomass in a steam atmosphere at elevated temperatures ranging from 140 to 240 °C. The steam pressure is rapidly reduced to atmospheric pressure, whereby a mechanical disruption of biomass occurs. In steam explosion, the lignocellulosic biomass is treated with a high-pressure, hot steam for some time and then the vessel is rapidly depressurised to atmospheric pressure. With this explosive decompression and high temperature it causes degradation of hemicellulose, which is extracted as a water-soluble fraction. The cellulose is largely preserved in its original form, and only slight depolymerisation occurs at mild reaction condition. The Lignin undergoes depolymerisation by cleavage of β–O–4 linkages, and condensation of the fragments occurs to form a more stable polymer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Steam Explosion - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/steam-explosion|date accessed=2021-08-30}}</ref> | Lignocellulosic biomass, such as wood, exists of composite materials with high mechanical strength composed of cellulose fibres, lignin polymers as a matrix and hemicelluloses in a tightly packed cellular structure of fibres that form fibre bundles. Their natural function is to bear high mechanical loads, and to resist chemical and enzymatic degradation through microorganisms. Steam explosion breaks this structure down to enable these chemical and enzymatic [[Conversion|conversions]]. It converts biomass in a steam atmosphere at elevated temperatures ranging from 140 to 240 °C. The steam pressure is rapidly reduced to atmospheric pressure, whereby a mechanical disruption of biomass occurs. In steam explosion, the lignocellulosic biomass is treated with a high-pressure, hot steam for some time and then the vessel is rapidly depressurised to atmospheric pressure. With this explosive decompression and high temperature it causes degradation of hemicellulose, which is extracted as a water-soluble fraction. The cellulose is largely preserved in its original form, and only slight depolymerisation occurs at mild reaction condition. The Lignin undergoes depolymerisation by cleavage of β–O–4 linkages, and condensation of the fragments occurs to form a more stable polymer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Steam Explosion - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/steam-explosion|date accessed=2021-08-30}}</ref> | ||
Steam explosion was introduced and patented as a biomass pre-treatment process in 1926 by Mason et al. (1926)<ref>W.H. Mason WH (1926): ''Process and apparatus for disintegration of wood and the like.'' US Patent: 1578609, 1926.</ref>. The patent describes a steam explosion process for the pre-treatment of wood where wood chips are fed from a bin through a screw loading valve. The chips are then steam heated at a temperature of about 285°C and a pressure of 3.5 MPa for about 2 min. The pressure is increased rapidly to about 7 MPa (70 bar) for about 5 s, and the chips are then discharged and explode at atmospheric pressure into a pulp. The sudden pressure release defibrillates the cellulose bundles, and this result in a better accessibility of the cellulose for [[hydrolysis]]<ref name=":0">David Steinbach, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, Jonas Storz (2020): ''Is Steam Explosion a Promising Pretreatment for Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass?'' Process 8, 1626;, p. 75–104. ([https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/8/12/1626 pdf])</ref> or [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]].<ref name=":1">M. Tanahashi (1990): ''Characterization and degradation mechanisms of wood components by steam explosion and utilization of exploded wood.'' Wood Research 77, 1990: p. 49-117. ([https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39187461.pdf pdf])</ref><ref name=":2">Wolfgang Stelte: ''Steam explosion for biomass pre-treatment.'' Danish Technological Institute</ref><ref name=":3">Kun Wang, Jinghuan Chen, Shao-Ni Sun, Run-Cang Sun: ''Steam Explosion.'' In: ''Pretreatment of Biomass.'' Elsevier, 2015, p. 75–104. ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282595810 pdf])</ref> | Steam explosion was introduced and patented as a biomass pre-treatment process in 1926 by Mason et al. (1926)<ref>W.H. Mason WH (1926): ''Process and apparatus for disintegration of wood and the like.'' US Patent:<tcxspan tcxhref="1578609" title="Call 1578609, via 3CX"> 1578609,</tcxspan> 1926.</ref>. The patent describes a steam explosion process for the pre-treatment of wood where wood chips are fed from a bin through a screw loading valve. The chips are then steam heated at a temperature of about 285°C and a pressure of 3.5 MPa for about 2 min. The pressure is increased rapidly to about 7 MPa (70 bar) for about 5 s, and the chips are then discharged and explode at atmospheric pressure into a pulp. The sudden pressure release defibrillates the cellulose bundles, and this result in a better accessibility of the cellulose for [[hydrolysis]]<ref name=":0">David Steinbach, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, Jonas Storz (2020): ''Is Steam Explosion a Promising Pretreatment for Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass?'' Process 8, 1626;, p. 75–104. ([https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/8/12/1626 pdf])</ref> or [[Industrial fermentation|fermentation]].<ref name=":1">M. Tanahashi (1990): ''Characterization and degradation mechanisms of wood components by steam explosion and utilization of exploded wood.'' Wood Research 77, 1990: p. 49-117. ([https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39187461.pdf pdf])</ref><ref name=":2">Wolfgang Stelte: ''Steam explosion for biomass pre-treatment.'' Danish Technological Institute</ref><ref name=":3">Kun Wang, Jinghuan Chen, Shao-Ni Sun, Run-Cang Sun: ''Steam Explosion.'' In: ''Pretreatment of Biomass.'' Elsevier, 2015, p. 75–104. ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282595810 pdf])</ref> | ||
==Product== | ==Product== | ||
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===ENEA=== | ===ENEA=== | ||
{{Infobox provider-steam explosion|Company=ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development|Country=Italy|Webpage=https://www.enea.it/en|Technology name=Steam Explosion|TRL=5|Capacity=300|Feedstock= | {{Infobox provider-steam explosion|Company=ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development|Country=Italy|Webpage=https://www.enea.it/en|Technology name=Steam Explosion|TRL=5|Capacity=300|Feedstock=each kind of lignocellulosic material|Product=2nd generation sugars, soluble hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin|Contact=Isabella De Bari, | ||
isabella.debari@enea.it|Image=LogoENEA.png}} | isabella.debari@enea.it|Image=LogoENEA.png|Cellulose yield=80-90 %|Pressure:=15 bar|Hemicellulose yield=90-95 %|Temperature=200 °C|Other=catalyzed by 1-2% H2SO4}} | ||
ENEA is a public Agency targeted to research, innovation technology and advanced services in the fields of energy, environment and sustainable economic development. Its activities are devoted to basic, mission oriented and industrial research, dissemination and transfer of research results, providing public and private partners with high-tech services. ENEA has approximately 2700 employees operating in ten Research Centers located across Italy. The ENEA Research Centre “La Trisaia” (south of Italy) has complete platforms for the conversion of biomass/wastes, comprising a number of bench scale, pilot and demonstrative scale plants for biomass pretreatment, gasification, pyrolysis, biotechnological conversions and downstream processing. One main research focus is the development of new technologies for pretreatment, fractionation, separation, purification and conversion of biomass into so-called biobased products of industrial interest. The final objective is to support the development of new models of biorefineries, integrated with the agro-industrial processes that generate high value materials respecting the vocation and territorial sustainability. | ENEA is a public Agency targeted to research, innovation technology and advanced services in the fields of energy, environment and sustainable economic development. Its activities are devoted to basic, mission oriented and industrial research, dissemination and transfer of research results, providing public and private partners with high-tech services. ENEA has approximately 2700 employees operating in ten Research Centers located across Italy. The ENEA Research Centre “La Trisaia” (south of Italy) has complete platforms for the conversion of biomass/wastes, comprising a number of bench scale, pilot and demonstrative scale plants for biomass pretreatment, gasification, pyrolysis, biotechnological conversions and downstream processing. One main research focus is the development of new technologies for pretreatment, fractionation, separation, purification and conversion of biomass into so-called biobased products of industrial interest. The final objective is to support the development of new models of biorefineries, integrated with the agro-industrial processes that generate high value materials respecting the vocation and territorial sustainability. | ||
=== | === Arbaflame === | ||
=== BDC === | |||
=== | === Politecnico de Torino - Envipark === | ||
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers == | == Open access pilot and demo facility providers == | ||