Difference between revisions of "Ionic liquids"

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{{Infobox technology|Name=Ioniq Liquids|Category=[[Pre-processing]] ([[Pre-processing#Chemical_processes_and_technologies|Chemical processes and technologies]])|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biowaste|Product=Lignin}}
<onlyinclude><!-- https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/18/4864/pdf
Good source for IL treatment of lignocellulosic biomass -->'''Ionic liquids''' are organic salts that are liquid at room temperature. Because they are salts, they show no volatility. Moreover, they show a high thermal stability as well. Both properties allows them to be used as green solvents and as and alternative to volatile organic compounds. These properties are useful in the pre-treatment of lignocellulosic material by dissolving the material and separating the lignin.</onlyinclude><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Ionic liquid-mediated selective extraction of lignin from wood leading to enhanced enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis|year=2009-04-01|author=Sang Hyun Lee, Thomas V. Doherty, Robert J. Linhardt, Jonathan S. Dordick|journal=Biotechnology and Bioengineering|volume=102|issue=5|page=1368–1376|doi=10.1002/bit.22179}}</ref> Lignin streams can also be dissolved to allow for further processing. <!-- I did not find examples where already separated lignin is dissolved in ionic liquids. It seems mostly the biomass is dissolved to then allow for more efficient hydrolysis (enzymatic and others)  into lignin, cellulose and other byproducts. -->


==Feedstock==
=== Origin and composition ===
Ionic liquids are capable of dissolving lignocellulosic biomass. Examples for biomass include corn stalks, rice straw, bagasse, pine wood, and spruce wood.<ref name=":0" /> Next to lignocellulosic biomass, lignin streams can be dissolved for further processing.
=== Pre-treatment ===


'''Hydrolysis''' (/haɪˈdrɒlɪsɪs/; from Ancient Greek ''hydro-'' 'water', and ''lysis'' 'to unbind') is a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2002|title=Hydrolysis|e-pub date=2002|date accessed=2021|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis|Author=Wikipedia}}</ref> In lignocellulosic biomass, the cellulose and hemicellulose breaks down into individual sugars, where hemicellulose is easier to hydrolyse than cellulose.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass|year=2010-01-15|author=P. Lenihan, A. Orozco, E. O’Neill, M.N.M. Ahmad, D.W. Rooney, G.M. Walker|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|volume=156|issue=2|page=395–403|doi=10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.061}}</ref> The result of hydrolysing hemicellulose and cellulose is sugars (glucose, xylose, mannose, and galactose) and organic acids (formic acid and acetic acid).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Sugars and Furfurals Formation|year=2020-04-17|author=Katarzyna Świątek, Stephanie Gaag, Andreas Klier, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, David Steinbach|journal=Catalysts|volume=10|issue=4|page=437|doi=10.3390/catal10040437}}</ref>
* [[Sizing]]


==Feedstock==
Hydrolysis can be performed as a pretreatment on any biowaste with a high lignocellulose content. Lignocellulose is typically the nonedible part of a plant, composed of a complex of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. In order to make the celluloses available for further processing, in the form of its monomeric sugars, they can be hydrolysed. Suitable feedstocks include grasses, straw, leaves, stems, shells, manure, paper waste, and others. The ratio between cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin varies wildly depending on the specific feedstock.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Alessandra Verardi, Isabella De Bari, Emanuele Ricca and Vincenza Calabrò|year=2012|section_title=Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Status of Processes and Technologies and Future Perspectives|editor=Marco Aurelio Pinheiro Lima and Alexandra Pardo Policastro Natalense|book_title=Bioethanol|publisher=IntechOpen}}</ref>
==Process and technologies==
==Process and technologies==
Lorum ipsum.
Ionic liquids have been shown to dissolve lignin or cellulose, because it can decrease the crystallinity and therefore makes it more accessible for further processing. Moreover, a full dissolution of lignocellulosic biomass can be used to extract the lignin. The technology can also be combined with [[hydrolysis]] to make the cellulose available as sugars for further processing.<ref name=":0" /> Cellulose can be recovered from the solution by the addition of water, ethanol, or acetone, while the ionic liquid can be recovered by pervaporation, reverse osmosis, salting out, or ionic exchange.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biomass pretreatment: Fundamentals toward application|year=2011-11-01|journal=Biotechnology Advances|volume=29|issue=6|page=675–685|doi=10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.005|author=Valery B. Agbor, Nazim Cicek, Richard Sparling, Alex Berlin, David B. Levin}}</ref>


==Product==
==Product==
Lorum ipsum
The final product of the process depends on the exact combination of technologies. Generally, a large part of the lignin can be extracted from lignocellulosic material. Depending on the process properties it could also be that cellulose is more easily available for further processing.
 
=== Post-treatment<!-- I could not really find any post-treatment uses for ionic liquids. As mentioned above they are primarily used in pre-treatment steps. -->===
There are no post-treatment technologies known at the moment.
 
==Technology providers==
==Technology providers==
[space for technology comparison]
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
===Currently no examples yet.===
|+'''Technology comparison'''
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Company name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Country
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology subcategory
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Technology name
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| TRL
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Capacity [kg/h]
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Reagent
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Food waste
! class="cd-text-darkgreen" style="{{writing-mode|s2}};vertical-align:{{{va|bottom}}}"| Feedstock: Garden & park waste
|-
! style="height:1.8em;"|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|[[Ionic liquids#LIXEA|LIXEA]]
|UK, Sweden
| -
|Dendronic®
|6
|20
|Protic alkylammonium hydrogensulfate ionic liquids
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [https://www.tech4biowaste.eu/wiki/Ionic_liquids#proionic proionic]
| Austria
| -
| Carbonate Based Ionic Liquid Synthesis - CBILS (aprotic, non-distillable ILs) & Method for processing a biomass material - HIPE-REC (protic, distillable ILs)
| 4-5
| 10
|Aprotic (non-distillable ILs) and protic ionic liquids (distillable)
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
| class="cd-background-lightgreen cd-text-darkgreen" style="text-align:center" |●
|-
| [[Ionic liquids#RISE|RISE]]
| -
| -
| [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)]
| -
| -
| -
|
|
|}
 
=== LIXEA ===
{{Infobox provider-ionic liquids|Company=LIXEA|Country=UK, Sweden|Webpage=https://www.lixea.co/|Image=LIXEA_Logo_RGB_Colour.png|Contact=Dr Florence Gschwend
florence@lixea.co|Technology name=Dendronic®|TRL=6|Dissolved component=Lignin and hemicelluloses|Capacity=up 20 kg/batch|Ionic liquid=protic alkylammonium hydrogensulfate ionic liquids|Feedstock=lignocellulosic biomass, including agricultural residues, forestry residues, waste wood from construction and dedicated biofuel crops|Product=cellulose-rich pulp, lignin, furfural, acetic acid|Other=not relevant}}
'''Lixea<sup>®</sup>''' is developing an innovative biomass fractionation process using low-cost ionic liquids. Currently, our society is heavily relying on the use of crude oil while products are discarded at the end of their lives. We want to change that, which is why we are developing novel chemical processes that enable us to live more sustainably in a clean world. Our first product is the Dendronic process that uses '''waste''' wood''', agricultural by-products''' and '''sustainably grown biomass''' to produce a greener alternative to today’s petrochemical industry while providing unwanted waste materials with a new purpose.
 
=== proionic ===
{{Infobox provider-ionic liquids|Company=proionic GmbH|Country=Austria|Contact=markus.damm@proionic.com or marcell.gyurkac@proionic.com|Webpage=https://www.proionic.com|Technology name=Carbonate Based Ionic Liquid Synthesis - CBILS (aprotic, non-distillable ILs) & Method for processing a biomass material - HIPE-REC (protic, distillable ILs)|Capacity=Up to 100 tons per year; 10|Dissolved component=Selectively extract/dissolve Lignin (with distillable ionic liquids), Hemicellulose (both distillable and non-distillable), Cellulose (with non-distillable ionic liquids) or other valuable biomolecules (proteins, chitin, collagen)|Ionic liquid=Aprotic (non-distillable ILs) and protic ionic liquids (distillable)|Feedstock=Agricultural waste (corn, hemp, flax, coconut, feather, wood residues, etc.)
|Image=Logo_proionic.jpg|TRL=4-5|Product=Purrified Lignin and high purity Cellulose pulp}}
proionic is the leading manufacturer of ionic liquids on large scale offering:
* innovative solutions and tailored ionic liquids for biomass dissolution as well as selective extraction of value added compounds;
* joint development of technologies for the pre-treatment of biomass and the valorization of obtained products with subsequent solvent recycling;
 
Two innovative patents for the green production of ionic liquids and their utilization for biomass applications:
 
* '''CBILS<sup>®</sup>''' is a unique ionic liquid production technology for waste-free, safe and economic production of ultra-pure ionic liquids;
* '''HIPE-REC<sup>®</sup>''' is a high performance recovery process for the separation of ionic liquid pre-processed biomass into solid an liquid fraction; 
 
===RISE===
{{Infobox provider-ionic liquids}}
After the LightFibre project showed that kraft lignin and cellulose can be dissolved in an ionic liquid and then wet-spun, the ConCarb project was started to convert lignin and cellulose into carbon fibers, which can be used in light weight composites.<ref>{{Cite web|year=|title=Continous stabilization and carbonization of lignin-cellulose for carbon fibers|e-pub date=|date accessed=30-8-2021|url=https://www.ri.se/en/what-we-do/projects/continous-stabilization-and-carbonization-of-lignin-cellulose-for-carbon-fibers}}</ref>
 
== Open access pilot and demo facility providers ==
Currently no providers have been identified.
 
==Patents==
==Patents==
Lorum ipsum
Currently no patents have been identified.
==References==
==References==
<references />
<references />
[[Category:Pre-processing]]
[[Category:Technologies]]

Latest revision as of 10:08, 7 March 2023

Technology
21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste rect-p.png
Technology details
Name: Ioniq Liquids
Category: Pre-processing (Chemical processes and technologies)
Feedstock: Lignocellulosic biowaste
Product: Lignin

Ionic liquids are organic salts that are liquid at room temperature. Because they are salts, they show no volatility. Moreover, they show a high thermal stability as well. Both properties allows them to be used as green solvents and as and alternative to volatile organic compounds. These properties are useful in the pre-treatment of lignocellulosic material by dissolving the material and separating the lignin.[1] Lignin streams can also be dissolved to allow for further processing.

Feedstock

Origin and composition

Ionic liquids are capable of dissolving lignocellulosic biomass. Examples for biomass include corn stalks, rice straw, bagasse, pine wood, and spruce wood.[1] Next to lignocellulosic biomass, lignin streams can be dissolved for further processing.

Pre-treatment

Process and technologies

Ionic liquids have been shown to dissolve lignin or cellulose, because it can decrease the crystallinity and therefore makes it more accessible for further processing. Moreover, a full dissolution of lignocellulosic biomass can be used to extract the lignin. The technology can also be combined with hydrolysis to make the cellulose available as sugars for further processing.[1] Cellulose can be recovered from the solution by the addition of water, ethanol, or acetone, while the ionic liquid can be recovered by pervaporation, reverse osmosis, salting out, or ionic exchange.[2]

Product

The final product of the process depends on the exact combination of technologies. Generally, a large part of the lignin can be extracted from lignocellulosic material. Depending on the process properties it could also be that cellulose is more easily available for further processing.

Post-treatment

There are no post-treatment technologies known at the moment.

Technology providers

Technology comparison
Company name Country Technology subcategory Technology name TRL Capacity [kg/h] Reagent Feedstock: Food waste Feedstock: Garden & park waste
LIXEA UK, Sweden - Dendronic® 6 20 Protic alkylammonium hydrogensulfate ionic liquids ● ●
proionic Austria - Carbonate Based Ionic Liquid Synthesis - CBILS (aprotic, non-distillable ILs) & Method for processing a biomass material - HIPE-REC (protic, distillable ILs) 4-5 10 Aprotic (non-distillable ILs) and protic ionic liquids (distillable) ● ●
RISE - - [Technology name (the "branded name" or the usual naming from company side)] - - -

LIXEA

Ionic liquids provider
General information
Company: LIXEA LIXEA Logo RGB Colour.png
Country: UK, Sweden
Contact: Dr Florence Gschwend

florence@lixea.co

Webpage: https://www.lixea.co/
Technology and process details
Technology name: Dendronic® Technology category: Pre-processing (Chemical processes and technologies)
TRL: 6 Capacity: up 20 kg/batch kg·h-1
Dissolved component: Lignin and hemicelluloses Ionic liquid: protic alkylammonium hydrogensulfate ionic liquids
Other: not relevant
Feedstock and product details
Feedstock: lignocellulosic biomass, including agricultural residues, forestry residues, waste wood from construction and dedicated biofuel crops Product: cellulose-rich pulp, lignin, furfural, acetic acid

Lixea® is developing an innovative biomass fractionation process using low-cost ionic liquids. Currently, our society is heavily relying on the use of crude oil while products are discarded at the end of their lives. We want to change that, which is why we are developing novel chemical processes that enable us to live more sustainably in a clean world. Our first product is the Dendronic process that uses waste wood, agricultural by-products and sustainably grown biomass to produce a greener alternative to today’s petrochemical industry while providing unwanted waste materials with a new purpose.

proionic

Ionic liquids provider
General information
Company: proionic GmbH Logo proionic.jpg
Country: Austria
Contact: markus.damm@proionic.com or marcell.gyurkac@proionic.com
Webpage: https://www.proionic.com
Technology and process details
Technology name: Carbonate Based Ionic Liquid Synthesis - CBILS (aprotic, non-distillable ILs) & Method for processing a biomass material - HIPE-REC (protic, distillable ILs) Technology category: Pre-processing (Chemical processes and technologies)
TRL: 4-5 Capacity: Up to 100 tons per year; 10 kg·h-1
Dissolved component: Selectively extract/dissolve Lignin (with distillable ionic liquids), Hemicellulose (both distillable and non-distillable), Cellulose (with non-distillable ionic liquids) or other valuable biomolecules (proteins, chitin, collagen) Ionic liquid: Aprotic (non-distillable ILs) and protic ionic liquids (distillable)
Other:
Feedstock and product details
Feedstock: Agricultural waste (corn, hemp, flax, coconut, feather, wood residues, etc.) Product: Purrified Lignin and high purity Cellulose pulp

proionic is the leading manufacturer of ionic liquids on large scale offering:

  • innovative solutions and tailored ionic liquids for biomass dissolution as well as selective extraction of value added compounds;
  • joint development of technologies for the pre-treatment of biomass and the valorization of obtained products with subsequent solvent recycling;

Two innovative patents for the green production of ionic liquids and their utilization for biomass applications:

  • CBILS® is a unique ionic liquid production technology for waste-free, safe and economic production of ultra-pure ionic liquids;
  • HIPE-REC® is a high performance recovery process for the separation of ionic liquid pre-processed biomass into solid an liquid fraction;

RISE

Ionic liquids provider
General information
Company: 21-04-27 Tech4Biowaste rect-p.png
Country:
Contact:
Webpage:
Technology and process details
Technology name: Technology category: Pre-processing (Chemical processes and technologies)
TRL: Capacity: kg·h-1
Dissolved component: Ionic liquid:
Other:
Feedstock and product details
Feedstock: Product:

After the LightFibre project showed that kraft lignin and cellulose can be dissolved in an ionic liquid and then wet-spun, the ConCarb project was started to convert lignin and cellulose into carbon fibers, which can be used in light weight composites.[3]

Open access pilot and demo facility providers

Currently no providers have been identified.

Patents

Currently no patents have been identified.

References

  1. ↑ a b c Sang Hyun Lee, Thomas V. Doherty, Robert J. Linhardt, Jonathan S. Dordick, 2009-04-01: Ionic liquid-mediated selective extraction of lignin from wood leading to enhanced enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 102, (5), 1368–1376. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.22179
  2. ↑ Valery B. Agbor, Nazim Cicek, Richard Sparling, Alex Berlin, David B. Levin, 2011-11-01: Biomass pretreatment: Fundamentals toward application. Biotechnology Advances, Vol. 29, (6), 675–685. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.005
  3. ↑ , : Continous stabilization and carbonization of lignin-cellulose for carbon fibers , Last access 30-8-2021. https://www.ri.se/en/what-we-do/projects/continous-stabilization-and-carbonization-of-lignin-cellulose-for-carbon-fibers
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