Ionic liquids

A checked version of this page, approved on 30 August 2021, was based on this revision.

Hydrolysis (/haɪˈdrɒlɪsɪs/; from Ancient Greek hydro- 'water', and lysis 'to unbind') is a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile.^[1] In lignocellulosic biomass, the cellulose and hemicellulose breaks down into individual sugars, where hemicellulose is easier to hydrolyse than cellulose.^[2] The result of hydrolysing hemicellulose and cellulose is sugars (glucose, xylose, mannose, and galactose) and organic acids (formic acid and acetic acid).^[3]

Feedstock

Hydrolysis can be performed as a pretreatment on any biowaste with a high lignocellulose content. Lignocellulose is typically the nonedible part of a plant, composed of a complex of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. In order to make the celluloses available for further processing, in the form of its monomeric sugars, they can be hydrolysed. Suitable feedstocks include grasses, straw, leaves, stems, shells, manure, paper waste, and others. The ratio between cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin varies wildly depending on the specific feedstock.^[4]

Process and technologies

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Product

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References

↑ Wikipedia, 2002: Hydrolysis 2002, Last access 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis
↑ P. Lenihan, A. Orozco, E. O’Neill, M.N.M. Ahmad, D.W. Rooney, G.M. Walker, 2010-01-15: Dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 156, (2), 395–403. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.061
↑ Katarzyna Świątek, Stephanie Gaag, Andreas Klier, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, David Steinbach, 2020-04-17: Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Sugars and Furfurals Formation. Catalysts, Vol. 10, (4), 437. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10040437
↑ Alessandra Verardi, Isabella De Bari, Emanuele Ricca and Vincenza Calabrò, 2012: Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Status of Processes and Technologies and Future Perspectives. Bioethanol. Marco Aurelio Pinheiro Lima and Alexandra Pardo Policastro Natalense (Ed.). IntechOpen, {{{place}}}.

[1] Wikipedia, 2002: Hydrolysis 2002, Last access 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis

[2] P. Lenihan, A. Orozco, E. O’Neill, M.N.M. Ahmad, D.W. Rooney, G.M. Walker, 2010-01-15: Dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 156, (2), 395–403. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.061

[3] Katarzyna Świątek, Stephanie Gaag, Andreas Klier, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, David Steinbach, 2020-04-17: Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Sugars and Furfurals Formation. Catalysts, Vol. 10, (4), 437. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10040437

[:1-4] Alessandra Verardi, Isabella De Bari, Emanuele Ricca and Vincenza Calabrò, 2012: Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Status of Processes and Technologies and Future Perspectives. Bioethanol. Marco Aurelio Pinheiro Lima and Alexandra Pardo Policastro Natalense (Ed.). IntechOpen, {{{place}}}.

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