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Difference between revisions of "Hydrolysis"
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{{Infobox technology|Name=Hydrolysis|Category=Pre-processing|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass|Product=Sugars and organic acids}} | {{Infobox technology|Name=Hydrolysis|Category=Pre-processing|Feedstock=Lignocellulosic biomass|Product=Sugars and organic acids}} | ||
<onlyinclude>'''Hydrolysis''' (/haɪˈdrɒlɪsɪs/; from Ancient Greek ''hydro-'' 'water', and ''lysis'' 'to unbind') is a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions that use water as the reagent.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2002|title=Hydrolysis|e-pub date=2002|date accessed=2021|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis|Author=Wikipedia}}</ref> In lignocellulosic biomass, the cellulose and hemicellulose breaks down into individual sugars. Hemicellulose is easier to hydrolyse than cellulose.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass|year=2010-01-15|author=P. Lenihan, A. Orozco, E. O’Neill, M.N.M. Ahmad, D.W. Rooney, G.M. Walker|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|volume=156|issue=2|page=395–403|doi=10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.061}}</ref> The result of hydrolysing hemicellulose and cellulose are sugars (glucose, mannose, galactose, (C6) and xylose, arabinose (C5)) and organic acids (formic acid and acetic acid).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Sugars and Furfurals Formation|year=2020-04-17|author=Katarzyna Świątek, Stephanie Gaag, Andreas Klier, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, David Steinbach|journal=Catalysts|volume=10|issue=4|page=437|doi=10.3390/catal10040437}}</ref> </onlyinclude> | <onlyinclude><!-- Don't forget 'Lignin hydrolysis' besides cellulose and hemi-cellulose hydrolysis. -->'''Hydrolysis''' (/haɪˈdrɒlɪsɪs/; from Ancient Greek ''hydro-'' 'water', and ''lysis'' 'to unbind') is a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions that use water as the reagent.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2002|title=Hydrolysis|e-pub date=2002|date accessed=2021|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis|Author=Wikipedia}}</ref> In lignocellulosic biomass, the cellulose and hemicellulose breaks down into individual sugars. Hemicellulose is easier to hydrolyse than cellulose.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass|year=2010-01-15|author=P. Lenihan, A. Orozco, E. O’Neill, M.N.M. Ahmad, D.W. Rooney, G.M. Walker|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|volume=156|issue=2|page=395–403|doi=10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.061}}</ref> The result of hydrolysing hemicellulose and cellulose are sugars (glucose, mannose, galactose, (C6) and xylose, arabinose (C5)) and organic acids (formic acid and acetic acid).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Sugars and Furfurals Formation|year=2020-04-17|author=Katarzyna Świątek, Stephanie Gaag, Andreas Klier, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer, David Steinbach|journal=Catalysts|volume=10|issue=4|page=437|doi=10.3390/catal10040437}}</ref> </onlyinclude> | ||
== Feedstock == | == Feedstock == | ||
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Pretreatment, therefore, is an essential prerequisite to enhance the susceptibility of lignocellulosic materilas to enzyme action. An ideal pretreatment would accomplish reduction in lignin content, concommitant with a reduction in crystallinity, and an increase in surface area. The variety of pretreatments can be classified into physical, chemical, and biological depending on the mode of their action [10]. | Pretreatment, therefore, is an essential prerequisite to enhance the susceptibility of lignocellulosic materilas to enzyme action. An ideal pretreatment would accomplish reduction in lignin content, concommitant with a reduction in crystallinity, and an increase in surface area. The variety of pretreatments can be classified into physical, chemical, and biological depending on the mode of their action [10]. | ||
== Product == | === Biological hydrolysis === | ||
Lignin degradation can also occur through the action of lignin degrading enzymes secreted by microorganisms (e.g. fungi). | |||
== Product<!-- Don't forget 'Lignin hydrolysis' besides cellulose and hemi-cellulose hydrolysis. Lignin monomers can also be the product of interest. -->== | |||
Hydrolysis is generally performed on cellulose and hemi-cellulose, which results in different sugars: glucose, mannose, and galactose as C6 sugars, and xylose and arabinose asC5 sugars. Next to these, organic acids are often formed in formic acid and acetic acid. | Hydrolysis is generally performed on cellulose and hemi-cellulose, which results in different sugars: glucose, mannose, and galactose as C6 sugars, and xylose and arabinose asC5 sugars. Next to these, organic acids are often formed in formic acid and acetic acid. | ||