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Difference between revisions of "Hydrolysis"
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=== Acid === | === Acid === | ||
'''Acid hydrolysis''' is a hydrolysis process in which a protic acid is used to catalyze the hydrolysis reaction. A ''' | '''Acid hydrolysis''' is a hydrolysis process in which a protic acid is used to catalyze the hydrolysis reaction. A strong acid, such as formic, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, or sulphuric acid can be used in concentrated or diluted form. '''Concentrated acid''' (10-30 %) can penetrate the lignin structure and break down the cellulose and hemicellulose to individual sugars at low temperatures and high yields. Downsides are the high acid consumption and high corrosion potential. These downsides are circumvented with the use of '''diluted acid''' (2-5%). However, higher temperatures are required, which can lead to side product formation such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Alessandra Verardi, Isabella De Bari, Emanuele Ricca and Vincenza Calabrò|year=2012|section_title=Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Status of Processes and Technologies and Future Perspectives|editor=Marco Aurelio Pinheiro Lima and Alexandra Pardo Policastro Natalense|book_title=Bioethanol|publisher=IntechOpen}}</ref> | ||
=== Alkali === | === Alkali === | ||
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==== Metals salts ==== | ==== Metals salts ==== | ||
Acid hydrolysis can be stimulated by the addition of '''metal chlorides'''. Metals such as aluminium, calcium, copper, iron, and zinc can be used to increase the sugar yield.<ref name=":0" /> | Acid hydrolysis can be stimulated by the addition of '''metal chlorides'''. Metals such as aluminium, calcium, copper, iron, and zinc can be used to increase the sugar yield.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: Challenges and opportunities|year=2016-01-01|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=199|page=92–102|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.106|author=Amit K. Jaiswal, Rajeev Ravindran}}</ref> | ||
==== Sulphite salt ==== | ==== Sulphite salt ==== | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
<references /> | |||