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Difference between revisions of "Hydrolysis"
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→Feedstock: added a feedstock paragraph
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== Feedstock == | == Feedstock == | ||
Hydrolysis can be performed as a pretreatment on any biowaste with a high lignocellulose content. Lignocellulose is typically the nonedible part of a plant, composed of a complex of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. In order to make the celluloses available for further processing, in the form of its monomeric sugars, they can be hydrolysed. Suitable feedstocks include grasses, straw, leaves, stems, shells, manure, paper waste, and others.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
== Process and technologies == | == Process and technologies == | ||
=== Acid === | === Acid === | ||
'''Acid hydrolysis''' is a hydrolysis process in which a protic acid is used to catalyze the hydrolysis reaction. A strong acid, such as formic, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, or sulphuric acid can be used in concentrated or diluted form. '''Concentrated acid''' (10-30 %) can penetrate the lignin structure and break down the cellulose and hemicellulose to individual sugars at low temperatures and high yields. Downsides are the high acid consumption and high corrosion potential. These downsides are circumvented with the use of '''diluted acid''' (2-5%). However, higher temperatures are required, which can lead to side product formation such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Alessandra Verardi, Isabella De Bari, Emanuele Ricca and Vincenza Calabrò|year=2012|section_title=Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Status of Processes and Technologies and Future Perspectives|editor=Marco Aurelio Pinheiro Lima and Alexandra Pardo Policastro Natalense|book_title=Bioethanol|publisher=IntechOpen}}</ref> | '''Acid hydrolysis''' is a hydrolysis process in which a protic acid is used to catalyze the hydrolysis reaction. A strong acid, such as formic, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, or sulphuric acid can be used in concentrated or diluted form. '''Concentrated acid''' (10-30 %) can penetrate the lignin structure and break down the cellulose and hemicellulose to individual sugars at low temperatures and high yields. Downsides are the high acid consumption and high corrosion potential. These downsides are circumvented with the use of '''diluted acid''' (2-5%). However, higher temperatures are required, which can lead to side product formation such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Alessandra Verardi, Isabella De Bari, Emanuele Ricca and Vincenza Calabrò|year=2012|section_title=Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Status of Processes and Technologies and Future Perspectives|editor=Marco Aurelio Pinheiro Lima and Alexandra Pardo Policastro Natalense|book_title=Bioethanol|publisher=IntechOpen}}</ref> | ||
=== Alkali === | === Alkali === | ||