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Difference between revisions of "Enzymatic processes"
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=== Origin and composition === | === Origin and composition === | ||
Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is mainly characterized by the presence of two carbohydrate polymers, namely cellulose and hemicellulose, as well as an aromatic polymer called lignin. Other components in LCB, found in smaller amounts, are ash, pectin, and proteins. The percentage content of celluloce, hemicelllulose, and lignin are varied among different lignocellulosic materials. In general, the content of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in LCB is in the range of 30-60%, 20-40%, and 15-25%, respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sawatdeenarunat, C., Surendra, K., Takara, D., Oechsner, H., Khanal, S.K.|year=2015|title=Anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass: challenges and opportunities|journal=Bioresour. Technol.|volume=178|page=178-186|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.103}}</ref> | Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is mainly characterized by the presence of two carbohydrate polymers, namely cellulose and hemicellulose, as well as an aromatic polymer called lignin. Other components in LCB, found in smaller amounts, are ash, pectin, and proteins. The percentage content of celluloce, hemicelllulose, and lignin are varied among different lignocellulosic materials. In general, the content of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in LCB is in the range of 30-60%, 20-40%, and 15-25%, respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sawatdeenarunat, C., Surendra, K., Takara, D., Oechsner, H., Khanal, S.K.|year=2015|title=Anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass: challenges and opportunities|journal=Bioresour. Technol.|volume=178|page=178-186|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.103}}</ref> | ||
==== Structural features ==== | |||
===== Cellulose ===== | |||
===== Hemicellulose ===== | |||
===== Lignin ===== | |||
=== Pre-treatment === | === Pre-treatment === | ||
The following pre-treatments may be considered prior to enzymatic pre-treatment: | |||
* Sizing (e.g., milling, grinding) | |||
* Steam explosion (hybrid pre-treatment; e.g., combined with laccase pretreatment)<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Weihua Qiu, Hongzhang Chen|year=2012|title=Enhanced the ezymatic hydrolysis efficiency of wheat straw after combined steam explosion and laccase pretreatment|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=118|page=8-12|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.033}}</ref> | |||
The following pre-treatments may be considered prior to enzymatic hydrolysis: | |||
* Physical (e.g., milling, grinding, ultrasonication, extrusion) | |||
* Chemical (e.g., acid, alkali, ionic liquid, organosolv) | |||
* Physico-chemical (e.g., steam explosion, hot water, AFEX, wet oxidation) | |||
* Biological (e.g., microbial and enzymatic) | |||
== Process and technologies == | == Process and technologies == | ||